The amino acid to be part of an alpha-helix from the gpcr signaling protein is leucine.
One of the three necessary branched-chain amino acids is leucine (BCAAs). Skeletal muscle can utilise these amino acids to provide energy during exercise.
Consuming foods with complete proteins provides adequate amounts of these amino acids. Foods including meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and milk fall under this category. Studies have not consistently demonstrated that consuming supplements of these amino acids enhances exercise performance, increases muscle mass, or aids in exercise recovery.
Leucine may aid in bone and skin repair. Lean body mass and muscle growth could both be accelerated. It might boost human growth hormone production (HGH). It might aid in blood sugar regulation.
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A woman with type ab blood and a man with type o blood have a child. Which type of blood could the child have?.
Answer: either A or B blood type.
Explanation:
Many types of RNA are naturally present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Which of the following RNAs are NOT present in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (You can choose more than 1.)
a) CRISPR RNA
b) Ribosomal RNA
c) Transfer RNA
d) Micro RNA
e) Messenger RNA
The forms of RNA not present naturally in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are: (a) CRISPR RNA.
RNA stand for Ribonucleic acid. It is transcribed form of DNA made by using the enzyme RNA polymerase. There are broadly two categories of RNA: coding and non-coding. m-RNA belongs to the category of coding RNA whereas t-RNA and r-RNA are the non-coding ones.
Crispr RNA is the adaptation of a type of RNA that is found in the bacterial cells that they use for there defense and immunity. In this the Crispr RNA acts as a spacer sequence that makes small guide RNAs that guide the host RNA to kill the foreign particles.
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precursors of peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in the _______ and packaged into vesicles in the _______.
Answer: rough endoplasmic reticulum; trans-Golgi network
Explanation:
Precursors of peptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and packaged into vesicles in the trans-Golgi network.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?The Smooth ER is responsible for storage and lipids production, while the rough ER is responsible for the production of proteins and some hormones.
Hence, their terms, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, the smooth is like a fine tube whereas the rough consists of ribosomes on its surface. Both the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum work together, delegate tasks, and are the site for the production and storage of proteins.
Therefore, The rough endoplasmic reticulum produces precursors of peptide neurotransmitters, which are then packaged into vesicles in the trans-Golgi network.
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can someone help me understand Cellar Respiration
Answer:
the metabolic process in living organisms by which oxygen is combined with carbon in a cell to form carbon dioxide and generate energy.
Explanation:
Answer:
Explanation:
cellular respiration is a process by which organisms combine oxygen with food stuff molecules diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life sustaining activities and discarding as waste products carbon dioxide and water . Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a process called fermentation one objective of the degradation of foodstuff is to convert the energy contained in the chemical bonds into energy rich compound adenosine triphosphate which captures the chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of the food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes in eukaryotic cells this process ocurrs in mitochondria A liver cell has about 1000 mitochondria
metabolic pathways that make available raw materials from which other molecules can be synthesized and that provide chemical energy required for many cell activities are known as .
Metabolic pathways that make available raw materials from which other molecules can be synthesized and that provide chemical energy required for many cell activities are known as Catabolism.
Catabolism may be defined as the process by which the energy gained by the individual is synthesized within the body of the individual. An individual eats food which provides energy to the body. The vitamins, proteins and minerals present in the food items are broken down into simpler molecules as they are in the form of complex molecules. This breaking involves the release of energy. This energy is released in the form of small energy packets known as Adenosine triphosphate or ATP. Proteins are broken down into Amino acids, Polysaccharides into Monosaccharides, Nucleic acids into nucleotides and then nucleosides and fatty acids into lipids.
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In the construction of decision trees, which of the following shapes represents a state of nature node?
A) square
B) circle
C) diamond
D) triangle
E) None of the above
The correct answer is option (B) In the construction of decision trees, circle shapes represent a state of nature node.
Decision Tree Method
The decision tree algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm mechanism. The decision tree technique, in contrast to other supervised learning methods, is capable of handling both classification and regression issues.
In decision trees, we begin at the tree's root when anticipating a record's class label.
