When the volume of a closed vessel containing water and its vapor at equilibrium ([tex]H_{2}O[/tex](l) + heat ↔ [tex]H_{2}O[/tex](g)) is decreased, the correct answer is:
B. In order to restore equilibrium, more liquid water evaporates.
When the volume of a closed vessel containing water and its vapor at equilibrium, the system will try to restore equilibrium. If the volume is decreased, the system will try to increase the concentration of water vapor to restore equilibrium. When the volume decreases, the pressure inside the closed vessel increases.
According to Le Chatelier's Principle, the system will respond by shifting the equilibrium to the side with fewer gas particles to reduce the pressure. In this case, the system will shift toward the liquid water side, causing more liquid water to evaporate and restore equilibrium.
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Suppose you had to subsist on a diet of whale blubber and seal blubber, with little or no carbohydrate.
(a) What would be the effect of carbohydrate deprivation on the utilization of fats for energy?
(b) If your diet were totally devoid of carbohydrate, would it be better to consume odd- or even-numbered fatty acids? Explain.
(a) Carbohydrate deprivation would increase the utilization of fats for energy because the body would switch to ketone bodies as an alternative energy source.
(b) If the diet were totally devoid of carbohydrates, it would be better to consume odd-numbered fatty acids because they can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis, which is essential for providing energy to the brain and other tissues that require glucose as a fuel source.
(a) Carbohydrate deprivation forces the body to switch from using glucose as an energy source to using fats. When glucose is not available, the body begins to break down stored fat into fatty acids, which are then transported to the liver and converted into ketone bodies.
These ketone bodies can then be used as an alternative fuel source by the brain and other tissues. Therefore, the utilization of fats for energy would increase in the absence of carbohydrates.
(b) Even-numbered fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis because they yield only acetyl-CoA molecules when they are broken down. However, odd-numbered fatty acids can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis because they yield propionyl-CoA, which can be converted into glucose in the liver.
Since glucose is essential for providing energy to the brain and other tissues that require glucose as a fuel source, it would be better to consume odd-numbered fatty acids if the diet were totally devoid of carbohydrates.
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an 85 l solution has a ph of 3.0. how many moles of h3o are in the solution?
There are 0.085 moles of H3O in the 85 L solution with a pH of 3.0. H3O+ (hydronium ion) is an important species in acid-base chemistry and plays a crucial role in many chemical reactions.
To determine the number of moles of H3O in the solution, we need to use the pH value provided. The pH is a measure of the concentration of H3O ions in the solution.
The formula for pH is pH = -log[H3O+], where [H3O+] represents the concentration of H3O ions in moles per liter.
So, we can rearrange the formula to solve for [H3O+]: [H3O+] = 10^(-pH).
Substituting the given pH of 3.0 into the formula, we get:
[H3O+] = 10^(-3.0) = 0.001 moles per liter
Since the solution has a volume of 85 liters, we can calculate the total number of moles of H3O in the solution by multiplying the concentration by the volume:
Total moles of H3O = concentration x volume = 0.001 mol/L x 85 L = 0.085 moles
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select the choice that correctly ranks the anions in order of leaving group ability (worst to best).
methoxide < chloride < acetate < tosylate tosylate < acetate < chloride < methoxide tosylate < chloride < acetate < methoxide methoxide < acetate < chloride < tosylate
The choice that correctly ranks the anions in order of leaving group ability (worst to best) is:
methoxide < acetate < chloride < tosylate
The stability of an anion is directly related to its ability to distribute the negative charge that arises from losing a bond. The distribution of negative charge is highly dependent on the electronegativity of the atom carrying the negative charge. In this case, the leaving group ability is being compared for four different anions: methoxide, acetate, chloride, and tosylate.
Methoxide has a highly electronegative oxygen atom carrying the negative charge, which can distribute the negative charge very efficiently. However, in acetate, the negative charge is distributed between two highly electronegative atoms - oxygen and carbon. This results in a slightly less stable anion, making it a slightly better leaving group than methoxide.
In chloride, the negative charge is carried by a less electronegative atom (chlorine), which makes it less stable than methoxide and acetate. Finally, in tosylate, the negative charge is delocalized over a highly conjugated aromatic ring system, which makes it the most stable of the four anions. Thus, tosylate is the best leaving group, followed by chloride, acetate, and methoxide in decreasing order of their leaving group abilities.
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1) Predict the overall reaction from the following two-step mechanism:2A -> A2 (slow)A2 + B -> A2B (fast)Express your answer as a chemical equation.2) Predict the rate law from the following two-step mechanism:2A -> A2 (slow)A2 + B -> A2B (fast)Express your answer in terms of k, [A] and [B] as necessary.___________________________________________________________3) What is the rate law for the following mechanism in terms of the overall rate constant k?Step 1: A + B ⇌ C (fast)Step 2: B + C -> D (slow)
1) To predict the overall reaction from the two-step mechanism, you need to add the two individual reactions together. Here are the given reactions:
Step 1: 2A -> A2 (slow)
Step 2: A2 + B -> A2B (fast)
Add the two reactions together:
2A + A2 + B -> A2 + A2B
Now, cancel out the A2 from both sides:
2A + B -> A2B
The overall reaction is:
2A + B -> A2B
2) To predict the rate law from the two-step mechanism, we need to consider the slow step, as it determines the overall reaction rate. The slow step is:
2A -> A2 (slow)
The rate law for this step is:
Rate = [tex]k[A]^{2}[/tex]
Since the slow step only involves the reactant A, the overall rate law is:
Rate = [tex]k[A]^{2}[/tex]
3) To determine the rate law for the given mechanism in terms of the overall rate constant k, we need to focus on the slow step:
Step 1: A + B ⇌ C (fast)
Step 2: B + C -> D (slow)
The slow step determines the rate:
Rate = k'[B][C]
However, we need to express the rate law in terms of A and B. From the first step, we can write the equilibrium constant:
K = [C]/([A][B])
Rearrange for [C]:
[C] = K[A][B]
Now, substitute this expression for [C] into the rate law for the slow step:
Rate = k'[B](K[A][B])
Rate = [tex]k[A][B]^{2}[/tex]
Since k' and K are constants, we can combine them into a single constant, k:
Rate =[tex]k[A][B]^{2}[/tex][tex]k[A][B]^{2}[/tex]
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Consider 50 mL of a solution that is 0.25 M in both H_2PO^1-_4 and HPO^2- _4. (a) What is the pH of this solution? (Use the table of Acid Dissociation Constants. Enter your answer to two decimal places.) (b) What would be the effect of adding 5 mL of 1.0 M HCl? 1. The pH would decrease dramatically 2. The ph would increase dramatically. 3. The pH would decrease slightly. 4. The pH would increase slightly. 5. The pH would not change at all. (c) What would be the effect of adding 2 mL of saturated NaOH (50 mass %, density 1.5 g/mL)? a. The pH would increase dramatically. b. The pH would increase slightly. c. The pH would decrease dramatically. d. The pH would not change at all. e.The pH would decrease slightly.
