As bent DNA template is in the RNAP active site, it presses on the sigma 3.2 domain, thus releasing it from the holoenzyme is wrong among other statements.
What is RNAP active site?During transcript elongation, RNA polymerase II may become halted, in which case the ternary complex is unaffected but additional RNA synthesis is prevented. The emerging transcript needs to be split off at the 3' end in order to release arrest.
Transcription continues from the freshly exposed 3' end as 7–17 nt RNAs are freed. The transcript cleavage reaction is substantially stimulated by factor SII, which boosts elongation efficiency. Here, we demonstrate how the addition of pyrophosphate can likewise result in the release of an arrest.
The same set of cleavage products are formed as by factor SII, but those produced by pyrophosphate have termini that are 5'-triphosphate.
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Increased contractile strength due to an increase in the number of muscle celss stimulae is called?
Multiple Motor Unit Recruitment or Summation Increased contractile strength due to an increase in the number of muscle cells stimulate .
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells. Contraction mainly depends on an increase in cytosolic calcium concentration.
Motor unit has motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates. contraction strength is determined by the size and number of motor units being stimulated. Thus, Contractility is the ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten, for example In Staircase effect slight increases in contractile strength with progressive muscle twitches happens due to more calcium and heat generated in the cell.
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After reading about our affects on the biosphere, think of a scenario where we as individuals of a population can help improve the lives of other populations all throughout the biosphere.
As individuals of a population, the lives of other populations throughout the biosphere can be improved encouraging public transportation, biking, carpooling or walking.
How do humans benefit from the Biosphere?A healthy ecosystem is crucial to the survival of human beings. The biosphere regulates the earth's climate, filters the water we drink and the air we breathe, diminishes the impact of natural disasters and converts nutrients.
Substituting production of vehicles that burn fuel and cause carbon emission for ecofriendly vehicles are important steps for a healthy biosphere. Individually, we can use public transports, walking, carpooling or cycling as ways to cut down emission and help the population.
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In the reactions of photosynthesis, simple sugar molecules are manufactured in the.
In the reactions of photosynthesis, simple sugar molecules are manufactured in the chloroplasts.
Plants utilize carbon dioxide and water to convert them into energy and oxygen. As a result, the water turns into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose. After storing energy in the glucose molecules, the plant releases the oxygen back into the atmosphere.
Chlorophyll
The purpose of the microscopic organelles called chloroplasts, which are found inside plant cells, is to store sunlight energy. Plants are green because of chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light and is located in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. During photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue and red light waves while reflecting green light waves, providing the impression that the plant is green.
The two main stages of photosynthesis are light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions, despite the fact that there are many other steps. As suggested by its name, the light-dependent reaction takes place inside the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight. Chlorophyll absorbs the energy of the light rays and converts it into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reaction is a stage of the Calvin Cycle that doesn't require light and occurs in the stroma or area between the chloroplast and thylakoid membranes.
Using the energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules, carbon dioxide is transformed into carbohydrates like glucose during this phase.
C3 and C4 are used in photosynthesis. Not all forms of photosynthesis, though, are created equal. Two of the numerous types of photosynthesis are C3 and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis is used by most plants. It involves the Calvin Cycle creating the three-carbon molecule 3-phosphoglyceric acid, which later turns into glucose. The Calvin Cycle, on the other hand, causes a four-carbon intermediate product produced by C4 photosynthesis to break down into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon molecule. The advantage of C4 photosynthesis is that it produces larger levels of carbon, allowing plants to thrive in environments with little water or light.
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During glucose catabolism, 686 kcal of energy are made available to do work. A minimum of 686 kcal are required for the anabolism of the same molecule. In practice, more energy is required. Why is this the case?.
More energy is needed because not all energy transduction processes are 100 percent effective. More cellular energy is needed since there are inefficiencies.
Cellular energy is mostly produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates, especially glucose. the total oxidative decomposition of glucose into CO2 and water
G°′= -686 kcal/mol is the amount of free energy produced by the process. Glucose is oxidized within cells in a sequence of stages associated with the creation of ATP to capture this free energy in usable form.
Almost all cells go through the process of glycolysis, which is the first step in the breakdown of glucose. Without oxygen, glycolysis takes place and can supply all of the anaerobic organisms' metabolic energy. Glycolysis, however, is only the first step in the degradation of glucose in aerobic cells.
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what is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium? provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina. provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea. absorb light that enters the eye. secrete vitreous humor. secrete aqueous humor.