Decision Tree Types
Decision Tree with a Categorical Target Variable: When a decision tree has a categorical target variable, it is referred to as a Categorical Variable Decision Tree.
Decision Tree with Continuous Target Variable: When a decision tree has a continuous target variable, it is referred to as a Continuous Variable Decision Tree.
Important Phrases:
The complete population or sample is represented by the root node, which is then partitioned into two or more homogenous sets.
The process of splitting involves dividing a node into two or more sub-nodes.
Decision Node: A sub-node is referred to as a decision node when it divides into more sub-nodes.
Nodes that do not split are referred to as Leaf or Terminal nodes.
Pruning: Pruning is the process of removing sub-nodes from a decision node. You might describe splitting in reverse.
Branch / Sub-Tree: A branch or sub-tree is a division of the overall tree.
Sub-nodes are the offspring of a parent node, whereas a node that is divided into sub-nodes is referred to as the parent node of sub-nodes.
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If you cross 2 parrots that are heterozygous for color and barring, what is the possibility, in the form of a ratio, of a
blue and unbarred parrot as offspring?
Green Parakeets dominant (G)
Blue are recessive (g)
Barred wing pattern dominant (B) Unbarred recessive (b)
1/16
3/16
9/16
None of the above
Answer: 1/16
Explanation:
The ratio of blue and unbarred parrots as offspring is 1/16. The blue and unbarred are recessive characters. Hence, the first statement is the correct answer.
What is a Dihybrid cross?A Dihybrid cross involves two different traits, such as the gene for colour and the gene for wing. In the given statement, it is given that green is dominant over blue. G is dominant, and g (blue) is recessive. Blue will only express in recessive gg case.
The barred wing pattern is dominant over the unbarred wing pattern. B is dominant over b. Barred will express in BB and Bb condition while unbarred will express in bb condition .
When two heterozygous parents for colour (Gg) and barring (Bb) are crossed, the genotypes of each parent is GgBb. Each parent will form four gametes such as GB, Gb , gB , gb. Hence, total offspring will be 16, as four gametes form from each parent. 9 will be G_B_, 3 will be G_bb , 3 will be ggB_, 1 will be ggbb.
Hence , 1/16 is the ratio of blue and unbarred . First option is correct.
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what is the difference between a gene that is derepressed and one that is induced? multiple choice there is no difference between a gene that is derepressed and one that is induced. a gene that is derepressed is turned on because a repressor protein is not bound without its cofactor. by comparison, a gene that is induced is turned on because an inducer molecule prevents binding of the repressor. a derepressed gene is turned off and an induced gene is activated to be expressed. genes that are derepressed are turned on because an inducer molecule is present. by comparison, a gene that is induced is turned on because a repressor protein is bound to the operator.
The difference between a gene that is de-repressed and one that is induced is: (2) a gene that is de-repressed is turned on because a repressor protein is not bound without its cofactor. By comparison, a gene that is induced is turned on because an inducer molecule prevents binding of the repressor.
Gene is the basic factor of heredity. It is the unit that carries the information for any trait or character. The gene is present on a chromosome. Each gene has its own specific location on chromosome called the locus.
Repressor is a protein molecule that inhibits the expression of genes. This is achieved by the binding of the repressor molecule to the promoter region so that enzymes like RNA polymerase cannot perform their function.
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If oxygen were to be studied instead of carbon, in what direction would oxygen go through a cycle?
a) plant to detritivore
b) plant to animal
c) animal to detritivore
d) animal to animal
Answer: The answer is b
According to the lab 10 lecture, what can cause morphological traits to be potentially misleading and result in inaccurate phylogenetic trees?.
Evolutionary convergence Within a species, there are polymorphisms and convergent evolution. Species-level morphological polymorphisms Due to mimicry, two distinct species appear to be identical.
Phylogenetic tree example: What is it?This schematic illustration shows how several species developed from a number of shared ancestors. The two-dimensional graph that depicts the evolutionary link between an organism and several other organisms is known as a phylogenetic tree.