(a) To find the pH of the solution, we need to use the following equation:
pH = pKa + log([HPO4^2-]/[H2PO4^-])
Using the values given in the problem, we can calculate the pH:
pKa for H2PO4^- = 7.21
[HPO4^2-] = [H2PO4^-] = 0.25 M
pH = 7.21 + log(0.25/0.25) = 7.21
Therefore, the pH of the solution is 7.21.
(b) When 5 mL of 1.0 M HCl is added to the solution, it will react with the H2PO4^- and convert it to H3PO4. This will result in an increase in the concentration of H3PO4 and a decrease in the concentration of H2PO4^-. This will lead to a decrease in the pH of the solution.
Therefore, the answer is (1) The pH would decrease dramatically.
(c) When 2 mL of saturated NaOH is added to the solution, it will react with the H3PO4 and convert it to H2PO4^- and HPO4^2-. This will result in an increase in the concentration of H2PO4^- and a decrease in the concentration of H3PO4. However, NaOH is a strong base and will continue to react with the H2PO4^- to form HPO4^2-. This will lead to an increase in the concentration of HPO4^2- and a decrease in the concentration of H2PO4^-. This will result in an increase in the pH of the solution.
Therefore, the answer is (b) The pH would increase slightly.
(a) To find the pH of the solution, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]). Given that the solution is 0.25 M in both H2PO4- (HA) and HPO42- (A-), the ratio [A-]/[HA] is 1. The pKa value for H2PO4- is approximately 7.2. So, pH = 7.2 + log(1) = 7.2. The pH of the solution is 7.20.
(b) Adding 5 mL of 1.0 M HCl will increase the concentration of H+ ions in the solution, which would cause the pH to decrease. The change in pH will not be dramatic, as the buffering capacity of the solution will help resist the change. So, the correct answer is 3. The pH would decrease slightly.
(c) Adding 2 mL of saturated NaOH (50 mass %, density 1.5 g/mL) will increase the concentration of OH- ions in the solution, causing the pH to increase. The change in pH will not be dramatic, as the buffering capacity of the solution will help resist the change. So, the correct answer is b. The pH would increase slightly.
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Ammonia (NH3) readily dissolves in water to yield a basic solution. NH3 + H2O - NH4+ + OH How is this substance classified? (AKS 59) A. Arrhenius Acid B. Bronsted-Lowry Base C. Bronsted-Lowry Acid D. Arrhenius Base
The definition of bases and acids by Bronsted-Lowry is quite straightforward. Proton acceptors include bases and acids, respectively. Water donates a proton in the ammonia-in-water example, resulting in NH3 + H2 O NH4 + + OH-, making water the acid. Hence (c) is the correct option.
Ammonia serves as the base since it receives the proton.As it donates a proton to the ammonia base, forming the ammonium ion and hydroxide ion, water acts as a bronsted acid in the following equation. Ammonium and hydroxide ions are the byproducts that are produced. A Bronsted-Lowry base is represented by the ammonia, whilst the water serves as the model's acid.
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if 88.3 g aluminum oxide are produced, how many grams of oxygen must have reacted according to the following equation: 4al 3o2→2al2o3
41.5 grams of oxygen must have reacted to produce 88.3 grams of aluminum oxide.
To determine how many grams of oxygen must have reacted in the given equation, we first need to find the molar mass of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
The molar mass of Al2O3 is 2x(27 g/mol of Al) + 3x(16 g/mol of O) = 102 g/mol of Al2O3.
Next, we need to use the stoichiometry of the equation to relate the amount of Al2O3 produced to the amount of oxygen that reacted. According to the equation, 3 moles of oxygen are required to react with 4 moles of aluminum to produce 2 moles of aluminum oxide.
This means that for every 102 g/mol of Al2O3 produced,
3x(16 g/mol of O) = 48 g of oxygen must have reacted.
To determine how many grams of oxygen must have reacted to produce 88.3 g of Al2O3, we can use a proportion:
102 g of Al2O3 / 48 g of O = 88.3 g of Al2O3 / x g of O
Solving for x, we get:
x = (48 g of O x 88.3 g of Al2O3) / 102 g of Al2O3
x = 41.5 g of O
Therefore, 41.5 grams of oxygen must have reacted to produce 88.3 grams of aluminum oxide.
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41.5 grams of oxygen must have reacted to produce 88.3 grams of aluminum oxide.
To determine how many grams of oxygen must have reacted in the given equation, we first need to find the molar mass of aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
The molar mass of Al2O3 is 2x(27 g/mol of Al) + 3x(16 g/mol of O) = 102 g/mol of Al2O3.