The human retinal pigment epithelium (H-RPE) consists of pigmented cells located between the neuroretina and the choroids. The H-RPE is produced from hexagonal cells organized into a monolayer that is densely full of pigment granules.
The retinal pigment epithelium is a fundamental aspect of the retina that performs essential roles in visible features. harm to the shape and characteristic of the retinal pigment epithelium ends in the diffusion of retinopathies, and there may be currently no healing remedy for these disorders.
The human retinal pigment epithelium (H-RPE) includes pigmented cells located among the neuroretina and the choroids. The H-RPE is constituted of hexagonal cells organized into a monolayer that is densely filled with pigment granules.
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what are the two main types of protein found in milk? casein and whey chymosin and albumin albumin and immunoglobin whey and albumin
Answer: casein and whey.
Explanation: They are the major proteins of milk.
Influenza-like prodrome, blood hemorrhaging, and acute respiratory failure are associated with which one of the following viruses?
A. Cytomegalovirus.
B. Hantavirus
C. Human immunodeficiency virus
D. Rabies virus
Influenza-like prodrome, blood hemorrhaging, and acute respiratory failure are associated with Hanta virus.
Influenza is the flu infection that affects the nose, throat and lungs. It is a viral infection caused due to Influenza A and Influenza B virus. Thus virus can be inhaled in via the microdroplets present in air. If not treated on time, the infection can turn to be deadly.
Hanta virus is the virus family which is spread by the rodents. The disease caused due to this virus is called Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). The genetic material of virus is composed of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA.
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describe the chronologic development of vascular tissue. include various plants lineages associated with these different structures.
Plants have a highly developed vascular system.
It has made a significant contribution to the development of terrestrial plants.
The development of the vascular system is a dynamic process in plants, but it is also adaptable to environmental changes.
In early embryos, asymmetric cell division results in the formation of perivascular cells. Procambial cells, which serve as vascular stem cells, develop into a a variety of vascular cells.
The creation of vascular patterns, in which the arrangement of the xylem, phloem, and procambium is species-specific, depends on the interaction between auxin and cytokinin.
The progressive development of vascular tissues is aided by the hierarchical expression of multiple transcription factors. These transcriptional regulators can occasionally build feedback loops with plant hormones.
Hormones, peptides, and miRNAs are examples of non-cell autonomous signals that play a role in the development of vascular tissue.
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Are inherited traits adaptable? Why or why not?
Answer: Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Inherited characteristics are the characteristics that makes plants and animals who they are. These characteristics are passed down from generation to generation. The amazing thing about these characteristics are that they can change over time. This is known as adaptation. This means that the plant or animal have evolved in such a way that it is better suited to live in its environment. These type of changes get passed down to offspring of that animal or plant and help the new animal or plant survive better.
A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
A or B blood types are likely to be present in the children of an AB blood type mother and an O blood type man. O or AB blood types couldn't be accommodated.
Can an A blood type woman and an ab blood type father an O blood type child?An O child can occasionally be born to an AB parent. It is in no way typical, though. In reality, it's true to say that it's really rare. Usually, an AB parent and an A parent can only conceive Type A or Type B offspring.
Can AB receive a negative signal from O?AB negative donors can donate blood to people with AB negative blood. I am a negative donor.
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How have climatologists explained the collapse of the harrapan culture of india?.
Beginning around 2500 BCE, a shift in temperatures and weather patterns over the Indus valley caused summer monsoon rains to gradually dry up, making agriculture near Harappan cities difficult or impossible.
Many researchers believe that environmental factors, such as floods and earthquakes, were the primary cause of the Harappan culture's decline. Ans. According to research, flooding and drought were to blame for the decline of the Harappan culture. Historians believe that around 1900BC, things began to fall apart. Many Indus cities had been abandoned by 1700BC.
There are numerous reasons for the decline of the Harappan civilisation. Floods were common in the Indus and its tributaries. The excessive use of wood for burning bricks destroyed the forests, forcing them to migrate. They could have been attacked by Aryans from the north.
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fungi are multicellular decomposers that obtain nutrients by . fungi are multicellular decomposers that obtain nutrients by . internal digestion photosynthesis extracellular digestion chemosynthesis
Fungi are multicellular decomposers that obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion.
Fungi are the separate kingdom of the classification system for the organism who neither fall into plant category nor into the animal category. These are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or filamentous. They do not have chlorophyll.
Extracellular digestion is the phenomenon where the breakdown of food happens outside the cells of the organism with the help of enzymes. This can happen inside the body in the lumen of the stomach or outside the body upon the dead and decaying organisms. Saprobionts are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying organisms.
