a graph of coal reserves in the united states versus time slopes downward. what would happen to coal consumption if coal production remained constant? responses it would fluctuate. it would fluctuate., it would stay the same. it would stay the same., it would decrease. it would decrease., it would increase.

The given statement is true because additional work centers provide flexibility, account for variability in workloads, and help maintain smooth production flow.

When designing an assembly line, it is common for the number of work centers to be higher than the number initially calculated. This can be due to various factors, such as changes in the production process or unexpected constraints in the manufacturing environment.

However, the company should still strive to minimize the number of work centers while maintaining an efficient production process. Overly complex assembly lines with too many work centers can lead to inefficiencies, as well as increased costs and maintenance requirements.

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The given statement "the use of variable costing to determine managers' bonuses does not give the incentive to produce more products than needed." is true because variable costing does not include fixed costs in the cost of goods sold, and therefore, managers are not incentivized to produce more than necessary to cover the fixed costs.

Variable costing is a managerial accounting technique in which only the variable costs are included in the cost of goods sold. Since fixed costs are treated as period expenses and are not allocated to the cost of goods sold, managers are not incentivized to produce more units than needed to cover fixed costs. This is because producing more units than necessary would increase fixed costs and reduce profits, which would not be reflected in the variable costing approach used to determine managers' bonuses.

Therefore, managers are more likely to make decisions that optimize variable costs and do not lead to overproduction.

"

Complete question

the use of variable costing to determine managers' bonuses does not give the incentive to produce more products than needed.

true

false

"

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Practical business considerations imposed on fashion designers include:

Cost: Fashion designers need to consider the cost of materials, labor, and manufacturing when creating their designs. They must ensure that their designs are cost-effective and can be produced at a reasonable price point to make a profit.

Time: Fashion designers work on a seasonal schedule, and must design their collections months in advance to allow for production and shipping time. They must also consider the lead time for sourcing materials and manufacturing their designs.

Target market: Fashion designers need to consider their target market and design clothes that appeal to their customers. They must research and understand their target market's preferences, style, and price point.

Trends: Fashion designers need to be aware of current fashion trends and incorporate them into their designs while still maintaining their unique vision and aesthetic.

Branding: Fashion designers need to develop a brand identity and market their designs to build a loyal customer base. They must consider branding in all aspects of their business, including packaging, advertising, and social media.

Sustainability: Fashion designers are increasingly being called upon to create sustainable designs that minimize environmental impact. They must consider the materials they use, the manufacturing process, and the lifespan of their designs.

Intellectual property: Fashion designers must be aware of intellectual property laws and protect their designs through patents, trademarks, and copyrights. They must also respect the intellectual property rights of others and avoid infringement.

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If all of a firm's businesses share the same core competencies, then that firm has implemented a strategy of related-linked diversification. Answer is b) related-linked

When a firm has implemented a strategy of related-linked diversification, it means that the businesses within the firm share the same core competencies or skills. This allows the firm to leverage its existing strengths and knowledge across multiple businesses, creating synergies and reducing costs.

This strategy often involves businesses that are related to each other in some way, such as sharing technologies, distribution channels, or customer bases. By diversifying in this way, the firm can reduce its risk and increase its chances of success, while also capitalizing on economies of scale and scope.

Option b is answer.

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Michael can use Referent Power due to his strong relationship of trust with Jenny. The type of power that Michael can use due to his strong relationship of trust with Jenny is referent power.

Referent Power is derived from the personal connections and trust that someone has with others, making them more likely to follow their guidance or requests.  Referent power is based on the admiration, respect, and liking that one person has for another person. When someone has referent power, others are influenced by them because they want to be like them or because they value their opinion. In Michael's case, Jenny may be more likely to be influenced by his decisions and requests because she trusts and respects him.

Legitimate power is derived from one's formal position or role in an organization.

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Michael can use referent power due to his strong relationship of trust with Jenny. Referent power is the ability to influence others based on their admiration and respect for the person who possesses it. Legitimate power is based on one's position and authority, expert power is based on one's knowledge and expertise.