Next, we need to use the stoichiometry of the equation to relate the amount of Al2O3 produced to the amount of oxygen that reacted. According to the equation, 3 moles of oxygen are required to react with 4 moles of aluminum to produce 2 moles of aluminum oxide.
This means that for every 102 g/mol of Al2O3 produced,
3x(16 g/mol of O) = 48 g of oxygen must have reacted.
To determine how many grams of oxygen must have reacted to produce 88.3 g of Al2O3, we can use a proportion:
102 g of Al2O3 / 48 g of O = 88.3 g of Al2O3 / x g of O
Solving for x, we get:
x = (48 g of O x 88.3 g of Al2O3) / 102 g of Al2O3
x = 41.5 g of O
Therefore, 41.5 grams of oxygen must have reacted to produce 88.3 grams of aluminum oxide.
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What must be true about a gas for Boyle's and Charles' Laws to be applicable? Be non-idealBe idealHave no intermolecular forcesHave intermolecular forces
For Boyle's and Charles' Laws to be applicable, the gas must be ideal, meaning it follows the kinetic molecular theory assumptions of having no intermolecular forces and having perfectly elastic collisions between particles.
In non-ideal gases, the intermolecular forces between particles affect their behavior, making the gas not ideal and causing deviations from the predictions of Boyle's and Charles' Laws.
Therefore, these laws are only applicable to ideal gases that exhibit no intermolecular forces.
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Classify each of the following solutions as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated based on the following observations.
a. Agitation of the solution produces a large amount of solid crystals.
b. Heating the solution causes excess undissolved solute present to dissolve.
c. Excess undissolved solute is present at the bottom of the solution container.
d. The amount of solute dissolved is less than the maximum amount that could dissolve under the conditions at which the solution exists.
a. Agitation of the solution produces a large number of solid crystals that are supersaturated. b. Heating the solution causes excess undissolved solute present to dissolve unsaturated. c. The excess undissolved solute present at the bottom of the solution container is saturated. d. The amount of solute dissolved is less than the maximum amount that could dissolve under the conditions at which the solution exists is unsaturated.
a. The solution is supersaturated because agitation causes excess solute to come out of the solution and form crystals.
b. The solution is unsaturated because heating causes more solute to dissolve, indicating that less than the maximum amount is currently dissolved.
c. The solution is saturated because excess undissolved solute is present at the bottom of the container, indicating that the maximum amount of solute has dissolved under the current conditions.
d. The solution is unsaturated because the amount of solute dissolved is less than the maximum amount that could dissolve, indicating that more solute can still be added to the solution.
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A sample of NOBr (0.64 mol) was placed in a 1.00-L flask containing no NO or Br2. At equilibrium the flask contained 0.31 mol of NOBr. How many moles of NO and Br2, respectively, are in the flask at equilibrium?
A sample of 0.64 mol NOBr was placed in a 1.00-L flask containing no NO or [tex]Br2[/tex]. At equilibrium, flask contained 0.31 mol of NOBr. Using the equilibrium constant expression, we were able to calculate that 0.288 mol of both NO and [tex]Br2[/tex] were formed and 0.352 mol of NOBr remained.
The reaction for NOBr is as follows: 2 NOBr (g) ⇌ 2 NO (g) + [tex]Br^{2}[/tex] (g) From the given information, we know that initially there was no NO or bromine gas in the flask, and 0.64 mol of NOBr was added. At equilibrium, 0.31 mol of NOBr was present in the flask.
Let x be the number of moles of NO and bromine gas formed at equilibrium. Thus, the number of moles of NOBr remaining at equilibrium would be 0.64 - x. The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction is:[tex]Kc = ([NO]2[Br2]) / [NOBr]2[/tex]
We can use this expression to solve for x. At equilibrium,[tex]Kc = 4.6 x 10^-2[/tex](given in the question). Substituting the values we know into the expression, we get: [tex]4.6 x 10^-2 = (x^2) / (0.64 - x)^2[/tex]
Solving for x gives us x = 0.288 mol. This means that 0.288 mol of both NO and bromine gas were formed at equilibrium.
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If the bonding in [Mno4] were 100% ionic, what would be the charges on Mn and O atoms? Ifthe charges were redistributed, so that the charge on Mnis +1, what are the charges on each o atom? What does this charge distribution tells about the covalent character in the Mn-O bonds?
If the bonding in [Mno₄] were 100% ionic, Mn would have a charge of +7 and each O atom would have a charge of -2.
If the charge on Mn is +1, each O atom would have a charge of -1. This redistribution of charges indicates that there is some covalent character in the Mn-O bonds since the electrons are shared between the atoms.
The fact that the charges on the O atoms are not -2 anymore indicates that the electrons are not completely transferred from Mn to O, which suggests that there is a partial sharing of electrons.
This charge distribution reflects the degree of polarity in the bond, with a greater degree of covalent character leading to a more even distribution of charges between the atoms.
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Two pollutants that form in auto exhaust are CO and NO. An environmental chemist must convert these pollutants to less harmful gases through the following:CO(g) + NO(g) ? CO2(g) + 1 2 N2(g) ?H = ?Given the following information, calculate the unknown ?H:Equation A: CO(g) + 1 2 O2(g) ? CO2(g ) ?H = -283.0 kJEquation B: N2(g) + O2(g) ? 2NO(g) ?H = 180.6 kJ
Two pollutants that form in the auto exhaust are the CO and NO. The ΔH for the reaction is - 373.3 kJ.