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The central dogma of molecular biology. Put the steps in order: the molecules and the processes that create one from the other. 1. DNA
2. Transcription 3. mRNA 4. Translation 5. Protein
The steps in sequential order about central dogma are:
DNA to m-RNA: (2) Transcription m-RNA to protein: (4) TranslationTranscription is the process by which information from DNA is used to synthesize RNA. The location in the cell of transcription in eukaryotes is the nucleus. This process is carried out in three stages: initiation, extension and termination. The enzyme used for this RNA polymerase.
Translation is the process protein is synthesized from the RNA. This process takes place in ribosomes in the cytoplasm. m-RNA contains the information to make proteins. But the process also requires t-RNA and r-RNA.
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in which way does the b-cell population that participates in a secondary adaptive immune response differ from the b-cell population that participates in a primary adaptive immune response?
Answer: a. Antigen-specific B cells in a secondary response outnumber those in a primary response by 10- to 100- fold.
Explanation:
In a secondary reaction, the number of antigen-specific B cells is 10- to 100-fold greater than in a first response.
What is antigen?Antigen is defined as a substance that triggers the creation of antibodies and elicits an immunological response. This indicates that your immune system is attempting to combat the chemical because it does not recognize it. A substance from the environment, such as chemicals, germs, viruses, or pollen, can behave as an antigen.
The primary immune response happens in response to the first interaction with the antigen, whereas the secondary immune response happens in response to the second and subsequent exposure to the same antigen.
Thus, in a secondary reaction, the number of antigen-specific B cells is 10- to 100-fold greater than in a first response.
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In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of? A. carbohydrates B. lipids. C. nucleic D. acids. E. proteins. F. vitamins
In the stomach, food processing continues and secretions from stomach glands aid the initial digestion of proteins.
What type of food is processed in the stomach?proteins
Enzymes from the stomach digest proteins, those from the stomach's salivary and lingual glands digest carbs and fats, and those from the pancreatic exocrine glands digest carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA.
In chemical digestion, which begins in the mouth, digestive fluids break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks (for example, proteins into separate amino acids). These secretions can comprise a variety of different enzymes, acids, and salts, but they often contain water.
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list 2 electron carriers and explain the function of each when in the oxidized state and in the reduced state
Answer: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Oxidation and reduction are coupled reactions in which electrons are transferred form one atom to another atom. Reduced compounds donate oxygen or accept hydrogen and oxidized compounds accepts oxygen or donates hydrogen.
So, when the electron carriers are in reduced condition, they accept hydrogens from different metabolic pathways, like glycolysis and TCA cycle, etc. In oxidized state they enter into ETC and donate protons for ATP synthesis. For example, 1 NADH gives 2.5 ATP and 1 FADH2 gives 1.5 ATP.
Explanation:
which of the following molecules exert primary control over pattern formation/differentiation during development?
Homeotic gene molecules exert primary management over sample formation/differentiation for the duration of improvement.
It is during the early tiers of fly embryonic development that the frame plan of a fly is organized into what becomes the grownup fly. sample formation is the improvement of a body in keeping with a specific and deliberate spatial association.
Homeotic genes occupy a valuable role inside the hierarchy of genes controlling the early steps of embryonic improvement in Drosophila. they're worried about the specification of the character identity of each section of the insect's body.
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Organisms grow during _______development (before they are born or hatched) and for some time ________developmet as well.
Organisms grow during animal embryonic development (before they are born or hatched) and for some time prenatal development as well.
The process by which an animal embryo develops is known as animal embryonic development or animal embryogenesis in developmental biology. Embryonic development is started when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell (ovum) (spermatozoon).
After fertilization, the ovum transforms into a single zygote, a diploid cell. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions with little to no growth (a process known as cleavage), cellular differentiation, and the formation of a multicellular embryo after navigating an organizational hurdle in the midst of embryogenesis.
The phrase generally describes the early stages of prenatal development in animals; fetus and fetal development relate to later stages.
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question researchers propose a model to explain variation in phytoplankton cell sizes in a marine environment. they base their model on the idea that smaller cells absorb nutrients more efficiently. the researchers predict that the mean diameter of phytoplankton cells will change by 50 micrometers for every 5-kilometer increase in distance from the shore because of a gradual decrease in nutrient availability. to test their model, the researchers determine that the phytoplankton cells found closest to shore have a mean diameter of 900 micrometers. based on the model, what will be the mean diameter of the phytoplankton cells that are found 25 kilometers from shore? responses 650 micrometers 650 micrometers 875 micrometers 875 micrometers 925 micrometers
At a distance of 25 kilometers from the coast, phytoplankton cells have an average diameter of option A: 650 micrometers.
