The correct sequence of events for activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen is recognition of antigen, fragmentation, binding and secretion.
The process can be understood as firstly immunoglobulin receptors on the B cell recognize and bind with the antigen, secondly an antigen fragment in complex with MHC class 2 is displayed on the B cell's surface, thirdly the MHC-antigen complex binds a receptor on a TH cell and finally the TH cell secretes cytokines that activate the B cell. B-cells are the antibody producing cells that produce antigen specific immunoglobin molecule to fight against the pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. These B-cells are found in bone marrow of an individual. Lesser number of B-cells in the body makes it prone to infections as the immune system gets weak. T cells are the types of white blood cells primarily involved in directly killing of infected host cells, activating other immune cells, producing cytokines and regulating the immune response.
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which of the following dna mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies? a. a base-pair deletion b. a codon deletion c. a codon substitution d. a point mutation e. a substitution in the last base of a codon
The base-pair deletion dna mutations is the most likely to be damaging to the protein it specifies.
What is DNA mutation?A mutation is a change in an organism's DNA sequence. Mutations can occur as a result of mistakes in DNA replication during cell division, mutagen exposure, or viral infection. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease are all caused by hereditary mutations. Other mutations can occur on their own during a person's life. These are referred to as sporadic, spontaneous, or novel mutations. They only have an effect on a subset of cells. In gametes, germline mutations arise. Other cells in the body experience somatic mutations. Chromosomal changes are mutations that modify the structure of the chromosome. Point mutations affect only one nucleotide.
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Which statement below best summarizes how G Protein Coupled Receptors function?
Group of answer choices
a. Ligand binding to the associated G protein will initiate the conversion of energy from GTP to GDP, thus activating the GPCR leading to a cellular response
b. Ligand binding to GPCR will activate an associated enzyme allowing for amplification of the signal leading to a cellular response
c. Ligand binding to the intracellular side of the GPCR will activate the associated G protein causing GTP to be converted to GDP thus allowing for amplification of the signal and a cellular response
d. Ligand binding to the extracellular side of the GPCR will inactivate the associated G protein causing GDP to be converted to GTP thus allowing for amplification of the signal and a cellular response
The statement below which best summarizes how G Protein coupled receptors function is that Ligand binding to the intracellular side of the GPCR will activate the associated G protein causing GTP to be converted to GDP thus allowing for amplification of the signal and a cellular response and is denoted as option C.
What is Ligand?This is referred to as an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
G Protein coupled receptors function by the signal present on the outside of the cell leads to a change on the inside of the cell via the ligand binding in which the associated G protein is activated causing GTP to be converted to GDP.
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Why are soft-bodied organisms less likely to leave a fossil trace than hard-bodied organisms?.
Soft-bodied organisms are less likely to leave a fossil trace than hard-bodied organisms because soft body parts are less likely to be preserved (compared to, for example, shells, bones, and teeth).
What are fossils?Fossils are the remains of a prehistoric animal or plant, that turned into rock over ten thousand to million years. Paleontology is the study of fossils.
Generally, there are several ways that an organism's remains can be fossilized: buried in sediment or preserved in ice, tar, or amber. The environment affects the formation of fossils as well. An environment that can break down dead organism easily (like a rainforest) prevent fossilization from happening.
Soft body parts are less likely to be preserved because they're generally more susceptible to decomposition. Hard body parts (such as bones, shells, or teeth) are harder to decompose and to destroy, thus more likely to be preserved.(like bones, shells, or teeth) are less likely to be destroyed and more likely to be preserved.
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modifications to chromatin can affect transcriptional activity by changing the accessibility of dna to the transcription machinery. the given descriptions are examples of various processes that may or may not cause remodeling of chromatin. match each description to the effect it has on transcriptional activity caused by chromatin remodeling.
Modifications to chromatin can affect transcriptional activity by changing the accessibility of DNA to the transcription machineryProkaryotic gene regulation:
Chromatin is the complicated genomic DNA with proteins referred to as histones, where every histone-bound DNA molecule is called a chromosome. but, chromatin now not handiest compacts the genome into the nucleus, but is also the mechanism controlling how the genome is examined from cellular to cell.