What makes a phylogenetic tree so named?The evolutionary relationships between a collection of creatures or groups of organisms, known as taxa, are represented by a phylo, or evolutionary tree (singular: taxon). The nodes of the tree symbolize the mixed ancestry of those descendants, while the tips of both the tree indicate groups of descendant taxa (typically species).
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The causes are :
Evolutionary convergence Within a species. there are polymorphisms and convergent evolution. Species-level morphological polymorphisms .Due to mimicry, two distinct species appear to be identical.What is meant by morphological traits ?Almost all of the morphological characteristics that appear to be "adaptations" to grazing were present in corallines hundreds of millions of years before macroherbivores and parrotfishes evolved.Egg quantity and egg weight were not heritable, indicating either that prior selection has removed additive genetic variation in these variables or that there is significant environmental variation in these qualities. Morphological features were all moderately to highly heritable.In general, morphological structures have a predetermined shape with regard to a certain mode of operation. Because it is a "action or reaction," whether or not it involves movement, their method of acting can be referred to as "behavior."Learn more about Morphological traits refer :
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most phagocytes are types of white blood cells, but not all white blood cells participate in this process. select the cell types that are actively phagocytic. view available hint(s)for part a most phagocytes are types of white blood cells, but not all white blood cells participate in this process.select the cell types that are actively phagocytic. neutrophil b lymphocyte macrophage erythrocyte dendritic cell basophil eosinophil t lymphocyte
Dendritic cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages are the cell types that actively phagocytize.
In the blood, what kind of phagocytic cells are present?A specific class of phagocytes seen in the bloodstream are monocytes. When a tissue is diseased or inflamed, they may leave the bloodstream and infiltrate the tissue. They circulate throughout the body. They undergo tissue-specific differentiation to become macrophages, which make up the majority of the resident phagocyte population in healthy tissues.
What are the functions of each type of white blood cell and which types of white blood cells are phagocytes?Neutrophils and macrophages make up the majority of the immune system's phagocytic cells. These cells serve as the primary cellular effectors of inflammatory response and non-specific host defence.
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Compare and contrast the structures and functions of RNA and DNA. Then, describe the functions of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
if the carbon dioxide concentration in your blood increases, your heart begins to pump more vigorously and your breathing pattern changes in order to restore the appropriate oxygen content to your blood. these changes are an example of
If the carbon dioxide concentration in your blood increases, your heart begins to pump more vigorously and your breathing pattern changes in order to restore the appropriate oxygen content to your blood. These changes are an example of homeostasis.
Homeostasis is the state of constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems in biology. This is the state of the organism's optimal functioning, and it includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits.
Homeostasis, derived from the Greek words for "same" and "steady," refers to any process by which living things actively maintain relatively stable conditions required for survival. Walter Cannon, a physician, coined the term in 1930.
The maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions is referred to as homeostasis. When the outside temperature drops, your body shivers to maintain a relatively constant body temperature.
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explain how the structure of , as well as directionality, influences the function of those molecules?
The polymer's directionality has an impact on its composition and behaviour. The 3' and 5' carbons of the sugar in the nucleotide serve as the ends of nucleic acids.
How do molecules' form and function influence each other?Biological macromolecules' three-dimensional structure dictates how they work. Proteins and nucleic acids have biological activity because of their three-dimensional form.
Why is directionality crucial to protein structure?Proteins are directed molecules, similar to DNA molecules in that regard. On one end of every amino acid is a carboxyl group, and on the other is an amino group. This directionality enables ribosomes to assemble an amino acid chain.
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Why are zebra mussels located primarily in areas in the eastern united states rather than in the western united states?.
Zebra mussels are located primarily in areas in the eastern united states rather than in the western united states because This animal was introduced to the eastern United States and is now widespread across the continent.
Zebra mussels are small freshwater mussels. The species was originally native to lakes in southern Russia and Ukraine, but was mistakenly introduced to many other regions and has become an invasive species in many countries around the world.
Zebra mussels have few natural enemies in North America. Some species of fish (catfish, sunfish, freshwater drums, etc.) and ducks are known to eat them, but these species do not provide effective control.
