The emission spectrum of hydrogen was used to calibrate the spectroscope because hydrogen has a relatively simple and well-understood atomic structure.
Why was the emission spectrum used?The simplest and most prevalent element in the universe is hydrogen. Its atomic structure is made up of one electron orbiting the nucleus in various energy levels or orbitals and a single proton in the nucleus.
An electron emits energy in the form of light at particular wavelengths or frequencies when it moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. The hydrogen spectral lines, which are a distinctive pattern of lines in the emission spectrum, are produced by these wavelengths.
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What holds solid parties together?
Answer:
The cool people like me XD
Explanation:
Answer:
Solid – In a solid, the attractive forces keep the particles together tightly enough so that the particles do not move past each other. Their vibration is related to their kinetic energy. In the solid the particles vibrate in place. The kinetic energy of the molecule is greater than the attractive force between them, thus they are much farther apart.
Explanation:
Hope this helped Mark BRAINLIEST!!!
Select all that identify a covalent bond.
metal - metal
metal - nonmetal
nonmetal - nonmetal
metal - polyatomic
polyatomic - polyatomic
polyatomic - nonmetal
Heres the best help i can give you There is a couple different ways to determine if a bond is ionic or covalent. By definition, an ionic bond is between a metal and a nonmetal, and a covalent bond is between 2 nonmetals. So you usually just look at the periodic table and determine whether your compound is made of a metal/nonmetal or is just 2 nonmetals
With respect to hemoglobin loading, please explain the relationship between binding of oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO) to the hemoglobin molecules
The binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to hemoglobin is determined by their affinities for the heme iron center in the hemoglobin molecule.
Their affinities for the heme iron center in the hemoglobin molecule control the binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to hemoglobin. Compared to oxygen, hemoglobin has a stronger affinity for carbon monoxide. This affinity results from the stronger bond that carbon monoxide forms with heme iron. An open coordination site on the iron atom in the heme group allows for interactions with either oxygen or carbon monoxide.
Compared to the bond formed by oxygen and iron, the one formed by carbon monoxide is both more potent and stable. As a result, hemoglobin shows a preference for binding carbon monoxide over oxygen when both gases are present.
Serious consequences for human health may result from this predilection for carbon monoxide binding. Hemoglobin quickly bonds to carbon monoxide molecules in situations when carbon monoxide is present, such as in cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, which decreases hemoglobin's ability to deliver oxygen. Life-threatening oxygen depletion in tissues and organs can result from this. Due to hemoglobin's high affinity for carbon monoxide, even very low levels of this gas can have a major impact on the body's ability to carry oxygen.
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phosphine, if you need to make 6.5 moles of p4o10, how many moles of ph3 is required for the reaction
To produce 6.5 moles of [tex]P_4O_{10[/tex], we would need 26 moles of [tex]PH_3[/tex].
To determine the number of moles of [tex]PH_3[/tex] required to produce 6.5 moles of [tex]P_4O_{10[/tex], we need to consider the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. The balanced equation for the combustion of phosphine ([tex]PH_3[/tex]) to form tetraphosphorus decoxide ([tex]P_4O_{10[/tex]) is:
4 PH3 + 10 O2 → P4O10 + 6 H2O
From the balanced equation, we can see that 4 moles of [tex]PH_3[/tex] react to produce 1 mole of [tex]P_4O_{10[/tex]. Therefore, the ratio of moles of [tex]PH_3[/tex] to moles of [tex]P_4O_{10[/tex] is 4:1.
If we want to produce 6.5 moles of [tex]P_4O_{10[/tex], we can calculate the number of moles of PH3 required using this ratio:
6.5 moles P4O10 × (4 moles [tex]PH_3[/tex] / 1 mole P4O10) = 26 moles PH3
Therefore, to produce 6.5 moles of [tex]P_4O_{10[/tex], we would need 26 moles of [tex]PH_3[/tex].
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A compound or material formed by a chemical reaction is known as the ____ of that reaction.
Answer:
Its is the product.
Explanation:
2. How many moles of salt are present in 1.5L of a 5.OM salt water solution?
Answer:
There are 7.5 moles of salt
Explanation:
5.0M means that in every liter of solution, there are 5 moles of salt. So, 1.5L of solution times 5 moles per liter equals 7.5 moles
was
4. When a 1.25-gram sample of limestone, that contains CaCO3 (molar mass = 100 g/mol) and inert impurities
dissolved in acid, 0.22 grams of CO2 was generated (molar mass = 44 g/mol). What was the percent of CaCO3 by
mass in the limestone?
