Sea urchin belongs to phylum Echinodermata.
Any member of the phylum Echinodermata is considered an echinoderm. Adults with radial symmetry include starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers, as well as sea lilies or "stone lilies."
Adult echinoderms can be found on the sea floor at any depth, from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. The phylum contains approximately 7,000 living species, making it the second-largest deuterostome grouping after chordates. Echinoderms are the largest phylum that is entirely marine. Near the beginning of the Cambrian period, the first definitive echinoderms appeared.
Sea urchins are spiny, globular echinoderms of the Echinoidea class. There are approximately 950 species of sea urchins that live on the seafloor of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore to 5,000 meters.
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list 2 electron carriers and explain the function of each when in the oxidized state and in the reduced state
Answer: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Oxidation and reduction are coupled reactions in which electrons are transferred form one atom to another atom. Reduced compounds donate oxygen or accept hydrogen and oxidized compounds accepts oxygen or donates hydrogen.
So, when the electron carriers are in reduced condition, they accept hydrogens from different metabolic pathways, like glycolysis and TCA cycle, etc. In oxidized state they enter into ETC and donate protons for ATP synthesis. For example, 1 NADH gives 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 gives 1.5 ATP.
Explanation:
You are admitting a patient with hepatic failure. You anticipate the patient may have which of the following complications with hepatic failure? Select all that apply. -) hyperaldosteronism -) esophageal varices -) ascites -) hepatic encephalopathy
Complications of heaptic failure include increased risk of bleeding, esophageal varicies, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, increased amounts of aldosterone, fluid overload, fever, infection. There is an increase in the PTT due to loss of clotting factors.
Hyperaldosteronism, Esophageal varices, Ascites and Hepatic encephalopathy are the complications with hepatic failure.
The inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic functions as part of normal physiology is referred to as liver failure. Acute and chronic forms are recognized (cirrhosis). A third type of liver failure known as acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) has recently gained popularity. Chronic liver failure usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive alcohol consumption, hepatitis B or C, autoimmune, hereditary, and metabolic causes (such as iron or copper overload, steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease).
Acute liver failure is defined as "the rapid onset of hepatocellular dysfunction, specifically coagulopathy and mental status changes (encephalopathy) in a patient with no history of prior liver disease."
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Organisms grow during _______development (before they are born or hatched) and for some time ________developmet as well.
Organisms grow during animal embryonic development (before they are born or hatched) and for some time prenatal development as well.
The process by which an animal embryo develops is known as animal embryonic development or animal embryogenesis in developmental biology. Embryonic development is started when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell (ovum) (spermatozoon).
After fertilization, the ovum transforms into a single zygote, a diploid cell. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with little to no growth (a process known as cleavage), cellular differentiation, and the formation of a multicellular embryo after navigating an organizational hurdle in the midst of embryogenesis.
The phrase generally describes the early stages of prenatal development in animals; fetus and fetal development relate to later stages.
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What is a heritable characteristic
why are humans so genetically similar
Answer:
All human beings are 99.9 percent identical in their genetic makeup. Differences in the remaining 0.1 percent hold important clues about the causes of diseases.
Explanation:
Our bodies have 3 billion genetic building blocks, or base pairs, that make us who we are. And of those 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount are unique to us, making us about 99.9% genetically similar to the next human.
Our bodies have 3 billion genetic building blocks, or base pairs, that make us who we are. And of those 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount is unique to us, making us about 99.9% genetically similar to the next human.
What is genetics?
The study of genes and heredity. Heredity is passing genetic information and traits (such as eye color and an increased chance of getting a particular disease) from parents to offspring.
What is the role of genetics?
Genetic research studies how individual genes or groups of genes are involved in health and disease.
Thus, out of 3 billion base pairs, only a tiny amount is unique to us. So humans are genetically similar.
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Why are parasite numbers pyramids often inverted, with the bottom level smallest?.
One producer might have a lot of parasites; thus, parasite numbers of pyramids are sometimes inverted, with the bottom level being the smallest.