Sticks to all hard surfaces including native mussels, turtles, and crustacean shells. They destroyed boat engines, polluted beaches, and damaged boat ramps and docks in the Midwest. Zebra mussel droppings can also cause taste and odor problems in drinking water sources.
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painful swelling, partly due to accumulation of gas, and rapidly spreading subcutaneous tissue necrosis is characteristic of a wound infection by: group of answer choices clostridium tetani. streptococcus pyogenes. mycobacterium leprae. clostridium perfringens. bacillus anthracis.
A wound infection caused by Clostridium perfringens is characterised by painful swelling, which is partially due to gas buildup, and swiftly developing subcutaneous tissue necrosis.
Anaerobic Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Clostridium perfringens is linked to acute gastrointestinal infections in people that range in severity from diarrhoea to necrotizing enterocolitis and myonecrosis. The Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) bacterium is what causes the Clostridium perfringens foodborne sickness. C. perfringens is frequently found in the intestines of both people and many animals. It is also present in contaminated soil and other areas.
Clostridium species that produce toxins and gas are the source of clostridial gas gangrene, a very fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection of the skeletal muscle. Both the cause and the target tissue are best described by the term clostridial myonecrosis. Thus, anaerobic, spore-forming, and gas-producing Clostridium subspecies are responsible for the extremely rare but deadly condition known as Clostridial Gas Gangrene (GG) or Clostridial Myonecrosis.
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explain how wavelengths of light are absorbed differently in aquatic ecosystems and how this pattern influences primary productivity.
Because light is required for photosynthesis, phytoplankton and other primary producers are restricted to the ocean's uppermost layers, where light is abundant sufficiently to sustain the reaction.
What is aquatic ecosystem?Oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, and wetlands are all examples of aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain living things that rely on water for survival, such as fish, plants, and microorganisms.
Increased light, while generally beneficial to primary production, is not always beneficial to aquatic organisms.
UV-A and UV-B radiation can damage genetic material, acting as a stressor by putting intracellular repair mechanisms under strain.
Thus, this way, wavelengths of light are absorbed differently in aquatic ecosystems and how this pattern influences primary productivity.
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Describe the usefulness of evolutionary-tree diagrams in zoological studies. Describe two problems associated with their use.
The evolutionary tree diagrams are essential in zoological studies because they exhibit evolutionary relationships between species. Moreover, two problems that are associated with their use include polyphyletic groups and the presence of analogous structures.
What is an evolutionary tree diagram?An evolutionary tree diagram is a graphical representation of a given taxonomic group that exhibits the relationships to a common ancestor shaped by all the groups.
A problem associated with an evolutionary tree diagram is the presence of groups that derive form one of more ancestors (polyphyletic groups) as well as the presence of analogous structures that do not exhibit an evolutionary origin.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that an evolutionary tree diagram is very useful to show the relationship between different species that share a common ancestor but it has some limitations associated with the presence of polyphyletic groups and analogies.
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2. if a cell contains 40 sister chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle?
If a cell incorporates 80 sister chromatids at the beginning of mitosis, the number of chromosomes will be 20 in every daughter cellular at the entirety of the cell cycle.
D – The G1 section is prior to replication. throughout prophase I, all chromosomes are composed of two sister chromatids and we have now not yet divided the genetic fabric, so the precise answer is forty chromosomes x 2 chromatids/chromosome = 80 chromatids.
At this point, nuclear division begins, and the determined cell is divided in half, forming 2 daughter cells. each daughter cell could have half of the unique forty-six chromosomes or 23 chromosomes.
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A promoter in a genome is a DNase-resistant site. Which of the following events could convert the site to a DNase hypersensitive site?
Choose All that Apply
A. The level of a transcription factor that binds a nearby enhancer increases.
B. A remodeling complex uses ATP to move nucleosomes to expose the promoter.
C. A histone acetyltransferase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter.
D. A remodeling complex uses ATP to move nucleosomes to block the promoter.
E. A histone deacetylase modifies histone tails in the vicinity of the promoter.
A promoter in a genome is a DNase-resistant website online. Which of the subsequent events ought to convert the website to a DNase hypersensitive site the level of a transcription issue that binds a close-by enhancer increases.
