Extinction refers to the fact that, if the CS and UCS are not paired for a given number of trials, an organism will stop exhibiting the CR.
When the entire species dies or gets eradicated it is called extinction. When the number of species decreased due to environmental, as well as when individual species members undergo evolutionary changes (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, decline in population numbers) extinction occurs.
Extinction rates vary greatly.
The majority of species that have ever lived on Earth have gone extinct, but the fossil record reveals five particularly large extinctions, known as mass extinction events, many species extinct due to this. The majority of extinctions, which happen continuously and are referred to as background extinctions, are distinguished from these glaring declines in diversity by the term "mass extinction."
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. During?, food molecules are
broken down to form CO₂ and H₂O
and release large amounts of energy.
(cellular respiration or fermentation)
Cellular respiration glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic cellular respiration has three steps, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Stage of cellular respiration in which carbon dioxide release takes place is the citric acid cycle.
During the process of photosynthesis carbon dioxide is converted into carbohydrate . In plant cell, the water is oxidized, and loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, or gains electrons. This makes water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose.
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Even in the absence of any mutations or crossing over, what process would still ensure genetic variability in the gametes produced by a single individual?.
None of these procedures would still guarantee genetic diversity in the gametes that a single person produces.
How does genetics work?The study of genetic makeup and heredity, or how particular characteristics or characteristics are passed through mother to daughter as a result of developments in DNA sequence, is known as genetics. A genome is a section of DNA that has the instructions needed to create one or more enzymes that support bodily function.
Which traits are genetic?Parents pass on traits or characteristics to their children through their DNA, such as brown eyes and genetic makeup. There are many diseases and medical conditions that can be passed on genetically. Sometimes a same feature might exist in several various forms.
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immediately after digestion, nutrients delivered from the intestines into the circulatory system are:
Answer:
transported through the blood to the liver for chemical alternations to make them better suited for use by the tissues.
Explanation:
Which way do particles move during active transport? Choose 1 answer: Choose 1 answer: (Choice A) A From one area of high concentration to another area of high concentration (Choice B) B From areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (Choice C) C From one area of low concentration to another area of low concentration (Choice D) D From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Answer:
(Choice D) D From areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration
Explanation:
It is called active transport because moving molecules from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration requires energy. Active = takes energy. Molecules moving from a low concentration to a high concentration requires energy. Hope that helps keep it straight.
the movement of glucose from the lumen into the proximal tubule cells is an example of . see section 40.3 (page) . the movement of glucose from the lumen into the proximal tubule cells is an example of . see section 40.3 (page) . primary active transport secondary active transport passive diffusion facilitated diffusion
The movement of glucose from the lumen into the proximal tubule cells is an example of secondary active transport.
Proximal tubule is the first nephron segment after the glomerulus where reabsorption commences. The proximal tubule has the role contributing towards fluid, electrolyte, and nutrient homeostasis. It is also involved in potassium reabsorption.
Secondary active transport is the type of active transport where the movement of a molecule against its concentration gradient is facilitated by the energy released by the downhill movement of another molecule. The movement of the two molecules can be in opposite direction or in the same direction. The example of such a transport is glucose symporter SGLT1.
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In the 17th century, british biologist robert hooke discovered the cell. A little more than a century later, french botanist rené henri dutrochet concluded that all living things arise from cells, and all cells are derived from other cells. Dutrochet's proposal indicates that —.
The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. The highest level of organization found in a living thing are cells.
A cell is what?All living things, including the tissues of the body, are made up of cells, which are the smallest unit capable of supporting life on its own. It is a little portion of the organism that houses the nucleus.
The three essential parts of a cell are the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane keeps outside chemicals out and controls how they enter and leave the cell.
Robert Hooke introduced the name "cell" in 1665, deriving from the Latin cella, which meaning "storeroom or chamber," after using a very early microscope to study a piece of cork. Additionally, it stated that the rectangular chambers reminded him of some monastic cells.
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how are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?
Answer:
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.
Answer:
photosynthesis converts cabon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose
while respiration converts glucose and oxygen into water and carbon dioxide
Select all of the following pieces of evidence Dr. Corbett cites to demonstrate the development and value of the NIH/Moderna vaccine?
neutralizing antibodies were observed even in older adult cohorts
antibodies increase in response to dose in animals and humans
individuals who received the placebo vaccine did not have neutralizing antibodies
a proof of concept mRNA vaccine against a mouse coronavirus was very effective at protecting against a lethal exposure
Neutralizing antibodies had been discovered even in older grownup cohorts.