The average diameter of a phytoplankton cell is 650 micrometers, and since we know that the diameter of a phytoplankton cell is 900 micrometers, a decrease in diameter of 250 micrometers occurs every 25 kilometers. This decrease occurs at a rate of about 50 micrometers every 5 kilometers.
So, if we subtract this 250 micrometers from 900 micrometers, we get 650 micrometers. So, at a distance of 25 kilometers from the seashore, the mean diameter of a phytoplankton cell is 650 micrometers.
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13. josh is working in the yard when an insect buzzes by his ear. before he can hear the insect, the receptor cells in his ear must produce an electrical change in response to the sound. this process is called:
This process is called Transduction
What is Transduction ?A virus or other viral vector introduces foreign DNA into a cell through a process known as transduction. One illustration of horizontal gene transfer is the viral transmission of DNA from one bacterium to another.
The transfer of chemical signals from an ext-erior to an inte-rior of a cell is known as signal transduction, sometimes referred to as cell signalling. To achieve an adequate reaction, signals must be successfully transferred into cells. Receptors on the cell surface start this process.The three stages of signal transduction are reception, transduction, and response.Learn more about Transduction here:
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outbursts from glacial meltwater lakes can change global climate by?
Outbursts from glacial meltwater lakes can extrade worldwide weather via way of by means of fragmentation. As the extent of the glacial lake grows, so does the stress at the dam containing it.
Fragmentation of the supply glacier, landslides and different procedures can cause displacement waves withinside the lake, doubtlessly compromising the steadiness of the dam and ensuing in a GLOF. Glaciers act as reservoirs of water that persist thru summer. Continual soften from glaciers contributes water to the environment at some point of dry months, developing perennial circulate habitat and a water supply for plant life and animals. The bloodless runoff from glaciers additionally influences downstream water temperatures.
Some aquatic insects--essential additives of the meals web--are specifically touchy to circulate temperature and can't continue to exist with out the cooling outcomes of glacial meltwater. Such adjustments in circulate habitat may adversely effect local trout and different keystone salmon species. The surprising outburst of a glacial lake poses threats of flash floods and particles go with the drift in downstream regions. Pressures because of accelerated populace and tourism sports withinside the mountains have brought on humans to settle in regions that are distinctly uncovered to herbal hazards.
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which of the following is true about ectotherms? answer they maintain their body temperature internally they include mammals and birds they include reptiles and amphibians
Ectotherms rely mostly on outside heat sources, and the environment's temperature affects how hot or cold they are inside.
Which statement concerning ectotherms is correct?The truth about ectotherms is that they expend more energy on reproducing than on producing heat. Ectotherms will devote more energy to reproduction than endotherms since they do not expend much energy to maintain a constant internal body temperature.
Are ectotherms capable of maintaining body temperature?Ectotherms are creatures whose body temperatures are typically similar to those of their surroundings. Their body temperature cannot be controlled internally. Ectotherms, such as lizards and snakes, adopt the ambient temperature rather than producing metabolic heat to keep their bodies at a constant temperature.
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we could use genomic dna for this cloning project instead. for this application, cdna would work better. choose which reasons we would want to use cdna, and which reasons genomic dna would work better.
Genome DNA:
the whole genetic information of an organism is represented by genomic DNA. The genomes of virtually all species are made up of DNA, with the exception of certain viruses, which contain RNA genomes.
Reason to use genome DNA:
The human genome is 3.2 billion base pairs long.The majority of the genome (97%) is non-functional or non-coding.The first human genome sequencing took 13 years and cost $1 billion USD to complete.cDNA:
a complementary DNA to a given RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis in the presence of reverse transcriptase The First Known Application of cDNA.
Reason to use cDNA:
You have the ability to clean it. Changes to the sequence are possible. You may then put it back into the genome of another creature, such as yeast, using sophisticated molecular tools and enzymes. Yeast is extremely efficient in producing a large number of proteins. And if you inject insulin cDNA into its genome in the correct location and arrangement, it will begin producing insulin for you. This is one method through which scientists can create and test novel forms of insulin with features that may be useful in the treatment of diabetes.
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which of the following is not found in the dermis layer of the skin? select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a sensory receptors b hair follicles c capillary network d all are found in the dermis
Sensory receptors, hair follicles, and capillary network all are found in the dermis layer of the skin.