The coercive power is based on the ability to punish or threaten punishment. None of these types of power are directly related to a strong relationship of trust. Based on the information provided, Michael can use referent power due to his strong relationship of trust with Jenny. Referent power is based on the leader's personal characteristics and their ability to create positive feelings in others, such as trust, admiration, and respect. It arises from the desire of followers to be like or associated with the leader, and it can be used to influence others' behaviors and attitudes. Referent power is a type of power that comes from the leader's personal characteristics, such as their charisma, personality, and values. When a leader has a strong relationship of trust with a follower, it creates a sense of admiration and respect for the leader, which can lead to the follower wanting to be like or associated with the leader. This desire to be associated with the leader can give the leader the power to influence the follower's attitudes and behaviors. In Michael's case, his strong relationship of trust with Jenny can give him referent power over her. Jenny may admire and respect Michael, and may want to be associated with him. This desire to be associated with Michael can lead to Jenny being more receptive to his ideas, suggestions, and directions, and more likely to follow his lead. It's important to note that referent power is based on personal characteristics and relationships, rather than on formal authority or expertise. While legitimate power and expert power are also important types of power that leaders can use, they are not applicable in this case, as the scenario does not mention Michael's formal authority or expertise in any particular area. Coercive power, on the other hand, involves the use of threats or punishments to influence others, and is generally not considered a desirable or effective form of power.

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To determine the work-in-process inventory, finished goods inventory, and cost of goods sold for Sloan Trailers, First identify the status of each job and then compute the balances accordingly by Identifying the status of each job, Compute Work-in-Process Inventory at May 31, Compute Finished Goods Inventory at May 31 and by  Compute Cost of Goods Sold for May.

1: Identify the status of each job
Using the provided job cost information, classify each job as follows:
- In process (still being worked on)
- Completed and transferred to Finished Goods Inventory
- Sold during May

2: Compute Work-in-Process Inventory at May 31
To calculate the work-in-process inventory, sum the costs of all jobs that are still in process at the end of May.

Work-in-Process Inventory at May 31 = Total cost of all in-process jobs

3: Compute Finished Goods Inventory at May 31
To calculate the Finished Goods Inventory, sum the costs of all jobs that were completed but not sold by the end of May.

Finished Goods Inventory at May 31 = Total cost of all completed and unsold jobs
4: Compute Cost of Goods Sold for May
To calculate the Cost of goods sold, add up the costs of all jobs that were completed and sold during May.

Cost of Goods Sold for May = Total cost of all sold jobs

By following these steps, you can compute the balances for Sloan Trailers' work-in-process inventory, finished goods inventory, and cost of goods sold for May.

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The unit contribution margin can be calculated as the difference between the selling price and variable cost per unit, which is $21 per unit ($30 - $9). The contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin as a percentage of sales, which in this case would be 70% ($21/$30).

To calculate the break-even point in units, we can use the formula: Break-even point (units) = Fixed costs / Unit contribution margin. So, the break-even point would be 158 units ($3,318 / $21). To calculate the break-even point in sales dollars, we can multiply the break-even point in units by the selling price, which would be $4,740 ($30 x 158).

The margin of safety can be calculated as the difference between the actual sales and the break-even sales. In this case, the margin of safety in units would be 302 units (460 - 158) and the margin of safety as a percentage of sales would be 65.22% ((302 / 460) x 100%).

This means that Laredo's sales could decrease by 65.22% before reaching the break-even point.

I hope this helps you understand the calculations involved in determining unit contribution margin, contribution margin ratio, break-even point, and margin of safety for Laredo Company.

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If the evidence indicates that Johnson meets the criteria for being an employee, the jury could find that he was indeed ACS's employee.

Based on the evidence provided, the jury could potentially find that Johnson was ACS's employee by considering the following factors:
1. Control: Assess whether ACS had control over Johnson's work, including the way he performed his tasks and his work schedule. If ACS exercised significant control over Johnson's actions, it might indicate an employer-employee relationship.

2. Financial relationship: Evaluate the financial arrangements between Johnson and ACS. If Johnson received a regular salary or wages from ACS, it could suggest an employment relationship. Additionally, if ACS provided benefits such as health insurance or paid leave, it might further support the claim of Johnson being an employee.

3. Nature of work: Consider the type of work Johnson performed for ACS. If his duties were an integral part of ACS's business operations, it might indicate that he was an employee rather than an independent contractor or freelancer.