CaCO3 + CO2 + CaO
(a) 20%
(6) 40%
(c) 67%
(d) 80%
(e) 100%
which is the correct name for the compound n2o4? a. nitrogen oxide b. tetranitrogen dioxide c. dinitrogen quadoxide d. dinitrogen tetroxide
The correct name for the compound N₂O₄ is dinitrogen tetroxide. The formula N₂O₄ represents the molecule dinitrogen tetroxide.
Hence, option D (dinitrogen tetroxide) is the correct answer.
The formula for nitrogen monoxide is NO, nitrogen dioxide is NO₂, and nitrogen trioxide is N₂O₃. The term "tetranitrogen dioxide" (Option B) is incorrect as it contains the prefix "tetra-," which refers to four. There are only two nitrogen atoms present in the molecule.
The term "dinitrogen quadoxide" (Option C) is also incorrect because it does not exist. The term quadoxide does not apply to any known compound.
Hence, the correct name of the compound N₂O₄ is dinitrogen tetroxide (Option D).
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What does thermal energy refer to?
A. The chemical energy in reactions
B. The heat transferred between objects
C. The kinetic energy of particles within a system
D. The energy obtained from the sun
SUBMIT
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Thermal Energy has been the type of energy that refers to the kinetic energy of particles contained in a system. Hence, the correct option is (C).
What is thermal energy?
Thermal energy is the energy contained within a system as a result of its temperature. Thermodynamics, a branch of chemistry, states how heat is transmitted through multiple systems and how work is done in the process by the virtue of the first law of thermodynamics.
The thermal energy speeds the movement and collision of the particles present within the system. It is found in electric heat, geothermal, coals, etc. It is due to the kinetic energy that allows the movement of the particles.
Therefore, option C. the kinetic energy contained in the particles results in thermal energy.
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Which of these is a molecule?
a. Ca
b. Mg
C. Na
D.H20
NEED A QUICK ANSWER!
Calculate the molality of a solution containing 12.5 grams of ethylene glycol dissolved in 135 grams of water.
The Properties and Uses of Ethylene Glycol:
Ethylene glycol is an organic molecule of a short chain of two carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group on both ends of the chain, making the molecule very soluble in water. Ethylene glycol is colorless and harmful and used for different uses, such as producing antifreeze solutions and manufacturing polyester fibers.
Molality of the solution containing 12.5 grams of ethylene glycol dissolved in 135 grams of water is 1.49 mol/kg.
The given problem can be solved by using the formula; Molality (m) = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kgThe molecular weight of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is (2 × 12) + (6 × 1) + (2 × 16) = 62 g/mol.The given mass of ethylene glycol is 12.5 grams.The number of moles of ethylene glycol can be calculated by dividing the given mass by the molecular weight.12.5 g = 0.2016 mol 62 g/molNow, the mass of water is 135 grams, and when converted to kg, it will be 0.135 kg.Molality (m) = 0.2016 mol / 0.135 kg = 1.49 mol/kgHence, the molality of the solution containing 12.5 grams of ethylene glycol dissolved in 135 grams of water is 1.49 mol/kg.
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how many moles are 2.54×10^29 molecules of H20
Answer:
Explanation: The number of atoms is an exact number, the number of mole is an exact number; they do not affect the number of significant figures. The average mass of one mole of H2O is 18.02 grams. This is stated: the molar mass of water is 18.02 g/mol.
A plot of the Maxwell distribution of veloc- ities for a number of different gases measured at the same temperature shows that O, as the molecular mass increases, the spread of speeds widens. ,as molecular mass increases, fewer molecules have speeds close to their average speed. as the molecular mass increases, a higher pro- portion of molecules have very high speeds. as molecular mass increases, the distribution stays the same. as the molecular mass increases, the average speed decreases.
The Maxwell distribution of velocities describes the distribution of speeds of gas molecules at a given temperature. It is based on the kinetic theory of gases and provides insights into the behavior of gas molecules.
As the molecular mass of a gas increases, several characteristics of the Maxwell distribution change. Firstly, the spread of speeds widens. This means that the range of velocities observed for heavier gases becomes broader compared to lighter gases. In other words, the distribution of speeds becomes more spread out Secondly, fewer molecules have speeds close to their average speed. The average speed of gas molecules is determined by the temperature, but as the molecular mass increases, the likelihood of individual molecules having speeds very close to the average decreases. This suggests that there is a greater dispersion or variation in the speeds of molecules in heavier gases. Lastly, as the molecular mass increases, a higher proportion of molecules have very high speeds. This means that heavier gas molecules are more likely to exhibit velocities that are significantly higher than the average speed. This trend can be attributed to the increased mass of the molecules, which affects their kinetic energy and consequently their speeds.