Antibodies growth in reaction to dose in animals and humans
A proof of idea mRNA vaccine towards a mouse coronavirus changed into very effective at protective towards lethal publicity.
The Moderna vaccine after two doses and a first booster dose has been proven to have very high effectiveness in opposition to extreme disorder, hospitalizations, and demise, and modest effectiveness in opposition to symptomatic contamination.
The records helping the FDA's authorization of an unmarried booster dose of the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, Bivalent for each the 6 years via 11 years age organization and 12 thru 17 years age organization is based on the FDA's previous evaluation of immune reaction and safety records from a clinical observe in adults 18 years of age.
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mrs. franklin has a congenital condition in which one kidney is located in an abnormal position. the medical term for this condition is a/an?
The term "structural abnormalities" was used to describe conditions such as aberrant kidney size for one's age, increased echogenicity, hydronephrosis/hydroureter, or obstruction of the urinary tract from a congenital or acquired condition, such as stone disease.
A set of disorders affecting the kidneys or other urinary system structures is known as congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). The bladder, the tubes from each kidney to the bladder (the ureters), and the tube that empties the bladder of urine are additional elements of the urinary tract that may be impacted (the urethra). Congenital (present from birth), CAKUT is caused by abnormal urinary system development, though the abnormality may not be noticed until later in life.
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A certain type of bird lives in two regions of a state. The distribution of weight for birds of this type in the northern region is approximately normal with mean 10 ounces and standard deviation 3 ounces. The distribution of weight for birds of this type in the southern region is approximately normal with mean 16 ounces and standard deviation 2. 5 ounces.
The z-scores for a weight of 13 ounces for a bird living in northern region is equal to 1 and southern region is equal to -1.2 and the bird of this type with a weight greater than 13 ounces lives in the southern region.
Z-scores is defined as the numerical measurement of a set of values that establishes the relationship of the value with the mean of the set of values given. The formula for determining the z-scores is expressed as
z = x - μ/σ
where x is the raw value, μ is mean and σ is standard deviation.
For northern region, μ = 10 and σ = 3 and for southern region, μ = 16 and σ = 2.5
The z-score for northern region at x = 13 will be
z = 13 - 10/3
z = 3/3 = 1
The z-score for southern region at x = 13 will be
z = 13 - 16/2.5
z = -1.2
Now, we find the probability.
For the northern region, P(x > 13) = P(z > 1) = 1 - P(z < 1) = 1 - 0.8413 = 15.87%
For the southern region, P(x > 13) = P(z > -1.2) = 1 - P(z < -1.2) = 1 - 0.1314 = 86.86%
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Complete Question:
A certain type of bird lives in two regions of a state. The distribution of weight for birds of this type in the northern region is approximately normal with mean 10 ounces and standard deviation 3 ounces. The distribution of weight for birds of this type in the southern region is approximately normal with mean 16 ounces and standard deviation 2.5 ounces.(a) Calculate the z-scores for a weight of 13 ounces for a bird living in the northern region and for a weight of 13 ounces for a bird living in the southern region.(b) Is it more likely that a bird of this type with a weight greater than 13 ounces lives in the northern region or the southern region? Justify your answer.
When the muscle responds to stimulation by hormones or nerves, it is called _________.
When the muscle responds to stimulation by hormones or nerves, it is called ____Excitability_____.
What is muscle excitability?Excitability is the ability to respond to stimuli provided by motor neurons or hormones. Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched. Calcium is an important element. It ensures the structural integrity of the skeleton and regulates important physiological processes. H. Nerve excitability, muscle contraction and blood clotting. The dystrophin-associated protein complex maintains muscle excitability by regulating the localization of Ca²⁺ dependent K⁺ (BK) channels.
Quantitative understanding of muscle excitability of skeletal muscle tissue using muscle bioreactor systems, implantable muscle stimulators, and electrical impulses to induce muscle tissue contraction both in vitro and in vivo are important.
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the protein hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. this is an example of protein's role in
Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin. An illustration of red blood cells showing the hemoglobin protein. This protein serves as a transporter of oxygen from the lungs to tissues.