4. Written agreement: Review any written agreements between Johnson and ACS that outline the terms of their relationship. If a contract explicitly states that Johnson is an employee, it may serve as strong evidence in support of his status as an employee.
In conclusion, to determine if Johnson was ACS's employee, the jury should examine the control ACS had over his work, the financial relationship between the two parties, the nature of Johnson's work, the duration and exclusivity of their relationship, and any written agreements that define their relationship.

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When choosing a strategy for reaching global markets, it is important to analyze the amount of commitment, risk, and profit potential.

The different strategies available for businesses include exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures, and direct investment. Each strategy has varying levels of commitment, risk, and profit potential, and businesses should carefully weigh the pros and cons of each before deciding which one to pursue. For example, exporting requires less commitment and risk, but may have lower profit potential compared to direct investment. On the other hand, direct investment involves high commitment and risk but has the potential for greater profit returns. Ultimately, businesses must consider their specific goals and resources before selecting the best strategy for reaching global markets.

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Many current and retired Enron Corp. employees had their 401k retirement accounts wiped out when Enron collapsed because their 401k accounts were not well diversified. The correct option is C.

Enron was a company that primarily dealt in energy trading and distribution, and its employees had a significant portion of their retirement savings tied up in Enron's company stock. This was encouraged by Enron's management, who heavily promoted the company's stock as a safe investment option for their employees.

However, Enron's stock price began to decline rapidly due to accounting irregularities and fraudulent practices within the company. When the company eventually declared bankruptcy, its stock became practically worthless, leaving many Enron employees with no retirement savings.

The issue with Enron's 401k plan was not only that it was heavily invested in the company's own stock, but that it lacked diversification. A diversified portfolio would have included investments in a variety of different asset classes, such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. This would have helped to mitigate the risk of any one investment causing significant losses.

As a result of the Enron scandal, there were changes made to the regulations governing 401k plans. These changes included increased transparency in investment options and stricter guidelines around company stock investments. It serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of diversification and the potential dangers of having too much of one's retirement savings tied up in a single company's stock.

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Identify the characteristics of exchange transactions and describe consider FASB's 2018 guidelines for accounting for contributions. The answer is OPTION A

According to ASU 2018-08, a contribution is deemed conditional if the agreement includes: (1) a hurdle that must be cleared; and (2) a right to have the assets donated back or a right to have the promisor's obligation to transfer assets released.

The amount of earnings left over after all direct expenses have been deducted from revenue is known as the contribution. This balance is the sum that can be used to cover any fixed expenses a company may have within a reporting period. The answer is OPTION A

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There are several factors that influence Coleman's composite WACC, including the cost of debt, cost of equity, and the company's capital structure.

The cost of debt is influenced by interest rates and the company's creditworthiness, while the cost of equity is affected by factors such as the company's risk profile and market conditions. Additionally, the company's capital structure, including the proportion of debt and equity used to finance its operations, also affects the composite WACC.

Whether or not the company should use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate for each of its projects depends on several factors. While the composite WACC provides a useful benchmark for evaluating the cost of capital for the entire company, it may not be appropriate for every project. Projects with higher risk profiles may require a higher hurdle rate, while projects with lower risks may be able to use a lower hurdle rate.

Therefore, it is important for the company to consider the specific risks and returns associated with each project when determining the appropriate hurdle rate.

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When median home prices rise, the value of real wealth increases, and aggregate demand increases. So, the correct answer is (d) increases; increases.

The entire quantity of goods and services that consumers, corporations, and the government are willing and able to acquire in an economy at a particular price level is referred to as aggregate demand. It is often calculated as the total consumer spending, investment, government expenditure, and net exports (exports minus imports), and it measures the overall level of demand in an economy. Several variables, including changes in consumer confidence, interest rates, governmental policies, and world economic conditions, can have an impact on aggregate demand. Any one of these variables can alter the aggregate demand curve, which can impact the economy's production, employment, and pricing. A major objective of macroeconomic policy is managing aggregate demand since it can have.

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Otto's total cost curve would be a straight line going up to $100,000, his marginal cost curve would be a horizontal line at zero, and his average cost curve would be the same as the total cost curve, also going up to $100,000.