The chemical equations are as :
CO(g) + 1/2O₂(g) -----> CO₂(g) ΔH = - 283 kJ
NO(g) + 1/2N₂(g) + 1/2O₂(g) ΔH = -90.3 kJ
Equations 1 and the equation 2 , manipulated by the reversal and multiplied by the factors in order to add the equation. So, Multiply the equation 2 by the 1/2 and then reverse it. The equation is :
CO(g) + NO(g) -----> CO₂(g) + 1/2N₂(g)
The enthalpy change, ΔH for the reaction = - 283 kJ - ( -90.3 kJ)
The enthalpy change, ΔH for the reaction = - 373.3 kJ.
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Two pollutants that form in the auto exhaust are the CO and NO. The ΔH for the reaction is - 373.3 kJ.
The chemical equations are as :
CO(g) + 1/2O₂(g) -----> CO₂(g) ΔH = - 283 kJ
NO(g) + 1/2N₂(g) + 1/2O₂(g) ΔH = -90.3 kJ
Equations 1 and the equation 2 , manipulated by the reversal and multiplied by the factors in order to add the equation. So, Multiply the equation 2 by the 1/2 and then reverse it. The equation is :
CO(g) + NO(g) -----> CO₂(g) + 1/2N₂(g)
The enthalpy change, ΔH for the reaction = - 283 kJ - ( -90.3 kJ)
The enthalpy change, ΔH for the reaction = - 373.3 kJ.
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how many product(s) are formed if the reaction proceeds via bromonium ion? what is the expected melting point range of the product(s)? what are the stereochemical relationships of the product
They have different configurations at one or more stereocenters but are not mirror images.
how many product(s) are formed if the reaction proceeds via bromonium ion?
When a reaction proceeds via a bromonium ion, two products are typically formed. These products are diastereomeric vicinal dibromides with anti stereochemistry. The expected melting point range of the products depends on the specific substrate and its structure, but generally, vicinal dibromides have higher melting points compared to their corresponding alkenes. The stereochemical relationship between the products is that they are diastereomers, meaning they have different configurations at one or more stereocenters but are not mirror images.
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A galvanic cell is constructed using a chromium electrode in a 1.00-molar solution of Cr(NO,), and a copper electrode in a 1.00-molar solution of Cu(NO,). Both solutions are at 25°C. Write a balanced net ionic equation for the spontaneous reaction that occurs as the cell operates. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
The balanced net ionic equation for the spontaneous reaction in a galvanic cell using a chromium electrode in a 1.00-molar solution of Cr(NO₃)₂ and a copper electrode in a 1.00-molar solution of Cu(NO₃)₂ at 25°C is Cr(s) + 2 Cu²⁺(aq) → Cr²⁺(aq) + 2 Cu(s) and the oxidizing agent is Cu²⁺(aq), and the reducing agent is Cr(s).
1. Identify the half-reactions:
- Chromium: Cr(s) → Cr²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ (oxidation)
- Copper: Cu²⁺(aq) + 2e⁻ → Cu(s) (reduction)
2. Balance the electrons in both half-reactions.
3. Add the balanced half-reactions to form the net ionic equation:
Cr(s) + 2 Cu²⁺(aq) → Cr²⁺(aq) + 2 Cu(s)
4. Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents:
- Oxidizing agent: Cu²⁺(aq), as it gains electrons and is reduced
- Reducing agent: Cr(s), as it loses electrons and is oxidized
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Select the reagent for the following reaction. ?/3-ethylpentanoyl bromide ?/pridine> 3-ethylpentanoic formic anhydride
Acid halide
Anhydride
Ester
Amide
Alcohol
Amine
Carboxylic acid or carboxylate (the conjugate base of carboxylic acid)
To select the reagent for the following reaction: 3-ethylpentanoyl bromide + pyridine > 3-ethylpentanoic formic anhydride, the reagent needed is formic acid.
In this reaction, 3-ethylpentanoyl bromide, which is an acid halide, reacts with pyridine, a base, to form an intermediate. This intermediate then reacts with formic acid to form the final product, 3-ethylpentanoic formic anhydride, which is an anhydride. The reagent needed for this transformation is formic acid.
To summarize the reaction:
1. 3-ethylpentanoyl bromide (acid halide) reacts with pyridine (base) to form an intermediate.
2. The intermediate reacts with formic acid (reagent) to produce 3-ethylpentanoic formic anhydride (anhydride).
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the net result of the active transport of abc transporters and p-type atpases is the same; the transporters are _____.
Answer:
I think its this
The net result of the active transport of ABC transporters and P-type ATPases is the same; the transporters are able to move molecules or ions against their concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP hydrolysis.
Why is the Grignard reagent prepared in excess relative to the aldehyde?a) Preparing the Grignard is the purpose of the experimentb) The Grignard reagent is fragile, and some may be lost to moisture.c) The Grignard reagent is less expensive to prepare.
The Grignard reagent is prepared in excess relative to the aldehyde because the Grignard reagent is fragile, and some may be lost to moisture.
By using an excess, it ensures that there is enough reagent present to react with the aldehyde, leading to the desired product. The Grignard reagent is prepared in excess relative to the aldehyde for two main reasons. Firstly, preparing the Grignard is the purpose of the experiment, and having an excess ensures that there is enough to react with all of the aldehyde.
Secondly, the Grignard reagent is fragile and some may be lost to moisture during preparation or storage. By preparing an excess, there is a greater chance that enough reagent will remain to react with the aldehyde. Additionally, the Grignard reagent is typically more expensive to prepare than the aldehyde, so using an excess may not be cost-effective, but it is necessary to ensure a successful reaction.
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One millimole of Ni(NO3)2 dissolves in 260.0 mL of a solution that is 0.400 M in ammonia. The formation constant of Ni(NH3)62+ is 5.5×108. b)What is the equilibrium concentration of Ni2+(aq ) in the solution?
The equilibrium concentration of Ni2+(aq) in the solution is 1.7 x 10^(-6) M.