What are proteins?The term "protein" refers to a macro- and large-scale biomolecule that has one or more lengthy chains of amino acid residues. An amino acid chain makes up the basic building block of proteins.
When oxygen binds to the heme portion of the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells during physiological respiration, oxyhemoglobin is created. This procedure takes place in the pulmonary capillaries close to the lung's alveoli.
Thus, red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin. An illustration of red blood cells showing the hemoglobin protein. This protein serves as a transporter of oxygen from the lungs to tissues.
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A cycle consists of a carefully balanced set of molecules. In order for the cycle to continue, this balance must be maintained. How many turns of the calvin cycle must occur before one molecule of g3p can leave?.
One molecule of glucose would be created by six cycles, or six CO2 start text, six CO2 end text, six CO2 start subscript, two end subscript, six ATP turns, and twelve NADPH turns.
What is Calvin cycle?The Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 cycle, the nighttime reaction of photosynthesis, or the light-independent reaction. However, it is most active during the daytime when there is a surplus of ATP and NADPH. The plant cells employ the building blocks produced by the light reactions to create organic molecules:
Energy: The endergonic reactions are propelled by ATP, which is produced by cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation.
2. Reducing power: Photosystem I's NADPH serves as the source of both the hydrogen and the powerful electrons needed to bind it to carbon atoms. During photosynthesis, a large portion of the light energy is stored in the sugars' energy-dense C—H bonds.
Carbohydrates, especially starch and sucrose, are the primary forms of light energy that plants store.
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Two G3Ps are needed to make a glucose molecule with six carbons since a G3P molecule has three fixed carbon atoms.
How many times must the Calvin cycle run before one G3P molecule is produced?One carbohydrate molecule requires six rounds of the Calvin cycle to produce since it contains six carbon atoms (one for each carbon dioxide molecule fixed). RuBP is renewed by the remaining G3P molecules, allowing the system to get ready for the carbon-fixation stage.
How many turns are necessary to make G3P?Since one G3P contains three carbon atoms and is exported from the chloroplast, it takes three "turns" of the Calvin cycle to fix enough net carbon to do so.
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Imagine a bacterial cell with a mutation that renders D N A Pol I completely nonfunctional (note that this would be a lethal mutation). What, precisely, would go wrong with replication in this cell?
a. inability to unwind double helix
b. inability to prime replication
c. inability to extend the length of leading and lagging strands
d. inability to replace primers
Cells are unable to replace primers.
The process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules is known as replication. One of the most fundamental processes that occurs within a cell is DNA replication. Before cells can divide, their DNA must be replicated. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of the genome, resulting in successful genetic trait inheritance. DNA replication is an essential process that is conserved across all organisms.
Primers are short stretches of DNA that target specific sequences and aid in the identification of a specific part of the genome, such as a gene. Primers are typically 18 to 25 nucleotides in length. They can be synthesized in a specialized lab and are used in a variety of applications.
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Li Qiu wants to trace the path of adrenaline as it sends a message that causes the heart to beat faster, beginning with the first step in the process and ending with the last. Where should Li Qiu start and where should he end?
A. heart beats faster; gland produces adrenaline
B. adrenaline carries message; heart beats faster
C. gland produces adrenaline; adrenaline carries message
D. gland produces adrenaline; heart beats faster
Li Qiu should start with the gland produces adrenaline and ends with heart beats faster.
The nerves that are connected to the adrenal glands are activated, which causes the adrenaline to be secreted and increases the levels of adrenaline in the blood, as the main mechanism by which adrenaline is released.
The adrenal glands, which produce adrenaline, release it into the body during stressful or dangerous situations. When faced with a stressful "fight or flight" situation, your body prepares to handle it.
Your adrenal gland releases the chemicals noradrenaline and adrenaline (epinephrine), which are both accessed by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones are transported throughout your body by your blood.
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the process of fat digestion begins even before you take your first bite of food. just the smell of food can begin digestive juices flowing. the most common lipids found in foods are primarily in the form of triglycerides. these lipids are broken down during digestion to yield monoglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids. focus your attention on the steps involved in fat digestion illustrated in the focus figure. drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequential order involved in lipid digestion.
Even before you take your first mouthful of food, you are already in the lipid digestion process. Simply smelling food might start the digestion process. Triglycerides are the most prevalent kind of fat present in food.