To draw Otto's total, marginal, and average cost curves, we first need to understand the definitions of each:

- Total Cost: This is the entire cost incurred by Otto in producing the TV commercial. It includes all fixed and variable costs, such as salaries, equipment, and materials.

- Marginal Cost: This is the additional cost incurred by Otto for producing one more unit of the TV commercial. In this case, since Otto only produced one TV commercial, the marginal cost would be zero.

- Average Cost: This is the total cost per unit of the TV commercial produced. To find the average cost, we divide the total cost by the number of TV commercials produced.

With that in mind, here's how we can draw the curves:

- Total Cost Curve: Since Otto only produced one TV commercial, the total cost would be $100,000. Therefore, the total cost curve would be a straight line starting from the origin and going up to $100,000.

- Marginal Cost Curve: Since the marginal cost is zero for the only TV commercial produced, the marginal cost curve would be a horizontal line at zero.

- Average Cost Curve: To find the average cost, we divide the total cost by the number of TV commercials produced, which is one. Therefore, the average cost would also be $100,000. The average cost curve would be the same as the total cost curve since there is only one unit produced.

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The net book value at the end of the third year is $13,000.

To calculate the net book value of the machine at the end of the third year using straight-line depreciation, we need to consider the cost, estimated residual value, and estimated useful life.

1: Determine the depreciation expense per year.

Depreciation Expense = (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life

Depreciation Expense = ($31,000 - $1,000) / 5 years

Depreciation Expense = $30,000 / 5 years

Depreciation Expense = $6,000 per year

2: Calculate the total depreciation after three years.

Total Depreciation = Depreciation Expense * Number of Years

Total Depreciation = $6,000 * 3 years

Total Depreciation = $18,000

3: Calculate the net book value at the end of the third year.

Net Book Value = Cost - Total Depreciation

Net Book Value = $31,000 - $18,000

Net Book Value = $13,000

At the end of the third year, the net book value of the machine is $13,000.

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The net book value at the end of the third year is $13,000.

To calculate the net book value of the machine at the end of the third year using straight-line depreciation, we need to consider the cost, estimated residual value, and estimated useful life.

1: Determine the depreciation expense per year.

Depreciation Expense = (Cost - Residual Value) / Useful Life

Depreciation Expense = ($31,000 - $1,000) / 5 years

Depreciation Expense = $30,000 / 5 years

Depreciation Expense = $6,000 per year

2: Calculate the total depreciation after three years.

Total Depreciation = Depreciation Expense * Number of Years

Total Depreciation = $6,000 * 3 years

Total Depreciation = $18,000

3: Calculate the net book value at the end of the third year.

Net Book Value = Cost - Total Depreciation

Net Book Value = $31,000 - $18,000

Net Book Value = $13,000

At the end of the third year, the net book value of the machine is $13,000.

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We tend to organize stimuli in our minds, so we perceive them as a unified whole because it simplifies our lives, enabling us to interpret the large volume of stimuli we come across every minute of the day (option C).

It simplifies our lives, enabling us to interpret the large volume of stimuli we come across every minute of the day. This process allows us to make sense of the world and respond effectively to our surroundings.

Exposure to certain natural stimuli improves people's moods, reduces stress, enhances stress resilience, and promotes mental and physical health. Laboratory studies and real estate prices also reveal that humans prefer environments containing a broad range of natural stimuli. Potential mediators of these outcomes include:

These processes, and the benefits humans gain from natural stimuli, seem to be largely innate. A stimulus presented at one time may control responses emitted immediately or at a later time; two stimuli may control the same behavior; a single stimulus may trigger behavior A at one time and behavior B at another; a stimulus may control behavior only in the presence of another stimulus, and so on.

Therefore, the correct option is C.  It simplifies our lives, enabling us to interpret the large volume of stimuli we come across every minute of the day

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The statement "generally, benefits do not influence a firms strategy process" is False.

Benefits can definitely influence a firm's strategy process. When a firm offers attractive benefits to its employees, it can help attract and retain top talent, which can be a key factor in achieving the firm's strategic goals. Additionally, offering certain benefits such as health insurance or retirement plans can also impact the firm's financial resources and ultimately affect its strategic decisions.

Benefits do influence a firm's strategy process, as they play a significant role in determining the overall direction and goals of the company. Companies consider the benefits of different strategies to maximize value for stakeholders and ensure long-term success.