In parasitic food chains, a number pyramid is discovered to be inverted. In these food chains, a single producer typically supports a large number of parasites. More hyper-parasites are supported by the parasites in turn. In this pyramid, the number of people at each level rises from the lowest to the highest.
A graphical representation of the number of creatures at each trophic level is a pyramid of numbers. Given that producers are always more numerous than other trophic levels in an ecosystem, it is a vertical pyramid. There must always be enough plants at the bottom to create food, hence the pyramidal design. If not, the entire food chain would be destroyed. No predator can be as common as its victim at the upper level.
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What two significant proteins of the muscles are involved in the contraction and relaxation of your muscles?.
The two most important are the contractile proteins actin and myosin. Among the regulatory proteins, troponin, tropomyosin, M-protein, beta-actin, gamma-actin and C-protein are great importance.
Which protein is found in muscles?The myofibrillar protein components most important for muscle fiber structure are actin and myosin. They are the most abundant proteins in muscle and are directly involved in the ability of muscle to contract and to relax.
What causes contraction and relaxation of muscles?Energy released from ATP by myosin ATPase activity results in the cycling of the myosin cross-bridges with actin for contraction. Thus contractile activity in smooth muscle is determined primarily by the phosphorylation state of the light chain of myosin—a highly regulated process.
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in trying to determine whether dna or protein was the genetic material, hershey and chase made use of which of the following facts about these two types of molecules? question 10 options: dna contains sulfur, whereas protein does not. dna contains nitrogen, whereas protein does not. dna contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not. dna contains purines, whereas protein includes pyrimidines.
While determining whether DNA or protein was the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of the following fact: DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the most prevalent form of genetic material present in majority of the organisms. The structure of DNA is double stranded with backbone made of sugar and phosphate alternating. And the nitrogenous bases projecting inwards perpendicularly to form the hydrogen bonds.
Proteins are the polymers of amino acids. These are the structures that are required for almost all the functions of the body. Protein can function as enzymes, food components, signaling molecules, etc.
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A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
A or B blood types are likely to be present in the children of an AB blood type mother and an O blood type man. O or AB blood types couldn't be accommodated.
Can an A blood type woman and an ab blood type father an O blood type child?An O child can occasionally be born to an AB parent. It is in no way typical, though. In reality, it's true to say that it's really rare. Usually, an AB parent and an A parent can only conceive Type A or Type B offspring.
Can AB receive a negative signal from O?AB negative donors can donate blood to people with AB negative blood. I am a negative donor.
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What is the correct sequence of events for activation of a b cell by a t-dependent antigen?.
The correct sequence of events for activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen is recognition of antigen, fragmentation, binding and secretion.
The process can be understood as firstly immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind with the antigen, secondly an antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface, thirdly the MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell and finally the TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell. B-cells are the antibody producing cells that produce antigen specific immunoglobin molecule to fight against the pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. These B-cells are found in bone marrow of an individual. Lesser number of B-cells in the body makes it prone to infections as the immune system gets weak. T cells are the types of white blood cells primarily involved in directly killing of infected host cells, activating other immune cells, producing cytokines and regulating the immune response.
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Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans.
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of genetic drift having an effect on the evolution of humans.
In the field of biology, genetic drift can be described as a process by which an existing common gene variant becomes suppressed or caned in a population due to another, better gene variant being introduced into a population.
However, as a result of modern traveling, a population already will have mixed gene variants. This is because of the frequent migrations and travels that a population is not confined to just one gene variant. Hence, this excessive modern travel reduces the probability of genetic drift among humans.
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If pacific field male crickets in hawaii attract females by rubbing their wings together to sing, why is it that in some places up to 90% of the males no longer sing? how could this have evolved?.