Option A. The level of a transcription factor that binds a nearby enhancer increases.
Transcription elements can bind to enhancer sequences located upstream or downstream from an associated gene, resulting in stimulation or enhancement of transcription of the related gene.
Enhancer certain transcription elements recruit co-activators and trendy factors of which a few had been shown to play a vital role in enhancer-promoter communication. one of the quality studied factors is the extensively expressed transcriptional cofactor Ldb1.
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These options list some behaviors of water that might be observed in nature or a biology laboratory, Select all of the behaviors that are
examples of adhesion.
Oclimbing the side of a glass graduated cylinder
Adhesion is the tendency of multiple debris or surfaces to dangle to at least one some other. The binding of a cell to some other cell, or a cell to a surface, through unique cell adhesion molecules.
A fibrous band of scar tissue that binds collectively usually separate physical structures. Cohesion and adhesion are water houses that describe how water molecules have interaction with every different. and the way water molecules have interaction with different such things as leaves or maybe you. Cohesion method that water likes to paste to itself. and adhesion method that water likes to paste to different things.
Adhesive Bonding is the system of becoming a member of surfaces collectively, typically with the advent of a clean bond. This may also contain using glue, epoxy, or certainly considered one among a huge variety of plastic dealers which bond both via the evaporation of a solvent or via curing through heat, time, or pressure.
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Options are not given properly.
Unlike animal breeders and human geneticists, plant breeders rarely use pedigree charts in their work. Which is most likely the reason that plant breeders use other methods for analyzing results instead of constructing pedigree charts?
Plants have many more offspring than most animals have.
Plants have too many important traits to show in a pedigree.
Plants change only through mutation, not breeding.
Plants change too much in each generation to show in a pedigree.
Because plants have more offspring than animals, plant breeders do not use pedigree charts.
What is a Pedigree chartA pedigree chart is a graphic representation of an organism's (an animal's) phenotypes and genotypes in relation to their ancestors. this is employed to investigate how genes are passed down through species, enabling geneticists to ascertain if a trait is recessive or dominant.
Because plants have more offspring than animals do and it will be challenging to trace each offspring back to its ancestor, plant breeders will find it tough to use the pedigree chart.
Since plants have more offspring than animals do, it follows that plant breeders do not employ pedigree charts.
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Which type of symbiosis is demonstrated by coral animals which create a reef and the photosynthetic algae that live inside the reef structure, photosynthesize, and provide food for the coral and other herbivores?
Responses
parasitism
mutualism
commensalism
none of these
you are describing the role(s) muscle plays in the movement of joints. what does an accurate description include?
Tendons connect muscle to bone and Ligaments connect muscle to bone.
A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscles to structures such as the eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.
A tendon is a cord of strong, flexible tissue. Tendons connect muscles to your bones. Tendons helps in movement of our limbs. Tendon or ligament attaches either directly to the bone or indirectly to it via the periosteum. In both cases, dense fibrous connective tissue connects the tendon/ligament to the periosteum .
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which of the following actions helps maintain a sleep-promoting environment? group of answer choices warmth: set the thermostat in your bedroom to 68-70 degrees fahrenheit. light: keep the bedroom brightly lit until you are ready to go to sleep. cleanliness: wash your sheets and other bedding regularly, and get rid of clutter. comfort: keep your cell phone, tv, laptop, and/or other devices by your bed so that you know you can reach them easily should you need them.
Comfort: Set the temperature in your bedroom between 68 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit.
Which of the following factors affects how much sleep someone needs?Medical disorders, drugs, stress, the environment in which you sleep, and what you eat and drink can all affect how much sleep you need. The amount of light exposure may have the biggest impact.
Which statement regarding REM sleep is accurate?Your breathing becomes erratic, your heart rate increases, and your eyelids move quickly behind your closed eyes while you are in REM sleep. Your brain is quite busy during REM sleep, and your brain waves become more varied than they do during other sleep stages, when your brain waves settle down.