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A bow and arrow that was just pulled back but not yet released has
energy.
А
potential
B
electrical
С
geothermal
nuclear
Answer:
A potential
Explanation:
potential energy is a kind of energy which rest or stays in one position
The objects rest on a position has a potential energy. The bow and arrow that was just pulled back but not yet released has energy has potential energy.
What is potential energy ?The potential energy of an object is generated by virtue of its position at height above the surface. It is the stored form of energy when the object is at rest. Whereas, kinetic energy of an object is generated by virtue of its motion.
When the object starts to move with a speed, its potential energy starts to convert into kinetic energy. Both are dependent on the mass of the object. And these energies are directly proportional to the mass.
Here, the bow and arrow are not moving with a speed they just pulled and stay on a position, so they don't have a net kinetic energy but they possess a potential energy. Hence, option A is correct.
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Which traits do you think are passed down from alien parents to their offspring, and which traits are not? Explain.
Answer:
things like hair color, eye color, skin color, size of lips, curly or straight hair, are things that could be passed down to an offspring. Things like tattoos wont be passed down.
Explanation:
things like hair color, eye color, etc. get passed down because those are inheritable traits and things like tattoo aren't.
calculate the phph of 1.0 ll of the solution upon addition of 0.010 molmol of solid naohnaoh to the original buffer solution.
The pH of a 1.0 L solution will be calculated after adding 0.010 mol of solid NaOH to the original buffer solution.
To determine the pH of the solution after the addition of NaOH, we need to consider the properties of the buffer solution and the effect of NaOH on its pH. A buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or a weak base and its conjugate acid) and helps maintain a relatively stable pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
When solid NaOH is added to the buffer solution, it dissociates into Na+ and OH- ions. The OH- ions will react with the weak acid component of the buffer, causing the formation of water and the conjugate base of the weak acid. This reaction reduces the concentration of the weak acid in the solution, shifting the equilibrium towards the basic side.
The addition of a small amount of NaOH to the buffer solution will result in a small change in pH. The extent of the pH change will depend on the initial buffer capacity and the amount of NaOH added. If the buffer is strong and has a high capacity, the pH change will be relatively small.
To calculate the exact pH, we need to know the initial concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base in the buffer solution and their dissociation constants (Ka). With this information, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which relates the pH of a buffer solution to the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base, to calculate the pH after the addition of NaOH.
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How can a weaker party impact the law making process?
Answer: This is due to a dominance of political parties over ... legislative process, the influence opposition has on amending the government bills and formal and effective
Explanation: hope u get it right
Iron exists in nature as a mixture of predominantly three isotopes: 5426Fe (53.94 amu), 5626Fe (55.93 amu), and 5726Fe (56.94 amu). If the most common isotope, 5626Fe, accounts for 91.75% of iron atoms, and the average atomic mass of iron is 55.85 amu, what is the percent abundance of the rarest of these three isotopes of iron?
The percent abundance of the rarest of these three isotopes of iron is 0.965%.Hence, Option (C) is correct.
Given Data:
5426Fe (53.94 amu), 5626Fe (55.93 amu), and 5726Fe (56.94 amu).
Most common isotope, 5626Fe accounts for 91.75% of iron atoms.
Average atomic mass of iron is 55.85 amu.
To find: The percent abundance of the rarest of these three isotopes of iron.
Solution:
The average atomic mass of iron is given as follows;
Average atomic mass = Σ (isotopic mass × fractional abundance)
Rearranging this equation, fractional abundance = (isotopic mass/average atomic mass) × 100%
Let's find the fractional abundance of all three isotopes of iron:
56 26 Fe (most abundant isotope)Fractional abundance = (55.93/55.85) × 100%
Fractional abundance = 1.001%54 26 Fe
Fractional abundance = (53.94/55.85) × 100%Fractional abundance = 0.965%57 26 Fe
Fractional abundance = (56.94/55.85) × 100%Fractional abundance = 1.98%
Thus, the percent abundance of the rarest of these three isotopes of iron is 0.965%.Hence, Option (C) is correct.