What takes place first during the digestion of fat?Utilizing salivary enzymes, the body starts to break down fat in the mouth. Foods that have been chewed have more surface area, which helps the digestive enzymes do their job more quickly. Lingual lipase and phospholipids, which break down fats into tiny drops, are the two most significant molecules that aid in fat digestion in the mouth.
What occurs during the digestion of fat?In the stomach, fat is separated from other dietary components. In the small intestine, bile emulsifies fats. Then, enzymes degrade them. The intestinal cells take up the fats. Chylomicrons are substantial lipoprotein structures that transport fats through the lymphatic system. They are made of long-chain fatty acids.
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Which kind of rock is formed when lava leaves a volcano and cools?
A. sedimentary
sedimentary
B. igneous
igneous
C. conglomerate
conglomerate
D. metamorphic
metamorphic
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Kinda already explained, but when the molten lava solidifys it turns into igneous rock.
It isn't sedimentary because those are formed by depositions
It isn't metamorphic because those are formed by heat and pressure. (I can see how this could be confusing) but metamorphic rocks really just means that it's changing it's form. before the pressure and heat, it could of already been a sedimentary rock and changed.
it isn't conglomerate rock because those are just pebbles cemented together plus it's a type of sedimentary rock.
and like someone gets cancer from UV rays, can it be passed down to their children
Answer:
No, but could depend
Explanation:
Some types of skin cancer are hereditary, and being prone to getting cancer from UV lights can be passed down to an offspring.
Dna replication proceeds outward from two , which are the sites where the template strands are unwound and new dna is synthesized.
Forks are the locations where the templates strands be unwound and fresh dna is created during replication.
How is something synthesized?Simply put, synthesizing is mixing. You combine the ideas and facts of various sources to make a larger statement rather than summarizing the key points of every source individually. This essentially entails comparing and contrasting the information from your sources.
What does writing synthesis mean?Synthesis is the process of combining different elements to create a whole. When instructing students to produce a research study or any work that calls for the utilization of numerous sources, writing instructors frequently use this term.
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Dna replication relies on the blank______ of dna strands according to the blank______ rule.
DNA replication relies on the DNA helix of DNA strands according to the Semi conservative rule.
What is DNA replication?The act of copying and duplicating a DNA molecule is known as DNA replication. The procedure is run in a semi-conservative manner. In other words, the newly generated strand and the original strand will both be present in the new DNA molecule.
The genetic material that codes for a specific protein is included in DNA. To ensure that the two cells that result from cell division have the same genetic makeup, DNA molecules must be copied before cell division. DNA is copied during the early phases of mitosis and meiosis (prophase I) in order to get ready for the later phases, when the cell divides to produce two cells with copies of the DNA.
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DNA replication relies on the blank complementarity of DNA strands according to the blank AT/GC rule.
How does DNA replication's base pair rule work?According to Chargaff's Rule, all replication must match complementary purines, pyrimidines, or nitrogenous bases during the replication process. Adenine and thymine always couple with each other in DNA, but cytosine always pairs with guanine.
What DNA base pairing guidelines apply?Adenine always pairs with thymine according to the base pairing rule, while guanine always forms a bond with cytosine. They maintain the bond between the two strands of DNA, but they are too frail to withstand replication.
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Which of the following is NOT a cause
of earth's biomes?
A. wind and ocean currents
B. earth's seasons
C. temperature and moisture levels
The one that is not a cause of earth's biomes is wind and ocean currents. The correct option is A.
What is a biome?An place is categorized as a biome based on the species that call it home. Scientists can define a biome by defining the temperature range, soil type, amount of light, and water that are peculiar to a location and create niches for particular species.
There are eight main terrestrial biomes: temperate grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, Arctic tundra, and tropical rainforests, savannas, subtropical deserts, and chaparral.
Large-scale habitats known as biomes can be identified by their distinctive temperature ranges and precipitation rates.
Wind and ocean currents are the ones that are not a cause of the earth's biomes.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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What body structure/region normally encounters both inhaled air as well as ingested food and drink?.
Answer: the oropharynx.
Explanation:
Cholesterol is an important component of each of the following, EXCEPT? A.cell membranes.B.fluid that coats the liver.C.protective nerve sheaths.D.sex hormones.