So, the correct option is D.
Blood veins, nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles are all located in the dermis. The dermis' connective tissue is made up of a variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, Schwann cells, and stem cells. In addition to connective tissue and blood arteries, the dermis also contains hair follicles, nerves, sweat and oil glands, and other components. The papillary dermis, the uppermost thin layer, and the reticular dermis, the lowermost thick layer, make up this structure.
The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue are shown in this illustration of the skin's anatomy. The middle skin layer on your body is called the dermis. It serves a variety of functions, such as guarding against harm, supporting the epidermis, allowing you to experience different sensations, and even growing hair and sweat.
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Certain medications to treat infections can kill gut bacteria. How might that affect a person’s health? Give two examples.
Answer:
Nausea and Vomiting.
Explanation:
Please give the brainliest.
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans.
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of genetic drift having an effect on the evolution of humans.
In the field of biology, genetic drift can be described as a process by which an existing common gene variant becomes suppressed or caned in a population due to another, better gene variant being introduced into a population.
However, as a result of modern traveling, a population already will have mixed gene variants. This is because of the frequent migrations and travels that a population is not confined to just one gene variant. Hence, this excessive modern travel reduces the probability of genetic drift among humans.
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Geographic isolation caused the separation of rainforest frog populations into a population in the north and a population in the south. The separated populations later reconnected because the climate became wetter and warmer, causing the rainforest to expand. When males from the north mated with females from the south, the offspring failed to develop past the tadpole stage. When males from the south mated with females from the north, the offspring developed more slowly than the offspring of pairs of northern frogs. Based on these data, which event occurred while the two populations of frogs were separated?
The two populations developed into new species.
Geographic isolation refers to the separation of species due to physical barriers such as water forms, oceans, mountains, and so on. Finally, the organisms are prevented from exchanging genetic material with other organisms of the same species. Geographic isolation has been linked to divergent evolution, resulting in distinct phenotypes. Often, morphologically distinct populations are discovered to be interfertile, whereas reproductive isolation is discovered within nominal morphological species, revealing the existence of cryptic species.
A mountain range prevents two types of goats from mating, resulting in a less diverse gene pool. A group of genetically distinct bottlenose dolphins becomes isolated from the rest of its species and eventually becomes extinct. Two populations become separated as a result of an earthquake.
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Mitosis can occur in both haploid and diploid cells, but meiosis cannot occur in haploid cells. Why not?.
Because the cell is still haploid after mitosis, haploid cells can undergo mitosis. While the haploid cell will only contain half as many chromosomes after meiosis.
Can a haploid cell go through meiosis? Why, if at all, can a haploid cell undergo mitosis?Haplodiploid cells cannot undergo meiosis. Gametes are created by mitotic division in a haploid organism (n). After fertilization, these gametes (n) are joined to create a diploid zygote. This zygote or diploid cell then goes through meiosis to form a haploid organism once more.
In both diploid and haploid cells, can mitosis occur?A cell can go through mitosis whether it is haploid or diploid. A diploid cell goes through mitosis to create two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, whereas a haploid cell goes through mitosis to create two genetically identical haploid daughter cells.
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4 how could you use a phylogeny to make predictions about the origin and maintenance of the behaviors you observed?
A phylogeny can be used to make predictions about the origin and maintenance of the behaviors by tracing the ancestral history of an organism even at the genetic level and even the prediction about future could be made.
Phylogeny is the diagrammatic depiction of the evolutionary and ancestral roots of an individual or a group of species, or of different species. This is done by establishing relations by making lines and connecting them to show the describe the connection.
Ancestral history is the roots and descent of the an individual. It depicts the fathers and fore-fathers of an individual and also its distant relatives.
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Why are parasite numbers pyramids often inverted, with the bottom level smallest?.
One producer might have a lot of parasites; thus, parasite numbers of pyramids are sometimes inverted, with the bottom level being the smallest.
In parasitic food chains, a number pyramid is discovered to be inverted. In these food chains, a single producer typically supports a large number of parasites. More hyper-parasites are supported by the parasites in turn. In this pyramid, the number of people at each level rises from the lowest to the highest.
A graphical representation of the number of creatures at each trophic level is a pyramid of numbers. Given that producers are always more numerous than other trophic levels in an ecosystem, it is a vertical pyramid. There must always be enough plants at the bottom to create food, hence the pyramidal design. If not, the entire food chain would be destroyed. No predator can be as common as its victim at the upper level.
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