When the cell isn't dividing, the strands of DNA are known as chromatin and in mitosis after replication, the chromosomes have two chromatids. Chromatin is the indistinguishable mass of DNA molecules whereas chromatids are part of chromosomes connected to it with a centromere.
Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to shape chromosomes. Chromatin makes it feasible for some mobile processes to occur such as DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and mobile department. humans regularly confuse these three phrases: chromatin, chromosome, and chromatid.
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What is dna sequence that serves as a recognition and recruitment site for transcription factors & rna polymerase?.
The RNA polymerase enzyme is a large complex made up of multiple subunits1. The prokaryotic form of RNA polymerase has 4 subunits able to transcribing all types of RNA. In eukaryotes, these enzymes have 8 or greater subunits that facilitate the attachment and processing of DNA at some stage in transcription.
All eukaryotes have 3 special RNA polymerases (RNAPs) which transcribe exceptional kinds of genes. RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA genes, RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA genes, and RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA and 5S rRNA genes.
RNA polymerase binds to a chain of DNA known as the promoter, found close to the start of a gene. each gene (or group of co-transcribed genes, in micro organism) has its personal promoter. as soon as bound, RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands, imparting the unmarried-stranded template wished for transcription.
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9.Anhidrosis is the inability to sweat normally. If the human body cannot sweat properly, it cannot cool itself, which is potentially harmful. Anhidrosis most directly interferes with
A) a feedback mechanism that maintains homeostasis
B) an immune system response to harmless antigens
C) the synthesis of hormones in the circulatory system
D) the enzymatic breakdown of water in cells
Anhidrosis directly disrupts a feedback system that maintains homeostasis.
How anhidrosis interferes with homeostasis?When ones sweat glands don't work properly, one have anhidrosis. This can be due to a congenital problem or a disorder that impacts our nerves or skin. Anhidrosis can also result from dehydration. It's not always possible to identify the cause of anhidrosis. This is because homeostasis, which is the capacity to maintain one's internal environment, prevents a person with anhidrosis from sweating and allowing their body to cool. Because negative feedback has the power to alter the response to a stimulus and prevent it from continuing, it has an impact on the negative feedback system that maintains homeostasis. The body reaches a point when it is unable to cool itself because to a loss in its capacity to react to heat stimuli.
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In a body of water, a fish remains at a constant depth while motionless. In the same body of water, a person sinks while motionless. Why? more than one answer may be true.
A fish can float at a fixed depth because its body is denser than the water it is travelling through.
The body of a fish is crammed with organs, including a swim bladder that is gas-filled. The swim bladder of a fish aids in regulating its swimming depth and buoyancy. A person will sink if they stay in the water because their body weight is less dense than water. Since water makes up the majority of our bodies, we can float in it. However, when we stop moving, the water pushes against us, and we start to float.
A person has a higher density than a fish because the latter moves less water than the former due to its greater mass and volume. Additionally, a person weighs more than a fish.
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order the following events from first to last in initiation of translation in prokaryotes.
1) 16S rRNA base pairs with the Shine-Dalgarno sequence
2) Initiator tRNA charged with fMet binds the P site on the 30S
3) 30S subunit binds near 5' end of mRNA
4) 50S subunit binds the 30S subunit
Answer:
Not sure but I think the answer is C. Don't quote me on it.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ___________, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from _____________.
During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from light whereas in cellular respiration it comes from NADH/FADH2.
What source of energy does photosynthesis and cellular respiration use?The primary goal of photosynthesis is to transform solar radiation into chemical energy that can be used to produce food. The process of breaking down sugar in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) releases energy in the form of ATP.
What direction does photosynthesis pump protons in?the source of the electrons: photosynthesis uses H2O while oxidative phosphorylation uses NADH/FADH2. the chloroplasts' thylakoid space as opposed to outside the mitochondrion's matrix is the direction of proton pumping.
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most adolescents function at which of kohlberg's levels of morality?
Answer: Conventional morality
Explanation: is the second stage of moral development, and is characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong. At the conventional level (most adolescents and adults), we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
A test cross was performed on a pea plant to determine its genotype. The offspring from the test cross were 50 percent green, round seeds and 50 percent green, wrinkled seeds, What is the genotype of the pea plant in question?