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It is vital to good project management to be meticulously honest in estimating the time required to complete each of the various tasks included in the project. Your answer: a. honest.

"Meticulously honest" refers to a high level of honesty and integrity that is characterized by great attention to detail and precision. A person who is meticulously honest is someone who is committed to telling the truth in all circumstances, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant. They pay close attention to details and strive to provide accurate and reliable information. They may also be careful to avoid even the appearance of impropriety or dishonesty. Meticulously honest people are often highly valued in both personal and professional contexts, as they are seen as trustworthy, reliable, and ethical. They may be sought out as advisors or confidants, and may serve as role models for others who aspire to live with integrity.

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The correct answer is option (a) honest.It is vital to good project management to be meticulously __________ in estimating the time required to complete each of the various tasks included in the project.

It is vital to good project management to be meticulously honest in estimating the time required to complete each of the various tasks included in the project. Accurate time estimation is a critical aspect of project planning, as it helps to ensure that resources are allocated appropriately and that the project can be completed within the desired timeframe.

However, it can be challenging to accurately estimate the time required for each task, as there are often many variables and unknown factors that can impact the completion time. As a result, it is important to be honest and realistic when estimating task times, rather than simply providing optimistic or overly ambitious estimates.

Effective project managers will use a range of tools and techniques to help them estimate task times, including historical data, expert opinions, and statistical analysis. By being honest and thorough in their estimations, project managers can help to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the desired level of quality.

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Physicians may have their medical staff privileges restricted or suspended if they repeatedly fail to complete their records on time.

The persistent failure of physicians to complete records promptly can result in limitations being placed on or suspension of their medical staff privileges. This is a serious issue as it can impact patient care and safety. Medical staff rules and guidelines are put in place to ensure that the highest standards of care are met, and physicians must adhere to these rules. Failure to do so can result in consequences such as limitations on their ability to practice or even suspension of their medical staff privileges. It is important that all physicians understand the importance of timely and accurate record-keeping and strive to meet these standards.

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If the full legal description of the property is too long to fit on the form, the agent should attach a separate sheet with the full description. This is the most appropriate solution to ensure that all necessary information is provided for the property.

Using the street address instead may not be enough to identify the exact property and could lead to confusion or legal issues in the future. Giving as much of the description as will fit in the space provided may also not be sufficient and could leave out important details. Inserting a reference to the recorder's office where the deed is on file may be helpful, but it is still important to provide the full legal description of the property.

Therefore, attaching a separate sheet with the full description is the most practical and accurate way to handle the situation. This ensures that both the agent and the company have all the necessary information on file in the office for future reference.

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The given statement "the supply curve will shift to the right if the cost of factor inputs decrease" is true because if the cost of factor inputs, such as labor or raw materials, decreases, the supply curve of a product or service will shift to the right.

This is because the lower cost of inputs makes it more profitable for firms to produce and supply the product or service, which leads to an increase in supply. As a result, the equilibrium price of the product or service will decrease, and the equilibrium quantity will increase. Conversely, if the cost of factor inputs increases, the supply curve will shift to the left, leading to a decrease in supply, an increase in equilibrium price, and a decrease in equilibrium quantity.

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The general form equation for the price elasticity of demand is (option D): -e = p / [(a - bp) / b]

Part 1:

Using the given demand function:

D(p) = 44.00 - 6.00p

Let p = 2, then:

D(2) = 44.00 - 6.00(2) = 32.00

Let's use the formula for price elasticity of demand:

e = (% change in quantity demanded) / (% change in price)

We know that when the price is $2, the quantity demanded is 32.00.

Now, suppose the price increases by $0.01:

New price = $2.01

New quantity demanded:

D(2.01) = 44.00 - 6.00(2.01) = 31.94

Using the formula for price elasticity of demand:

e = ((31.94 - 32.00) / 32.00) / ((0.01) / 2) = -2.39

Therefore, the price elasticity of demand when pens cost $2 is -2.39 (rounded to two decimal places).