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Rank the following solutions in order of how acidic they are from most acidic to least acidic. (1 point) Solution A: [H3O+] of 1 x 102 M Solution B: pH 5 Solution C: [H3O+] of 1 x 10-11 M Solution D: [H3O+] of 1 x 107M Solution E: pH 9
To rank the solutions in order of acidity from most acidic to least acidic, we need to compare the concentrations of hydronium ions or pH values. Lower pH values indicate higher acidity, while higher concentrations also correspond to higher acidity.
Let's analyze each solution and determine their relative acidity:
1. Solution C: [H3O+] of 1 x 10-11 M
This solution has the lowest concentration of hydronium ions, indicating the highest acidity among the given options. Therefore, it is the most acidic solution.
2. Solution D: [H3O+] of 1 x 107 M
This solution has a significantly higher concentration of hydronium ions compared to Solution C but lower than the remaining options. It is less acidic than Solution C but more acidic than the remaining options.
3. Solution A: [H3O+] of 1 x 102 M
This solution has a higher concentration of hydronium ions compared to Solutions C and D but lower than Solution B. It is less acidic than Solutions C and D but more acidic than the remaining options.
4. Solution B: pH 5
The pH value of 5 corresponds to a [H3O+] concentration of 1 x 10-5 M. This solution has a higher concentration of hydronium ions than Solutions C, D, and A but lower than Solution E. It is less acidic than Solution C, D, and A but more acidic than Solution E.
5. Solution E: pH 9
The pH value of 9 corresponds to a [H3O+] concentration of 1 x 10-9 M. This solution has the highest pH value and the highest [H3O+] concentration among the given options. It is the least acidic solution.
Based on this analysis, the solutions ranked from most acidic to least acidic are:
1. Solution C: [H3O+] of 1 x 10-11 M
2. Solution D: [H3O+] of 1 x 107 M
3. Solution A: [H3O+] of 1 x 102 M
4. Solution B: pH 5
5. Solution E: pH 9
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in the late 1970s, proponents of rational expectations argued that. the sacrifice ratio was smaller than previously thought.
In the late 1970s, proponents of rational expectations argued that (a.) the Fed should not attempt to aggressively fight inflation.
Proponents of rational expectations in the late 1970s argued that the Fed should not aggressively fight inflation because they believed that people have rational expectations and would adjust their behavior accordingly.
According to their theory, if the central bank attempted to stimulate the economy by expanding the money supply, individuals and firms would anticipate the inflationary effects and adjust their expectations, wages, and prices accordingly.
As a result, the expansionary monetary policy would be ineffective in stimulating real economic activity, but would only lead to higher inflation.
Therefore, they advocated for a more hands-off approach by the central bank and argued that monetary policy should primarily focus on maintaining price stability.
The complete question should be:
In the late 1970s, proponents of rational expectations argued that
a. the Fed should not attempt to aggressively fight inflation.
b. the sacrifice ratio was smaller than previously thought.
c. the short run was relatively long.
d. None of the above is correct
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HELP ME ASAPPP plsss
The camel stores the fat tristearin
(C57H110O6) in its hump. As well as being
a source of energy, the fat is also a source of
water because, when it is used, the reaction
2 C57H110O6(g) + 163 O2(g)
114 CO2(g) + 110 H2O(ℓ)
takes place. What mass of water is available
from 4.2 pound of this fat?
4.2 pounds of tristearin contains approximately 990.825 grams or 2.184 pounds of water.
The chemical formula of tristearin (C57H110O6) states that it is made up of 57 carbon atoms, 110 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. It is a saturated fat commonly found in animal and vegetable fats. A camel stores the fat tristearin in its hump, which is a source of energy as well as water. The reaction that takes place when tristearin is used in the body is as follows:2 C57H110O6(g) + 163 O2(g) → 114 CO2(g) + 110 H2O(l)We need to calculate the mass of water that is available from 4.2 pounds of tristearin. The first step is to convert 4.2 pounds to grams.1 pound = 453.592 gramsTherefore,4.2 pounds = 4.2 x 453.592 = 1910.9424 grams Next, we need to calculate the molar mass of tristearin.Molar mass of C57H110O6 = (57 x 12.01) + (110 x 1.01) + (6 x 16.00) = 909.51 g/molThe equation tells us that 2 moles of tristearin react with 163 moles of oxygen to produce 110 moles of water. Therefore, we can calculate the number of moles of tristearin in 1910.9424 grams.(1910.9424/909.51) moles of tristearin = 2.100 moles of tristearin According to the equation, 2 moles of tristearin produce 110 moles of water. Therefore, 2.100 moles of tristearin will produce 110/2 = 55 moles of water.The mass of 55 moles of water is given by:Mass = number of moles x molar mass of water= 55 x 18.015 g/mol= 990.825 grams.