Answer: The pea plant is heterozygous.
Explanation:
Since a test cross is performed on a subject that's displaying a dominant trait, you must cross it with a subject that has two recessive alleles. If all of the offspring are the same, then the genotype of the parent is two dominant alleles, because when doing a test cross, you'd have one dominant and one recessive allele for each offspring.
When you have a parent that is heterozygous, their dominant allele will pair with each recessive allele of the homozygous recessive plant and then the recessive allele of the parent will pair with each recessive allele of the homozygous recessive plant, thus giving you a 50/50 or 1:1 ratio. So if the genotype was signified as G, the pea plant would have the genotype Gg.
the basic functional unit of the liver is the
The basic functional unit of the liver is the lobule.
What are Lobules?
Hepatic lobules are the minute, thin, profusely branched septa-like trabeculae that extend inwards from the Glisson's capsule and divide each liver lobe into polyhedral units. These are the structural and functional units of the liver.
What are the functions of lobules in the liver?
Each lobule is made up of numerous liver cells, called hepatocytes, that line up in radiating rows. Between each row are sinusoids. These small blood vessels diffuse oxygen and nutrients through their capillary walls into the liver cells.
Thus, the functional unit of the liver is the lobule.
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If you were Henrietta's great-grandchild, and you could go back in time, what would you tell her?
Answer:
Explanation:
What would YOU tell her simple question ask her anything at all like how was life or the family or how she understood life er somthing.
As part of his voyage on the beagle, darwin spent about 5 weeks off the coast of ecuador making observations on the?.
As part of his voyage on the beagle, Darwin spent about 5 weeks off the coast of Ecuador making observations on the Galapagos island.
Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist. He gained popularity for his contribution towards evolutionary biology. He put forward the Theory of Evolution. He is most famous for this concept of natural selection.
Galapagos Island are the volcanic islands. These are famous due to the study carried out by the Darwin on the finches that lived over there. He studies these finches and gave the theory of evolution. The location of the island is on each side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean.
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How are the dna replication products visualized during the sanger method of dna sequencing?.
The DNA replication products visualized during the sanger method of DNA sequencing are observed in which nucleotides are added.
Sanger sequencing is based on the process of DNA replication. A scientist creates a copy of his DNA strand. Then observe which nucleotides have been added. This way you can see the sequence of nucleotides. A laser excites the fluorescent labels in each band and a computer detects the resulting light.
Sanger sequencing produces extension products of various lengths ending in dideoxynucleotides at the 3' ends. Extension products are separated by capillary electrophoresis or CE. Molecules are injected by an electric current into a long glass capillary filled with gel polymer. Selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerases during in vitro DNA replication.
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This is often done using a denaturing polyacrylamide urea gel, with four reactions each run in one of the four lanes (lanes A, T, G, C). The DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light and the DNA sequence can be read directly from the X-ray film or gel image.
In automated Sanger sequencing, a computer sequentially reads each band on a capillary gel and uses fluorescence to determine the identity of each terminal d dNTP. In essence, a laser excites the fluorescent labels in each band and a computer detects the resulting emitted light.
Sanger sequencing produces extension products of variable length that terminate in dideoxy nucleotides at the 3' ends. Extension products are separated by capillary electrophoresis or CE. Molecules are injected by an electric current into a long glass capillary filled with gel polymer.
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as fragment area size increases, the number of infected ticks per acre decreases. the number of infected ticks in a fragment size of 30 acres will be less than the number of infected ticks in a fragment size of 16 acres. there are over three times more infected ticks in the smallest fragments (1.2 - 6.3 acres) compared to the number of infected ticks in the second smallest fragments (6.4 - 11.1 acres). a decrease in the fragment area size causes more ticks to be infected there.
One method of preventing Lyme disease involves using acaricides on mice, deer, or other animals to reduce the amount of ticks.
What causes tick populations to rise?Ticks, land development, and climate change. Numerous spider species' tick habitats are likely expanding as a result of climate change. Because ticks are exotherms, which means that they don't maintain constant internal temperatures like mammals and birds, it may have an impact on the range of ticks.