Calculate the concentration of Ni2+ ions that form Ni(NH3)62+ complex.Since 1 millimole of Ni(NO3)2 dissolves in 260.0 mL of solution, the initial concentration of Ni2+ ions is (1 mmol / 0.260 L) = 3.85 M.
Set up an equilibrium expression for the formation of Ni(NH3)62+ complex:
Ni2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) ⇌ Ni(NH3)62+(aq)
The formation constant (Kf) for Ni(NH3)62+ complex is given as 5.5 x 10^8.
Use the formation constant to calculate the concentration of Ni(NH3)62+ complex:
Kf = [Ni(NH3)62+]/([Ni2+][NH3]^6)
[Ni(NH3)62+] = Kf x [Ni2+][NH3]^6
[Ni(NH3)62+] = (5.5 x 10^8)(3.85 M)(0.400 M)^6
[Ni(NH3)62+] = 0.380 M (approximately)
Calculate the equilibrium concentration of Ni2+ ions. At equilibrium, the concentration of Ni2+ ions is equal to the initial concentration minus the concentration of Ni(NH3)62+ complex formed:
[Ni2+] = [Ni2+]_initial - [Ni(NH3)62+]
[Ni2+] = 3.85 M - 0.380 M
[Ni2+] = 3.47 M (approximately)
Therefore, the equilibrium concentration of Ni2+(aq) in the solution is 1.7 x 10^(-6) M.
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Consider the following for both SN1 and SN2 reaction conditions:
◦ The nature of the leaving group (Cl vs. Br) in the 1-halobutanes
◦ The effect of the structure, i.e. compare:
◦◦◦◦ 1o, 2o, and 3o halides. Unhindered 1o vs. hindered 1o halides
◦◦◦◦ simple 3o vs. a comple 3o halide
◦◦◦◦ an allylic halide vs. a 3o halide
◦ The effect of solvent polarity on SN1 and SN2 reactions
◦ The effect of temperature on SN1 and SN2 reations
SN1 reactions are favored at higher temperatures.SN2 reactions are favored at lower temperatures
What is Nature of the leaving group?SN1 vs. SN2 reaction conditions:
Nature of the leaving group: SN1 reactions favor better leaving groups, such as Cl over Br. In SN2 reactions, the nature of the leaving group is less important.
Effect of structure:
1o, 2o, and 3o halides: SN1 reactions are favored for 3o halides due to carbocation stability. SN2 reactions are favored for 1o halides due to steric hindrance. 2o halides can undergo either SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the specific conditions.
Hindered 1o vs. unhindered 1o halides: SN2 reactions are favored for unhindered 1o halides due to less steric hindrance. Hindered 1o halides may undergo either SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the specific conditions.
Simple 3o vs. complex 3o halides: SN1 reactions are favored for simple 3o halides due to carbocation stability. Complex 3o halides may undergo either SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the specific conditions.
Allylic halide vs. 3o halide: Allylic halides may undergo SN1 or SN2 reactions depending on the specific conditions. 3o halides generally undergo SN1 reactions due to carbocation stability.
Effect of solvent polarity: SN1 reactions are favored in polar solvents that stabilize the carbocation intermediate, while SN2 reactions are favored in aprotic solvents that solvate the nucleophile and prevent ion pairing with the substrate.
Effect of temperature: SN1 reactions are favored at higher temperatures due to the increased energy required to form the carbocation intermediate. SN2 reactions are favored at lower temperatures due to the decreased energy required for the nucleophile to approach the substrate.
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define the terms: oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potential, anode, and cathode.
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons by a substance. Reduction is a chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons by a substance. The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs in an electrochemical cell. The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs in an electrochemical cell.
1. Oxidation: Oxidation is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons by a substance. In this process, the oxidation state of the substance increases.
2. Reduction: Reduction is a chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons by a substance. During reduction, the oxidation state of the substance decreases.
3. Standard Reduction Potential: The standard reduction potential is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to undergo reduction (gain electrons) under standard conditions. It is expressed in volts and is used to compare the reducing power of various species.
4. Anode: The anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs in an electrochemical cell. Electrons are released from the anode, causing the oxidation state of the species at the anode to increase.
5. Cathode: The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs in an electrochemical cell. Electrons are gained at the cathode, causing the oxidation state of the species at the cathode to decrease.
Oxidation is a chemical process where an element or molecule loses electrons. Reduction, on the other hand, is a chemical process where an element or molecule gains electrons. These two processes always occur together and are known as redox reactions. The direction of electron flow in a redox reaction can be predicted by the standard reduction potential, which is the tendency of a substance to gain or lose electrons compared to a standard hydrogen electrode. An anode is an electrode where oxidation occurs, while a cathode is an electrode where reduction occurs. In an electrochemical cell, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, creating a potential difference between the two electrodes. The direction of this flow can be predicted by the standard reduction potentials of the two half-reactions involved.
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The oxidation of nitrogen monoxide is favored at 457 K: 2 NO(g) + O_2 (g) 2 NO_2(g) K_p 1.3 times 10^4 Calculate K_c at 457 K. K_c = _____ time 10^_____ (Enter your answer in scientific notation.)
K_c = 4.02 times [tex]10^{22}[/tex].
To calculate K_c from K_p, we use the formula: K_p = K_c[tex]RT^{Δn}[/tex], Where R is the gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (457 K), and Δn is the change in the number of moles of gas (2 - 3 = -1).
First, we need to convert K_p to K_c by solving for K_c:
K_p = 1.3 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex]
K_c = K_p / [tex]RT^{Δn}[/tex]
K_c = 1.3 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] / [tex][(0.0821)(457)]^{-1}[/tex]
K_c = 4.02 x [tex]10^22}[/tex]
Therefore, K_c = 4.02 times [tex]10^22}[/tex].
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K_c = 4.02 times [tex]10^{22}[/tex].