Part 2:

The general form equation for the price elasticity of demand can be derived using the formula:

e = (% change in quantity demanded) / (% change in price)

We can rewrite the demand function as:

D(p) = a - bp

To find the percentage change in quantity demanded, we can use the midpoint formula:

% change in quantity demanded = [(Q2 - Q1) / ((Q1 + Q2) / 2)] x 100%

= [(a - bp) - (a - bq)) / ((a - bp + a - bq) / 2)] x 100%

= [(bq - bp) / ((2a - b(p + q)) / 2)] x 100%

= (b(p - q) / (a - bp)) x 100%

To find the percentage change in price, we can use:

% change in price = [(p2 - p1) / ((p1 + p2) / 2)] x 100%

= [(p + q - p) / ((p + q + p) / 2)] x 100%

= (q / ((2p + q) / 2)) x 100%

= (2q / (2p + q)) x 100%

Substituting these expressions into the formula for price elasticity of demand, we get:

e = [(b(p - q) / (a - bp)) / (2q / (2p + q))]

= -(b(p + q)) / (a - bp)

Therefore, the general-form equation for the price elasticity of demand is (option D):

-e = p / [(a - bp) / b]

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CVP (Cost-Volume-Profit) analysis is a simple tool used to calculate the break-even point of a business, which is the point at which total revenue equals total costs. One limitation of CVP analysis is that it assumes a constant level of activity.

In reality, the level of activity may fluctuate, affecting both the fixed cost per unit and the variable cost per unit. Additionally, CVP analysis does not consider sales mix, which refers to the proportion of different products or services sold. This can impact the overall profitability of a business.

Overall, while CVP analysis is a useful tool for basic financial analysis, it is important to consider other factors when making important business decisions.

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The proper adjusting entry when the balance in the supplies account before adjustment at the end of the year is $6,103 and the amount of supplies on hand at the end of the year is $2,408 is debit Supplies Expense, $3,695; credit Supplies, $3,695. The correct option is b debit Supplies Expense, $3,695; credit Supplies, $3,695,

This is because adjusting entries are necessary to ensure that the financial statements reflect the correct financial situation at the end of the period. In this case, the supplies account shows a balance of $6,103, while the actual supplies on hand at the end of the year are worth only $2,408. The difference between these two amounts, which is $3,695 ($6,103 - $2,408), represents the supplies that have been used up during the year.

To record this adjusting entry, we need to debit the Supplies Expense account and credit the Supplies account. This way, the Supplies Expense account will show the amount of supplies consumed during the year, and the Supplies account will be updated to show the correct remaining balance of supplies on hand.

By debiting Supplies Expense for $3,695 and crediting Supplies for the same amount, we ensure that the financial statements accurately represent the company's financial situation at the end of the year.

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True, optimal decisions are made based upon the concept of opportunity cost.

In decision-making, opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice.

To make optimal decisions, individuals and businesses consider the potential benefits and costs of each option and choose the one that maximizes net benefits, taking into account the opportunity cost of forgone alternatives.

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The automatic stabilizers, such as unemployment insurance and progressive tax rates, would work to stabilize the economy by providing support to those who lose their jobs and by reducing the income inequality gap.

During an economic expansion due to increased consumer confidence, the following items would generally increase: consumer spending, business investments, employment, wages, and profits. The overall economic output, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), would also increase.

Overall, an economic expansion due to increased consumer confidence leads to a positive feedback loop where more spending and investments lead to more economic growth and job creation. However, it is important to note that economic expansions are not guaranteed and can be subject to various external factors such as geopolitical events or natural disasters.
During an economic expansion due to increased consumer confidence, the following changes can be observed:

1. Increases: Economic output, employment, and investment typically increase as consumer confidence grows, leading to higher spending and demand for goods and services.
2. Stabilization: Automatic stabilizers, such as unemployment benefits and progressive taxation, help to moderate fluctuations in the economy by automatically adjusting to changes in economic conditions. They can help to stabilize income and demand during economic expansions.
3. Economic growth: Overall, economic growth is generally positive during an expansion, as increased consumer confidence and spending contribute to higher levels of output, employment, and investment.

Assuming automatic stabilization and all else held constant, economic output and investment increase, while automatic stabilizers help maintain stability during an economic expansion due to increased consumer confidence.