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In normal e. Coli cells, in which the lac operon is "on," which combination of c r p and lac repressor proteins is bound to the lac operon?.
The combination of CRP and lac repressor proteins bound to the lac operon in normal E. coli cells, in which the lac operon is on is: only CRP.
Lac operon is the cluster of genes that are regulated through a single promoter, and the genes are involved in making protein essential for the lactose metabolism in the bacterial cells. There are three genes involved for this process: gene z, y and a.
CRP stands for cAMP receptor protein. The function of CRP is to binds to the promoter of lac operon and stimulate the transcription of the genes. If the levels of CRP are reduced in the cell, then the operon becomes turned off.
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37 With which kingdoms do bacteria share the same genetic code?
A
animal, plant, fungus and protoctist
B
animal, plant and fungus only
C
animal and plant only
D
animal only
Answer:
The answer you are looking for is A
The bacteria share the same genetic code with animal, plant, fungus and Protista. The correct option is A.
What is genetic code?The set of instructions utilized by living cells to convert data from genetic material contained in proteins is known as the genetic code.
Codons, or words, are the four letters that make up each of the three-letter words that make up a codon in DNA.
The order of bases in DNA or RNA makes up the genetic code. Codons are formed by groups of three nucleotides, and each codon represents one amino acid (or start or stop).
Following the start codon, the codons are read one after the other until a stop codon is reached. The genetic code is unambiguous, redundant, and universal.
The genetic code of bacteria is the same as that of plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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Invading microbes usually need to overcome host defenses in which following order?.
Invading microbes usually need to overcome host defenses physical barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity .
The invading microbe or pathogen is referred to as an antigen. it is seemed as a danger with the aid of the immune machine and is able to stimulating an immune reaction. Antigens are proteins which are observed at the floor of the pathogen. Antigens are particular to that pathogen.
The phagocytic cells use a mixture of degradative enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and reactive oxygen species to kill the invading microorganisms. in addition, they release signaling molecules that cause an inflammatory reaction and begin to marshal the forces of the adaptive immune device.
Microorganisms are controlled via bodily dealers and chemical marketers. bodily dealers encompass such techniques of manipulate as high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, and filtration.
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When you consume more energy than burned, the excess energy is stored for later use. A small amount is stored as glycogen, but most is stored as triglycerides in what tissue?.
A small amount is stored as glycogen, but most is stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.
After meals, extra calories are stored as triglycerides and glycogen. Glycogen, a form of carbohydrate, is primarily stored in the liver or skeletal muscles; triglycerides, a form of fat, is primarily kept in adipose tissue.
Glycogen, which is created from carbohydrates and stored in muscles, provides energy when needed. Additionally, glycogen is kept in the liver, where it serves as a depot for storage before being released into the bloodstream in response to dangerously low blood glucose levels. More glucose is transported to the liver to be converted into triglycerides when insulin levels are high, and fat cells retain their stored fat so that it is not converted to energy. Triglycerides continue to be the form in which dietary fat is stored in muscles.
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a particular fibroblast mutation fails to move to the site of infection. it is discovered that this mutation causes a particular protein to be absent, which leads to premature actin mrna translation. which protein is most likely absent due to the mutation?
Option B: ZBP1 (Zip code binding protein) is the protein most likely to be absent due to the mutation.
ZBP1 is required to prevent premature translation; this protein is in charge of beta-actin transcription in the nucleus; if it is altered, the repercussions will be seen because fibroblasts won't travel to the infection site.
The SCR is incorrect because its primary function is the activation of protein kinases, and the CPEB is incorrect because it regulates the translation of mRNA. These errors also rule out the general transcription factor, which is In eukaryotes and poly-eukaryotes, it initiates transcription. A polymerase is also disregarded because poly A tail production is where it serves its purpose.
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Complete question is:
A particular fibroblast mutation fails to move to the site of infection. It is discovered that this mutation causes a particular protein to be absent, which leads to premature actin mRNA translation. Which protein is most likely absent due to the mutation
A). Src
B). ZBP1 (Zip-code bindinf protein)
C). CPEB
D). General transcription factor
E). Poly-A polymerase