To calculate K_c from K_p, we use the formula: K_p = K_c[tex]RT^{Δn}[/tex], Where R is the gas constant (0.0821 L atm/mol K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (457 K), and Δn is the change in the number of moles of gas (2 - 3 = -1).
First, we need to convert K_p to K_c by solving for K_c:
K_p = 1.3 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex]
K_c = K_p / [tex]RT^{Δn}[/tex]
K_c = 1.3 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] / [tex][(0.0821)(457)]^{-1}[/tex]
K_c = 4.02 x [tex]10^22}[/tex]
Therefore, K_c = 4.02 times [tex]10^22}[/tex].
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Using the ICE setup, calculate the pH of a buffer solution that is 0.050 M in benzoic acid (HC7H5O2) and 0.150 M in sodium benzoate (NaC7H5O2). For benzoic acid, Ka=6.5 x 10-5.
Best Answer
Using the ICE setup, the pH of the buffer solution that is 0.050 M in benzoic acid and 0.150 M in sodium benzoate is 2.83.
To calculate the pH of the buffer solution, we will use the ICE setup:
I: Initial concentration
C: Change in concentration
E: Equilibrium concentration
HC₇H₅O₂ + H₂O ⇌ C₇H₅O₂⁻ + H₃O⁺
I: [HC₇H₅O₂] = 0.050 M
[C₇H₅O₂⁻] = 0 M (since it is the salt of a weak acid, we assume it fully dissociates)
[H₃O⁺] = 0 M
C: Let x be the concentration of [H₃O⁺] formed
[HC₇H₅O₂] decreases by x
[C₇H₅O₂⁻] increases by x
E: [HC₇H₅O₂] = 0.050 - x
[C₇H₅O₂⁻] = 0.150 + x
[H₃O⁺] = x
Now we can use the equilibrium constant expression for benzoic acid:
Ka = [C₇H₅O₂⁻][H₃O⁺]/[HC₇H₅O₂]
Solving for x:
Ka = (0.150 + x)(x)/(0.050 - x)
6.5 x 10⁻⁵ = (0.150x + x²)/(0.050 - x)
x^2 + 0.150x - 3.25 x 10⁻⁴ = 0
Using the quadratic formula, we get:
x = 1.47 x 10⁻³ M
Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution is:
pH = -log[H₃O⁺] = -log(1.47 x 10⁻³) = 2.83.
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at a particular instant, a proton at the origin has velocity < 4e4, -3e4, 0> m/s. you need to calculate the magnetic field at location < 0.04, 0.06, 0 > m, due to the moving proton.
The magnetic field due to the moving proton at the point <0.04, 0.06, 0> m is 1.348 x 10⁻ ¹⁴T.
How to calculate the magnetic field at a particular location due to a moving proton?To calculate the magnetic field at a point due to a moving proton, we can use the Biot-Savart Law, which gives the magnetic field at a point P due to a current element dl at a point Q:
dB = (μ0/4π) x (Idl x r) /[tex]r^3[/tex]
where dB is the magnetic field at P, I is the current, dl is the current element at Q, r is the distance from Q to P, and μ0 is the permeability of free space.
In this case, the proton is moving, so we need to use the expression for the magnetic field due to a moving charge, which is given by:
dB = (μ0/4π) x (qv x r) /[tex]r^3[/tex]
where q is the charge of the particle, v is its velocity, and r is the distance from the particle to the point of interest.
To calculate the magnetic field at the given point <0.04, 0.06, 0> m, we need to find the distance from the proton to that point, which is:
r = sqrt[(0.04-0)² + (0.06-0)² + (0-0)²] = 0.08 m
The velocity of the proton is given as <4e4, -3e4, 0> m/s. So, the velocity vector is:
v = 4e4 i - 3e4 j + 0 k m/s
where i, j, and k are the unit vectors along the x, y, and z axes, respectively.
The charge of a proton is q = 1.602 x 10⁻ ¹⁹C, and the permeability of free space is μ0 = 4π x 10[tex]^-7[/tex] Tm/A.
Substituting all the values, we get:
dB = (4π x 10[tex]^-7[/tex] Tm/A) x (1.602 x 10⁻ ¹⁹C) x (4e4 i - 3e4 j + 0 k) x (0.04 i + 0.06 j) / (0.08)[tex]^3[/tex] = 1.348 x 10⁻ ¹⁴T
The magnetic field due to the moving proton at the point <0.04, 0.06, 0> m is 1.348 x 10⁻ ¹⁴T.
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Determine the [OH−] , pH, and pOH of a solution with a [H+] of 8.6×10−5 M at 25 °C.
[OH−]=
MpH=
pOH=
The [OH−] is approximately 1.16 × 10^−10 M, the pH is approximately 4.07, and the pOH is approximately 9.93.
How to determine the concentration of a solution?To determine the [OH−], pH, and pOH of a solution with a [H+] (hydonium ion) of 8.6×10^−5 M at 25 °C, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the [OH−]:
Use the ion product constant of water (Kw) equation: Kw = [H+] × [OH−]
At 25 °C, Kw = 1.0 × 10^−14
Rearrange the equation to solve for [OH−]: [OH−] = Kw / [H+]
[OH−] = (1.0 × 10^−14) / (8.6 × 10^−5)
[OH−] ≈ 1.16 × 10^−10 M
2. Calculate the pH:
Use the pH formula: pH = -log[H+]
pH = -log(8.6 × 10^−5)
pH ≈ 4.07
3. Calculate the pOH:
Use the pOH formula: pOH = -log[OH−]
pOH = -log(1.16 × 10^−10)
pOH ≈ 9.93
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The following reaction has H° = 250.1 kJ/mol and AS = 333.3 J/mol K. CH4 (g) + H2O(g) -> CO(g) + 3H2(g) a. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? b. Is the reaction spontaneous or nonspontaneous at room temperature (298 K)? c. Is Keq for the reaction <1, 1, or >1?