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Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature?
A) foraminifera→silicon-rich tests
B) dinoflagellata→holdfast
C) diatoms→tests made of cellulose
D) phaeophyta (brown algae)→
blade
Among the given options, the correct match between a group and its anatomical feature is: C) Diatoms → tests made of cellulose.
Diatoms are a type of algae belonging to the phylum Bacillariophyta. They are known for their intricate and delicate cell walls called tests or frustules. These tests are composed primarily of silica, making option A incorrect. Dinoflagellates (option B) are unicellular organisms that possess two flagella and do not have a holdfast. Phaeophyta, or brown algae (option D), have structures called blades that serve as their leaf-like photosynthetic organs. Hence, the correct match is diatoms having tests made of cellulose.
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At STP, iodine, I2, is a crystal, and fluorine, F2, is a gas. Iodine is soluble in ethanol, forming a tincture of iodine. A typical tincture of iodine is 2% iodine by mass.
66 Compare the strength of the intermolecular forces in a sample of I2 at STP to the strength of the intermolecular forces in a sample of F2 at STP
At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), iodine is present in a crystalline form, whereas fluorine is in a gaseous form. Iodine is also soluble in ethanol and produces a tincture of iodine. Typically, a 2% iodine mass is present in a tincture of iodine.
The strength of the intermolecular forces in I2 (iodine) at STP is significantly higher than the strength of the intermolecular forces in F2 (fluorine) at STP. This is because of the difference in the bonding type, which is the primary factor that affects the strength of the intermolecular forces. Iodine is bonded covalently in its crystalline form, with every I2 molecule sharing electrons with another I2 molecule, making it a very strong intermolecular force. This bond is also known as a covalent bond. On the other hand, fluorine is bound by weak van der Waals forces due to its gaseous form, which are primarily dipole-dipole interactions. Since they are less polar, the van der Waals forces in F2 are weaker than in I2. These intermolecular forces are weaker because fluorine is in a gaseous form, while iodine is in a crystalline form. Hence, the strength of the intermolecular forces in I2 is much greater than the strength of the intermolecular forces in F2.For such more question on intermolecular
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At STP, iodine (I2) is a solid crystal and fluorine (F2) is a gas. A sample of I2 at STP is held together by van der Waals forces, which are weaker intermolecular forces. On the other hand, a sample of F2 at STP is held together by much stronger intermolecular forces than I2 due to its smaller size.
Therefore, F2 has stronger intermolecular forces than I2. It can be explained in a long answer as follows:At standard temperature and pressure, iodine (I2) is a solid crystalline substance. Its physical state is a solid because the intermolecular forces that bind the iodine molecules together are weak van der Waals forces. These forces are much weaker than chemical bonds, and they hold molecules in a condensed phase like a liquid or a solid. The forces of attraction between the iodine atoms in I2 are much weaker than the forces of attraction between the fluorine atoms in F2.
As a result, the boiling point of I2 is much lower than the boiling point of F2. F2 is a gas at STP since it is held together by much stronger intermolecular forces than I2 due to its smaller size. Fluorine has an electron density that is spread out over a larger area than iodine, making it more polarizable. The larger polarizability leads to stronger instantaneous dipoles and, as a result, stronger London dispersion forces. Since intermolecular forces are responsible for determining the physical state of a substance, F2 is a gas, whereas I2 is a solid. As a result, F2 has stronger intermolecular forces than I2.
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You push a wagon that has a mass of 24 kg. If the net force on the wagon is 5 N south, what is the wagon's acceleration?
. what is the concentration of the cd2 (aq) ion in a 0.022 m cd(no3)2 solution that is also 1.0 m nh3? at this temperature, kf for cd(nh3)4 2
The concentration of Cd2+ ion in the 0.022 M Cd(NO3)2 solution that is also 1.0 M NH3 at this temperature,
Kf for Cd(NH3)42+ is 1.0 × 10−5 M.
The given constants are:
Temperature (T) = not given
Kf (Formation constant) for
[Cd(NH3)4]2+ = 1.6 x 10^7
Kf = (4)2 / ([Cd2+][NH3]4) [Cd2+]
= (4)2 / (Kf [NH3]4)
The given values are:
Initial concentration of Cd(NO3)2 solution = 0.022 M
Initial concentration of NH3 solution = 1.0 MCd2+ is a part of complex ion, Cd(NH3)42+.