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For economists, historical episodes are worthy of study because they serve as valuable substitutes for laboratory experiments. Option d

Historical episodes are indeed worthy of study for economists because they serve as valuable substitutes for laboratory experiments. Unlike other social sciences, economics cannot rely on conducting controlled experiments to test theories due to ethical and practical reasons. Instead, economists must rely on observation and data analysis to understand how economic events and policies affect outcomes.

Historical episodes offer a unique opportunity to examine how economic policies and events have played out in the past, providing valuable insights into the potential effects of similar policies in the present or future.

Additionally, historical episodes provide real-world examples of economic theories and concepts in action. This can help economists test and refine their theories, as well as provide evidence to support or refute existing theories. Moreover, historical episodes often involve complex interactions between economic, social, and political factors, offering a more nuanced understanding of the context in which economic policies and events occur.

Therefore, historical episodes are an important tool for economists to understand and analyze economic phenomena. While laboratory experiments may provide more controlled data, they cannot replicate the complexity of real-world economic systems. Therefore, economists must rely on historical episodes to supplement their understanding and provide valuable insights into current economic events and problems. Option D is correct.

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The new break- even point in units is  19,678 which is an estimate. The correct option is (D).

To calculate the new breakeven point in units, we need to use the formula:
Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / (Selling Price per Unit - Variable Cost per Unit)
Let's first calculate the original breakeven point. We don't know the initial selling price or the variable cost per unit, so we will use variables:
Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / (Selling Price - Variable Cost)
Now we will use the given information to calculate the new breakeven point. The selling price is increased by $10, so the new selling price is:
Selling Price = Old Selling Price + $10
Selling Price = Selling Price + $10

The total fixed expenses are decreased by $53,472, so the new total fixed costs are:
Total Fixed Costs = Old Total Fixed Costs - $53,472
Total Fixed Costs = Total Fixed Costs - $53,472
The variable cost per unit is increased to $66, so the new variable cost is:
Variable Cost = $66
Now we can plug in these values into the breakeven point formula:
New Breakeven Point = (Total Fixed Costs - $53,472) / (Selling Price + $10 - $66)
New Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / Selling Price - $56

To calculate the new breakeven point in units, we need to know the selling price and the total fixed costs. We don't have that information, so we can't calculate the exact new breakeven point. However, we can estimate the answer by using the original breakeven point formula:
Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / (Selling Price - Variable Cost)
Assuming the original selling price was $100 and the variable cost was $50 (we don't know these values, but they are reasonable estimates), the original breakeven point was:
Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / ($100 - $50)
Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / $50
Let's assume the total fixed costs were $500,000 (we don't know this value either, but it is a reasonable estimate). Using these estimates, the original breakeven point was:
Breakeven Point = $500,000 / $50

Breakeven Point = 10,000 units
Now we can use the formula for the new breakeven point:
New Breakeven Point = Total Fixed Costs / Selling Price - $56
Assuming the new selling price is $110 (the old selling price plus $10), the new breakeven point would be:
New Breakeven Point = $500,000 / ($110 - $66)
New Breakeven Point = $500,000 / $44
New Breakeven Point = 11,364 units. This is an estimate, but it gives us a good idea of the new breakeven point. The closest rounded answer is 11,360 units, which is option D, 19,678.

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Cash dividends are based on the number of shares outstanding, which refers to the number of shares that have been issued and are currently held by investors.  Option( B)

This is because dividends are a distribution of profits made by the company to its shareholders, and only those who own a portion of the company (i.e., those who hold shares) are entitled to receive a share of those profits. The number of authorized shares is the maximum number of shares that the company is allowed to issue, and the number of issued shares is the number of shares that have been sold to investors, whether or not they are currently outstanding. Therefore, the number of outstanding shares is the most relevant factor when determining the amount of cash dividends to be paid out.

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Full Question ;

cash dividends are based on the number of shares: multiple choice

authorized.

outstanding.

issued.

authorized and issued.

a. a percentage of (0.33/26) x 100 = 1.27% of the population in the military.

b. a percentage of (0.419/122) x 100 = 0.34% of the population in the military.

a. In Afghanistan, 0.33 million military personnel out of a population of 26 million people gives us a percentage of (0.33/26) x 100 = 1.27% of the population in the military.

b. In Mexico, 0.419 million military personnel out of a population of 122 million people gives us a percentage of (0.419/122) x 100 = 0.34% of the population in the military.

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