The reaction, CH4 (g) + H2O(g) -> CO(g) + 3H2(g), is: (a)endothermic (b) nonspontaneous (c) Keq is <1
CH4 (g) + H2O(g) -> CO(g) + 3H2(g)
a. The reaction is endothermic because H° is positive (250.1 kJ/mol).
b. To determine whether the reaction is spontaneous or nonspontaneous at room temperature (298 K), we need to calculate the change in free energy (ΔG) using the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where T is the temperature in Kelvin.
ΔG = 250.1 kJ/mol - (298 K)(333.3 J/mol K/1000 J/kJ) = 250.1 kJ/mol - 99.4 kJ/mol = 150.7 kJ/mol
Since ΔG is positive, the reaction is nonspontaneous at room temperature (298 K).
c. To determine whether Keq for the reaction is <1, 1, or >1, we can use the equation ΔG° = -RTln(Keq), where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol K) and ΔG° is the standard free energy change.
ΔG° = -RTln(Keq) Substituting the given values, we get: 250.1 kJ/mol = -(8.314 J/mol K)(298 K)ln(Keq)
Solving for Keq, we get Keq = e^(-250.1 kJ/mol / (8.314 J/mol K * 298 K)) = 1.09 x 10^-19
Since Keq is much less than 1, we can conclude that the reaction strongly favors the reactants and only a very small amount of product will be formed at equilibrium.
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a solution is prepared using the butyric acid/butyrate (c4h8o2/c4h8o2-) acid base pair. the ratio of acid to base is 2.2 and ka for butyric acid is 1.54 x 10-5. what is the ph of the solution?
The pH of the prepared solution is approximately 4.47.
To determine the pH of a solution prepared using the butyric acid/butyrate (C₄H₈O₂/C₄H₈O₂⁻) acid-base pair with a ratio of acid to the base of 2.2 and a Ka for butyric acid of 1.54 x 10^-5, follow these steps:
1. Write down the given values:
- Acid/Base ratio = 2.2
- Ka = 1.54 x 10^-5
2. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log₁₀([Base]/[Acid])
3. Calculate the pKa from the given Ka:
pKa = -log₁₀(Ka) = -log₁₀(1.54 x 10^-5) ≈ 4.81
4. Substitute the given ratio of acid to base into the equation:
[Base] = 1 (let the concentration of base be 1)
[Acid] = 2.2 (the concentration of acid is 2.2 times the base concentration)
5. Plug these values and the pKa into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = 4.81 + log₁₀(1/2.2)
6. Calculate the pH:
pH ≈ 4.81 - 0.34 ≈ 4.47
Therefore, the pH of the solution is approximately 4.47.
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which one of the following molecules would you expect to be polar? a. cbr4 b. scl6 c. cs2 ascl3 d. becl2
The polarity of a molecule depends on the electronegativity difference between the atoms in the molecule and the molecular geometry.
a. CBr4 (carbon tetrabromide) has a tetrahedral molecular geometry, with four bromine atoms surrounding a central carbon atom. Bromine is more electronegative than carbon, but since the four bromine atoms are arranged symmetrically around the carbon atom, the electronegativity difference cancels out and the molecule is nonpolar.
b. SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) has an octahedral molecular geometry, with six fluorine atoms surrounding a central sulfur atom. Fluorine is more electronegative than sulfur, but since the six fluorine atoms are arranged symmetrically around the sulfur atom, the electronegativity difference cancels out and the molecule is nonpolar.
c. CS2 (carbon disulfide) has a linear molecular geometry, with two sulfur atoms flanking a central carbon atom. The electronegativity difference between sulfur and carbon is not enough to create a dipole moment in the molecule, and since the molecule is linear and symmetrical, it is nonpolar.
d. AsCl3 (arsenic trichloride) has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry, with three chlorine atoms surrounding a central arsenic atom. Arsenic is less electronegative than chlorine, so there is a net dipole moment in the molecule and it is polar.
e. BeCl2 (beryllium chloride) has a linear molecular geometry, with two chlorine atoms flanking a central beryllium atom. Beryllium is less electronegative than chlorine, but since there are no lone pairs on the central atom and the molecule is linear and symmetrical, the electronegativity difference cancels out and the molecule is nonpolar.
Therefore, the polar molecule among the options given is AsCl3.
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why should you not change solvents abruptly when running a column
To maintain column performance and achieve the desired separation, it is essential to change solvents gradually during a column chromatography run. This will help prevent sample loss, ensure optimal resolution, maintain column efficiency, avoid irreversible adsorption, and enhance the reproducibility of your results.
You should not change solvents abruptly when running a column for the following reasons:
1. Sample Loss: A sudden change in solvent polarity can cause the compounds in your sample to elute too quickly, leading to poor separation, overlapping peaks, and ultimately, sample loss.
2. Resolution Degradation: Gradual solvent changes ensure better resolution between compounds by maintaining a consistent elution profile. Abrupt changes can lead to broadened peaks and reduced resolution.
3. Column Efficiency: A sudden change in solvent can disrupt the equilibrium between the stationary and mobile phases, which is essential for proper separation. This can reduce column efficiency and compromise the overall performance of the column chromatography process.
4. Irreversible Adsorption: When you change solvents abruptly, some compounds may adsorb strongly to the stationary phase, making them difficult to elute. This can lead to irreversible adsorption, affecting both the current and future runs on the column.
5. Reproducibility: Consistent results are important in chromatography. Abrupt solvent changes can make it difficult to achieve reproducible results, which may be critical for quality control or research purposes.