Cholesterol is an important component of each of the following except sex hormones.
Cholesterol is an important issue of mobileular membranes, that are the systems that border each mobileular withinside the human body. Without ldl cholesterol, T-cells (a kind of white blood mobileular), for example, might now no longer preserve their mobileular membranes, main to rupturing of the cells.
Cholesterol is likewise wanted for the manufacture of steroid-primarily based totally hormones, specifically intercourse hormones like testosterone and progesterone. Other hormones, produced especially with the aid of using the adrenal gland, additionally require ldl cholesterol for production. Aldosterone (the hormone that makes the kidneys keep water) and cortisol (the hormone this is critical in suppressing irritation withinside the body) are such examples.
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What would happen if a cell transcribed and translated a gene’s intron by mistake?(1 point).
Answer: If a cell transcribed and translated a gene's intron by mistake, then additional amino acids would be inserted into the protein
Explanation:
How is Mitosis different from binary fission?
please help me again i’m even more confused
Answer:
The impact of the codon changing to A has a missense mutation on the protein. The original amino acid was Histidine and mutated into Leucine.
Explanation:
*If you do not know how to use a codon chart you can ask me, just comment it.*
ok, let's first see what a missense mutation actually is.
missense mutation - A changed DNA sequence that changes a amino acid completely from the original amino acid.
The original strand you have to convert it, CTC is CAC that is how it originally is Histidine, the mutated DNA strand is CAC, but converted is CUC which is Leucine.
Hope that helped, if not, I can go in depth. :)
Mitosis can occur in both haploid and diploid cells, but meiosis cannot occur in haploid cells. Why not?.
Because the cell is still haploid after mitosis, haploid cells can undergo mitosis. Meiosis takes place in gamete-producing germline cells (sperm and egg).
Why are haploid cells unable to undergo meiosis?Because meiosis needs pairs of homologous chromosomes, it cannot occur in haploid cells.
Can a haploid cell go through meiosis? Why, if at all, can a haploid cell undergo mitosis?Haplodiploid cells cannot undergo meiosis. Gametes are created by mitotic division in a haploid organism (n). After fertilisation, these gametes (n) are joined to create a diploid zygote. Following meiotic division, this zygote or diploid cell creates a new haploid organism.
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a locus describes: select one: a. a location on a chromosome b. a type of protein c. a type of insect d. none of the above
A locus describes a location on a chromosome.
A locus is the physical site or location of a specific gene on a chromosome.
Locus is a location that tell us where on a chromosome a specific gene is. It is considered as physical location of a gene on a chromosome. It tells about gene and its neighborhood .Hence ,Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent.
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A nurse is providing teaching to the mother of an infant who has a prescription for digoxin. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?
A. "Do not offer your baby fluids after giving the medication."
B. "Digoxin increases your baby's heart rate."
C."Give the correct dose of medication at regularly scheduled times."
D."If your baby vomits a dose, you should repeat the dose to ensure that he gets the correct amount."
C."Give the correct dose of medication at regularly scheduled times."
Digoxin is used to treat irregular cardiac rhythms and heart failure (arrhythmias). It improves heart performance and aids in maintaining heart rate management.
Digoxin is available as a tablet, capsule, or liquid for children to ingest. Ordinarily, digoxin is taken once day. A carefully marked dropper is included in the pediatric elixir for gauging the dosage. Your dosage would need to be adjusted because different brands of digoxin contain varied quantities of the active ingredient.
Digoxin aids in managing your disease but cannot reverse it.
Digoxin may also be administered following a heart attack to treat angina, which is a type of heart pain.
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What happens when the xist gene from an x chromosome is inserted into an autosome?.
When the xist gene from an x chromosome is inserted into an autosome the autosome with Xist is inactivated like an X chromosome.
What does the Xist gene do?On the X chromosome of placental mammals, the non-coding RNA known as Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) plays a key role in the X-inactivation process. Along with two more RNA genes (Jpx and Ftx), two protein genes, and two other components, it is a part of the Xic, or X-chromosome inactivation centre (Tsx and Cnbp2).
The long, non-coding RNA Xist is essential for mammalian XCI (X-inactive specific transcript). It is generated from the Xist gene, which is located in the X inactivation centre (Xic), a region on the X chromosome that contains clustered genes and regulatory regions important in the X inactivation process.
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