How can ticks get sick?If ticks consume infected creatures like mice and other mammals, they may become affected themselves. When an infected tick bites a human and remains attached for a while, the disease may be transmitted.
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Which group of plants are responsible for pollen production during the allergy season?
Answer:
There are trees, grasses and weeds
Explanation:
Environmentalists are hoping to protect endangered organisms by calling for a reduction in the use of pesticides. With fewer pesticides in use, environmentalists argue that fewer endangered species would become extinct, and the loss of these organisms could be prevented. What impact would the loss of and endangered species have on the environment?.
Environmental Impacts
With a hierarchy of prey and predators that control population growth, ecosystems are carefully balanced. Species that become extinct are removed from the food chain. Animals that consumed the recently extinct species must discover alternative food sources or risk going hungry.
The populations of other plants or animals may suffer as a result. Additionally, if a predator goes extinct, the population of its prey may increase, tipping the balance of nearby ecosystems.
Effects on People
Humans and endangered creatures must coexist in the same ecosystem. That implies that human existence will change if a species' population is declining. For instance, when the American bison population started to decline, people who depended on its meat or fur for warmth or trade suffered and had to turn to alternative sources of nutrition and revenue.
Economic Repercussions
The endangered honey bee is an illustration of how the economy is dependent on specific species. Bee numbers have decreased significantly in recent years, by more than 60% in the United States since 1947.
Bees pollinate a wide variety of plant species, including those that make up a large portion of the average person's diet. The U.S. Department of Agriculture values bee pollination highly, valuing it at billions of dollars annually to the economy.
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Which of the following will not increase cardiac output?
a. increase venous return b.increase sympathetic activity C.increasing parasympathetic activity D. increasing blood volume E. increasing intracellular calcium in contractile cells
Increasing parasympathetic activity will not increase cardiac output.
Cardiac output is measured in liters per minute and is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). HR is most commonly defined as the number of heartbeats per minute. SV is the volume of blood ejected during ventricular contraction or each heartbeat.
Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is determined by dividing the stroke volume by the heart rate.
In calm "rest and digest" situations, the parasympathetic nervous system predominates, whereas the sympathetic nervous system drives the "fight or flight" response in stressful situations. The primary function of the PNS is to conserve energy for later use and to regulate bodily functions such as digestion and urination.
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Where is the cranial ganglia?
Answer:
along the roots of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus) as they enter the brain stem.
Explanation:
Cranial Ganglia is analogous to the dorsal root ganglion, except that it is associated with a cranial nerve, instead of a spinal nerve (associated with the spinal cord).
Where are the cranial ganglia?
The CG are located along the roots of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus) as they enter the brain stem.
How many cranial ganglia are there?
23 pairs of ganglia can be found.
What is the function of the ganglia?
Movement. The basal ganglia are a key part of the network of brain cells and nerves that control your body's voluntary movements. They can approve or reject movement signals that your brain sends, filtering out unnecessary or incorrect signals.
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Which terms best describe the class of questions that insel and young were addressing when they studied the effect of antidiuretic hormone on monogamous voles by experimentally increasing the number of receptors in the brain?.
Proximate, mechanistic terms best describe the class of questions that Insel and young were addressing when they studied the effect of antidiuretic hormone.
The occurrence that is nearest to or directly accountable for the impact observed is known as the proximate cause. On the other hand, the "actual" cause of an event is sometimes seen as a more significant ultimate cause (also known as a distal cause).
The physiology of behavior is the mechanism. This was referred to as "causation" by Tinbergen. These are the mechanical explanations for the operation of particular physiological traits in animals and how those traits affect behavior. Identifying the hormones and neurotransmitters that affect behavior is one way to do this.
The study of ontogeny examines how behavior changes throughout an animal's lifetime. The word "innate" does not mean "taught," but rather "naturally occurring."
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the sexual orientation of the mother does not necessarily affect the psychosexual development of children. true or false
True, sexual orientation of mother doesn't affect the psychosexual development of child.