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A student performs an experiment to determine the concentration of a solution of hypochlorous acid, HOCI (Ka= 3.5x10^-8). The student starts with 25.00ml of the acid in a flask and titrates it against a standardized solution of sodium hydroxide with a concentration of 1.47M. The equivalence point is reached after the addition of 34.23 ml of NaOH. a. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in the flask. b. what is the concentration of the HOCI? c. What would the pH of the solution in the flask be after the addition of 28.55ml of NaOH? d. The actual concentration of the HOCI is 2.25M. Quantitatively discuss whether or not each of the following errors could have caused the error in the student's results. i) the student added additional NaOH past the equivalence point. ii) The student rinsed the buret with distilled water but not with the NaOH solution before filling it with NaOH iii) The student measured the volume of acid incorrectly; instead of adding 25.00ml of HOCI, only 24.00ml was present in the flask prior to titration.
The most likely source of error in this experiment is the potential for adding additional NaOH past the equivalence point, which would result in an overestimation of the concentration of HOCI.
a. The net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in the flask is: HOCI + OH- -> OCI- + H2O
b. To find the concentration of HOCI, we first need to determine the number of moles of NaOH used. Using the formula M1V1 = M2V2, we can calculate the number of moles of NaOH:
M1 = 1.47M (concentration of NaOH)
V1 = 34.23 ml (volume of NaOH used)
M2 = unknown (concentration of HOCI)
V2 = 25.00 ml (initial volume of HOCI)
Solving for M2, we get:
M2 = (M1V1)/V2 = (1.47M x 34.23 ml)/25.00 ml = 2.01M
Therefore, the concentration of HOCI is 2.01M.
c. After the addition of 28.55 ml of NaOH, the total volume of the solution in the flask is:
25.00 ml + 28.55 ml = 53.55 ml
Using the same formula as in part b, we can calculate the concentration of the remaining HOCI:
M1 = 1.47M (concentration of NaOH)
V1 = 28.55 ml (volume of NaOH used)
M2 = unknown (concentration of HOCI)
V2 = 25.00 ml (initial volume of HOCI)
M2 = (M1V1)/V2 = (1.47M x 28.55 ml)/25.00 ml = 1.68M
To find the pH, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
where pKa = -log(Ka) = -log(3.5x10^-8) = 7.455, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (OCI-) and [HA] is the concentration of the acid (HOCI).
At the equivalence point, all of the HOCI has been converted to OCI-, so [A-] = 2.01M.
After the addition of 28.55 ml of NaOH, we have 25.00 ml of HOCI and 28.55 ml of NaOH, which will react completely to form 28.55 ml of OCI-. Using the same formula as before, we can calculate the concentration of OCI-:
M1 = 1.47M (concentration of NaOH)
V1 = 28.55 ml (volume of NaOH used)
M2 = unknown (concentration of OCI-)
V2 = 25.00 ml (initial volume of HOCI)
M2 = (M1V1)/V2 = (1.47M x 28.55 ml)/25.00 ml = 1.68M
Therefore, [A-] = 1.68M.
Substituting into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, we get:
pH = 7.455 + log(1.68/2.01) = 7.198
Therefore, the pH of the solution in the flask after the addition of 28.55 ml of NaOH is 7.198.
d. i) If the student added additional NaOH past the equivalence point, this would result in an overestimation of the concentration of HOCI. Since the equivalence point was reached after the addition of 34.23 ml of NaOH, any additional NaOH added would react with the excess HOCI or OCI- in the solution, leading to an overestimation of the concentration of HOCI.
ii) If the student rinsed the buret with distilled water but not with the NaOH solution before filling it with NaOH, this could result in a lower concentration of NaOH being used in the titration, leading to an underestimation of the concentration of HOCI.
iii) If the student measured the volume of acid incorrectly and only added 24.00 ml of HOCI instead of 25.00 ml, this would result in an overestimation of the concentration of HOCI. The calculated concentration of HOCI would be based on the assumption that 25.00 ml of acid was present, so a lower volume would lead to a higher calculated concentration.
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enter your answer in the provided box. calculate the rate constant at 225°c for a reaction that has a rate constant of 8.1 × 10−4 s−1 at 95°c and an activation energy of 97.0 kj/mol.
To calculate the rate constant at 225°C for a reaction with a given rate constant at 95°C and an activation energy, we can use the Arrhenius equation, which relates the rate constant (k) of a reaction to the temperature (T), the activation energy (Ea), and the gas constant (R).
The Arrhenius equation is given by:
[tex]k = Ae^{(-Ea/RT)[/tex]
where:
k = rate constant
A = pre-exponential factor (also known as the frequency factor)
Ea = activation energy
R = gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K) or 0.008314 kJ/(mol·K))
T = temperature in Kelvin
First, we need to convert the given temperatures from Celsius to Kelvin:
[tex]95^\circ C + 273.15 = 368.15 K[/tex]
[tex]225 ^\circ C + 273.15 = 498.15 K[/tex]
Next, we can plug in the values into the Arrhenius equation and solve for the rate constant (k) at 225°C:
k1 = [tex]8.1 * 10^{(-4)} s^{-1[/tex] (given rate constant at 95°C)
Ea = 97.0 kJ/mol (given activation energy)
R = 0.008314 kJ/(mol·K) (gas constant)
T1 = 368.15 K (temperature at 95°C)
T2 = 498.15 K (temperature at 225°C)
k2 = ?
Using the Arrhenius equation:
[tex]k2 = k1 * e^{(-Ea/RT_2)[/tex]
[tex]k2 = 8.1 * 10^{(-4)} * e^{-97.0 / (0.008314 * 498.15)}[/tex]
[tex]k2 = 8.1 * 10^{(-4) }* e^{-0.1952[/tex]
[tex]k2 = 8.1 *10^{(-4)} * 0.8224[/tex]
[tex]k2 \approx6.724 * 10^{-4} s^{-1[/tex]
So, the rate constant at 225°C for the given reaction is approximately [tex]6.724 * 10^{-4} s^{-1[/tex]
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