Answer:
to shield from predators
Explanation:
A certain mutation causes crickets to stop singing; and not for no reason, it happened as a result of parasitic flys that used the song to find hosts-- and although it worked and fewer crickets died from the parasite it also meant that certain crickets couldn't attract females. This evolved as a way to prevent the parasites from finding crickets and killing them but unfortunately also prevents females from finding them. I hope this helps!
question researchers propose a model to explain variation in phytoplankton cell sizes in a marine environment. they base their model on the idea that smaller cells absorb nutrients more efficiently. the researchers predict that the mean diameter of phytoplankton cells will change by 50 micrometers for every 5-kilometer increase in distance from the shore because of a gradual decrease in nutrient availability. to test their model, the researchers determine that the phytoplankton cells found closest to shore have a mean diameter of 900 micrometers. based on the model, what will be the mean diameter of the phytoplankton cells that are found 25 kilometers from shore? responses 650 micrometers 650 micrometers 875 micrometers 875 micrometers 925 micrometers
At a distance of 25 kilometers from the coast, phytoplankton cells have an average diameter of option A: 650 micrometers.
The average diameter of a phytoplankton cell is 650 micrometers, and since we know that the diameter of a phytoplankton cell is 900 micrometers, a decrease in diameter of 250 micrometers occurs every 25 kilometers. This decrease occurs at a rate of about 50 micrometers every 5 kilometers.
So, if we subtract this 250 micrometers from 900 micrometers, we get 650 micrometers. So, at a distance of 25 kilometers from the seashore, the mean diameter of a phytoplankton cell is 650 micrometers.
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4 how could you use a phylogeny to make predictions about the origin and maintenance of the behaviors you observed?
A phylogeny can be used to make predictions about the origin and maintenance of the behaviors by tracing the ancestral history of an organism even at the genetic level and even the prediction about future could be made.
Phylogeny is the diagrammatic depiction of the evolutionary and ancestral roots of an individual or a group of species, or of different species. This is done by establishing relations by making lines and connecting them to show the describe the connection.
Ancestral history is the roots and descent of the an individual. It depicts the fathers and fore-fathers of an individual and also its distant relatives.
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roken, energy is released. when bonds are formed, energy is absorbed. if more energy is released than absorbed during a chemical change, the process can be used as a source of energy. a general rule for processes such as respiration is the more carbon atoms there are in a molecule, the more energy that molecule can provide to the organism when it is used as food. 5. using the information from above and model 1, is a carbohydrate, lipid, or a protein more likely to be a good source of energy for an organism? use comparative data to support your answer.
When a link is broken or established, the carbohydrate is more likely to be a suitable source of energy for an organism.
What exactly is a carbohydrate?Carbohydrates, often known as sugar molecules, are sugar molecules. Carbohydrates are one of the three fundamental nutrients found in foods and beverages, along with proteins and lipids. Your body converts carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, often known as blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs. A carbohydrate is a naturally occurring substance or a derivative of a naturally occurring compound with the chemical formula Cx(H2O)y, which is made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) molecules. Carbohydrates are the most common organic compounds and are required for all living things to function.
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Influenza-like prodrome, blood hemorrhaging, and acute respiratory failure are associated with which one of the following viruses?
A. Cytomegalovirus.
B. Hantavirus
C. Human immunodeficiency virus
D. Rabies virus
Influenza-like prodrome, blood hemorrhaging, and acute respiratory failure are associated with Hanta virus.
Influenza is the flu infection that affects the nose, throat and lungs. It is a viral infection caused due to Influenza A and Influenza B virus. Thus virus can be inhaled in via the microdroplets present in air. If not treated on time, the infection can turn to be deadly.
Hanta virus is the virus family which is spread by the rodents. The disease caused due to this virus is called Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). The genetic material of virus is composed of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA.
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outbursts from glacial meltwater lakes can change global climate by?
Outbursts from glacial meltwater lakes can extrade worldwide weather via way of by means of fragmentation. As the extent of the glacial lake grows, so does the stress at the dam containing it.
Fragmentation of the supply glacier, landslides and different procedures can cause displacement waves withinside the lake, doubtlessly compromising the steadiness of the dam and ensuing in a GLOF. Glaciers act as reservoirs of water that persist thru summer. Continual soften from glaciers contributes water to the environment at some point of dry months, developing perennial circulate habitat and a water supply for plant life and animals. The bloodless runoff from glaciers additionally influences downstream water temperatures.