Cd2+ forms a complex ion by reacting with four NH3 molecules.
Cd2+ + 4NH3 ⇌ Cd(NH3)42+
In this reaction, Cd2+ ion reacts with four NH3 molecules to form Cd(NH3)42+ complex ion.
Cd2+ has an equilibrium constant (Kf) of 1.6 x 107 for the complex ion formation.
Cd2+ and NH3 react to form the complex ion, Cd(NH3)42+ as follows:
[Cd2+][NH3]4 ⇌ [Cd(NH3)4]2+
We know that
Kf = ([Cd(NH3)4]2+ ) / ([Cd2+][NH3]4)
Kf = 1.6 × 107
= [Cd(NH3)4]2+ / ([Cd2+][NH3]4) [Cd2+]
= 4^2 / (Kf [NH3]4)[Cd2+]
= (4^2) / (1.6 × 107 × 1.0^4)[Cd2+]
= 1.0 × 10−5 M
Therefore, the concentration of Cd2+ ion in the 0.022 M Cd(NO3)2 solution that is also 1.0 M NH3 at this temperature,
Kf for Cd(NH3)42+ is 1.0 × 10−5 M.
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When the medium is uniform, how do light waves travel through it?
a. vibrating motion
b. circular motion
c. irregular motion
d. straight line motion
Answer:
d.straight line motion
Answer:
d.) straight line motion
Explanation:
i just took the k12 test
a 12 percent semiannual coupon bond matures in 9 years. the bond has a face value of $1,000 and a current yield (cy) of 11.46 percent. what is the bond’s yield to maturity (ytm)?
The bond's yield to maturity (YTM) is 11.46%.
To calculate the bond's yield to maturity (YTM), the current yield and capital gains yield must be determined. Then, add the two yields together to get the YTM. Capital gains yield (CGY) is defined as the change in price of the bond divided by the price at the beginning of the period, all of which must be divided by the number of periods. Capital gains yield is a prediction of how much the value of an investment would rise or fall over a period of time based on the rate of return earned on the investment over that period of time.
The current yield formula is:
CY = C / P
where C is the coupon rate and P is the current price of the bond.
From this we can say that,
CY = 12% / P
where P is $1,000 / 2^9 = $389.42
CY = 12% / $389.42 = 3.08%
To determine the CGY, substitute the given values in the formula:
11.46% = CY + CGYCGY = 11.46% - 3.08% = 8.38%
Finally, we'll use the formula for yield to maturity (YTM) which is given by:
YTM = CY + CGYYTM = 3.08% + 8.38% = 11.46%
Therefore, the bond's yield to maturity (YTM) is 11.46%.
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**EASY**
QUESTION IN PICTURE
Please , quick help! I know this but I can’t think of it when I need it if yk what i mean lol!
Cobalt Complexes Cobalt ions form the complex ion hexaaquacobalt(II), [Co(H20).]2+, with water molecules. In the presence of chloride ions the complex ion tetrachlorocobalt(II) (CoCl4]2-is formed. [Co(H20).]2+ (aq, pink) + 4C1-(aq) = [CoC14]2-(aq, blue) + 6H2O(1) Focus Questions: 1. What is the dominant species of cobalt at each step? 2. Is the formation of the tetrachlorocobalt(II) complex an exothermic or an endothermic process? (Hint: watch for temperature changes). 3. Are there any other ways of shifting this equilibrium?
1. In the beginning, cobalt ions combine with six water molecules and form a complex ion, hexaaquacobalt(II) as shown below:[Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq). The hexaaquacobalt(II) ion (pink in colour) is dominant here.
After that, the hexaaquacobalt(II) ion combines with four chloride ions, forming the tetrachlorocobalt(II) ion.[CoCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(1)Here, the tetrachlorocobalt(II) ion (blue) is the dominant species.
2.The process of forming tetrachlorocobalt(II) is endothermic. The temperature of the solution decreases when CoCl4 is formed. It means that the energy is absorbed from the surroundings in the formation of the complex ion.
3. Le Chatelier's principle can be used to determine the effect of changing different factors on the equilibrium of this reaction. Some of the ways to shift the equilibrium of this reaction are a. Changing the concentration of the reactants or products. b. Changing the temperature of the reaction. c. Changing the pressure of the reaction.
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