Some aquatic insects--essential additives of the meals web--are specifically touchy to circulate temperature and can't continue to exist with out the cooling outcomes of glacial meltwater. Such adjustments in circulate habitat may adversely effect local trout and different keystone salmon species. The surprising outburst of a glacial lake poses threats of flash floods and particles go with the drift in downstream regions. Pressures because of accelerated populace and tourism sports withinside the mountains have brought on humans to settle in regions that are distinctly uncovered to herbal hazards.
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Which two terms are things that are found in the chloroplast?
Answer:
Stroma.
Inner membrane.
Outer membrane.
Thylakoid membrane.
Intermembrane Space.
and Chlorophyll
During glucose catabolism, 686 kcal of energy are made available to do work. A minimum of 686 kcal are required for the anabolism of the same molecule. In practice, more energy is required. Why is this the case?.
More energy is needed because not all energy transduction processes are 100 percent effective. More cellular energy is needed since there are inefficiencies.
Cellular energy is mostly produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates, especially glucose. the total oxidative decomposition of glucose into CO2 and water
G°′= -686 kcal/mol is the amount of free energy produced by the process. Glucose is oxidized within cells in a sequence of stages associated with the creation of ATP to capture this free energy in usable form.
Almost all cells go through the process of glycolysis, which is the first step in the breakdown of glucose. Without oxygen, glycolysis takes place and can supply all of the anaerobic organisms' metabolic energy. Glycolysis, however, is only the first step in the degradation of glucose in aerobic cells.
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After reading about our affects on the biosphere, think of a scenario where we as individuals of a population can help improve the lives of other populations all throughout the biosphere.
As individuals of a population, the lives of other populations throughout the biosphere can be improved encouraging public transportation, biking, carpooling or walking.
How do humans benefit from the Biosphere?A healthy ecosystem is crucial to the survival of human beings. The biosphere regulates the earth's climate, filters the water we drink and the air we breathe, diminishes the impact of natural disasters and converts nutrients.
Substituting production of vehicles that burn fuel and cause carbon emission for ecofriendly vehicles are important steps for a healthy biosphere. Individually, we can use public transports, walking, carpooling or cycling as ways to cut down emission and help the population.
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Drag each tile to the correct location.
Plants need to perform the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Label the model to show these processes.
Answer:
Explanation:
This is the best I could do. I'm not sure about the O2 and H2O, but everything else should be right.
Which three chemical elements are recombined as plants
change carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen?
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Carbon
D. Hydrogen
SUBMIT
Green plants essentially mix carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from the molecules of carbon dioxide and water to create a new molecule called glucose.
What is Glucose?
One kind of carbohydrate is referred to as a Glucose is a basic sugar also referred to as dextrose (monosaccharides). Greek for "sweet" is C6H12O6, which is the molecular formula for glucose. It is the primary free sugar that circulates in higher animals' blood and can be found in fruits and honey.
Controlling its metabolism is essential since it supplies the energy required for cell activity (see fermentation, gluconeogenesis). Each starch molecule, which serves as plants' primary source of energy, is composed of thousands of linear glucose units.
Another important linear molecule that is primarily composed of glucose is cellulose. Dextrose is the ingredient in D-glucose. Mammals have a comparable substance called glycogen, which is a reserve carbohydrate present in the majority of vertebrate and invertebrate animal cells as well as those of innumerable fungi, protozoans, and bacteria.
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fungi are multicellular decomposers that obtain nutrients by . fungi are multicellular decomposers that obtain nutrients by . internal digestion photosynthesis extracellular digestion chemosynthesis
Fungi are multicellular decomposers that obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion.
Fungi are the separate kingdom of the classification system for the organism who neither fall into plant category nor into the animal category. These are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or filamentous. They do not have chlorophyll.
Extracellular digestion is the phenomenon where the breakdown of food happens outside the cells of the organism with the help of enzymes. This can happen inside the body in the lumen of the stomach or outside the body upon the dead and decaying organisms. Saprobionts are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying organisms.
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Certain medications to treat infections can kill gut bacteria. How might that affect a person’s health? Give two examples.
Answer:
Nausea and Vomiting.
Explanation:
Please give the brainliest.
60) a chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles is a) acetylcholine. b) epinephrine. c) endorphin. d) nitric oxide. e) gaba. topic: concept 48.4
D. Gaba is a chemical that affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles.
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the fully developed mammalian central nervous system is gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA. Its main function in the neurological system is to lower neuronal excitability. In several nations, GABA is offered as a dietary supplement.
Because it inhibits or blocks some brain messages and lowers nervous system activity, GABA is referred to as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA has a calming impact when it binds to the GABA receptor protein in your brain. Anxiety, worry, and fear can all be relieved with the use of this.
People who take GABA orally as a supplement can experience relief from anxiety and persistent stress. Studies have shown that taking supplements helped with relaxation and anxiety relief.
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In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of? A. carbohydrates B. lipids. C. nucleic D. acids. E. proteins. F. vitamins
In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of proteins.
What type of food is processed in the stomach?proteins
Enzymes from the stomach digest proteins, those from the stomach's salivary and lingual glands digest carbs and fats, and those from the pancreatic exocrine glands digest carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA.
In chemical digestion, which begins in the mouth, digestive fluids break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks (for example, proteins into separate amino acids). These secretions can comprise a variety of different enzymes, acids, and salts, but they often contain water.
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which of the following is false about fossils? they are scarce because organisms were not as prevalent during the history of life on earth as today. they give a complete record of life on earth. they are scarce because most organisms died in oxygen-poor environments. they give us factual information about the history of life on earth. they are less numerous for marine animals. all of the above.
All of the given statements are false about fossils:
they are scarce they were not as prevalent during the history of life on earth as today. they provide the complete record of life on earth. they are scarce because majority of the organisms died in oxygen-poor environments. they give us factual information about the history of life on earth. they are less numerous for marine animals.Fossils are the remains, traces or impressions of the dead plants and animals that dies millions of years ago and were buried deep down in the earth. The fossils provide information about the organisms of their time and how current organisms evolved from them.
Marine animals are those that live inside sea water. These can be living in the salt water of seas or oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries.
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which of the following molecules exert primary control over pattern formation/differentiation during development?
Homeotic gene molecules exert primary management over sample formation/differentiation for the duration of improvement.
It is during the early tiers of fly embryonic development that the frame plan of a fly is organized into what becomes the grownup fly. sample formation is the improvement of a body in keeping with a specific and deliberate spatial association.
Homeotic genes occupy a valuable role inside the hierarchy of genes controlling the early steps of embryonic improvement in Drosophila. they're worried about the specification of the character identity of each section of the insect's body.
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The central dogma of molecular biology. Put the steps in order: the molecules and the processes that create one from the other. 1. DNA
2. Transcription 3. mRNA 4. Translation 5. Protein
The steps in sequential order about central dogma are:
DNA to m-RNA: (2) Transcription m-RNA to protein: (4) TranslationTranscription is the process by which information from DNA is used to synthesize RNA. The location in the cell of transcription in eukaryotes is the nucleus. This process is carried out in three stages: initiation, extension and termination. The enzyme used for this RNA polymerase.
Translation is the process protein is synthesized from the RNA. This process takes place in ribosomes in the cytoplasm. m-RNA contains the information to make proteins. But the process also requires t-RNA and r-RNA.
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Increased contractile strength due to an increase in the number of muscle celss stimulae is called?
Multiple Motor Unit Recruitment or Summation Increased contractile strength due to an increase in the number of muscle cells stimulate .
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells. Contraction mainly depends on an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration.
Motor unit has motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates. contraction strength is determined by the size and number of motor units being stimulated. Thus, Contractility is the ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten, for example In Staircase effect slight increases in contractile strength with progressive muscle twitches happens due to more calcium and heat generated in the cell.
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