What is psychosexual development?One of the first attempts to place psychology within the same scientific framework and technique as medicine was Freud's developmental theory on psychosexual development. Normative human sexual development was initially defined in order to achieve this union. Five separate stages of psychosexual maturation were identified by Freud. Each stage represents how the libido or instincts are focused on a particular part of the body (i.e., erogenous zones). One must move through each of the aforementioned psychosexual stages in order to develop into a fully-functional adult.
Each of the five stages has a corresponding age range, erogenous bodily location, and clinical fixation consequence according to Freudian psychosexual development theory:
Stage I: mouth, 0–1 year old.
Stage II: Bowel, and Bladder, 1-3 years old.
Age 3-6, phallic genitalia, stage III.
Stage IV: latency, dormant sexual desires, ages 6 to 12.
Stage V: 13–18 years old, mature sexual feelings in the genitalia.
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which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species?
While specialists only utilize a small number of resources to thrive, generalists use a wide variety of resources.
What do generalists and specialists do?Generalists can survive in a variety of environments and eat a variety of foods. On the other side, specialists have a more constrained diet and more stringent habitat requirements. An illustration of a generalist species is the raccoon (Procyon lotor).
What does a generalist look like in practice?Generalist species are those that can thrive in a wide range of habitats and consume a variety of foods. The archetypal example of such a generalist species is the raccoon. Their distribution encompasses all of Mexico and South America. They are omnivores and can survive on a variety of diets, including human waste.
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put the events of the cell cycle into chronological order. begin at the top with the events of the g1 phase.
1. chromosomes are replicated
2. Cell makes proteins for chromosome sorting and cell division
3. Cell grows and commits to divide
4. Cell completes mitosis and cytokinesis
Put the events of the cell cycle into chronological order. begin at the top with the events of the g1 phase. Cell makes proteins for chromosome sorting and cell division.
Chronological order is the order in which the activities befell, from first to final. this is the easiest pattern to put in writing and to comply with. example: It seemed like an everyday day whilst she got up that morning, however Lynda became about to embark at the worst. day of her life.
The equal is going for dates while you're putting things in chronological order – they may be organized from the latest and maximum recent one to the oldest one. think of it like taking place (or descending) a fixed of stairs - when you do so that you begin from a high vicinity and end up at a lower one.
With out a strong sense of chronology–of when activities occurred and in what temporal order–it's far impossible for college students to observe relationships amongst those occasions or to explain ancient causality. Chronology presents the intellectual scaffolding for organizing historic idea.
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what type of fossil forms when a buried organism decays or is dissolved, but the original shape is preserved in the sediment?
Mold is the imprint of organisms left on rocks. Creature remains are completely decomposed. The rock that fills the form resembles the original ruins. A fossil that forms in a mold is called a cast (pictured below).
Fossil fungi (multiple fungal fossils) A fossil that fills the interior and exterior of a dead organism with sediment, leaving no remains of the organism, only the shape and texture of the rock, indicating that there was organic matter there. . When animals die and their bodies decompose, they can leave traces in the sediment. When this trail fills with minerals from sediment or groundwater, it can harden and become a fossil. This fossil is called a cast fossil. Fossilized traces are called mold fossils.
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What is the term for an organism's ability to maintain constant internal conditions.
Homeostasis is the term for an organism's ability to maintain constant internal conditions.
Homeostasis is the process by which the organism maintains a stable internal environment. There are different physical and chemical parameters found within the body of an organism.
The organism maintains these parameters to keep the internal environment stable. This homeostasis is influenced by many factors like energy, fluids, electrolytes, nutrition, and immune response mediators.
Body temperature regulation is one example of homeostasis. Suppose a person is walking under a hot sun, he is exposed to heat.
This person's body temperature raises. This signal will be sent to the brain. In response, the brain will signal the blood vessels and sweat glands.
As a result, the blood vessels will dilate. And the sweat glands will produce sweat. Thereby, the body temperature decreases.
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Why is photosynthesis an important process to plants? What does this process do for all plants?
Photosynthesis is an important process for plants because it allows plants to convert sunlight into energy for them to use. Essentially, plants use photosynthesis to generate "food" for themselves.
which of the following is a result of the different angles of the suns ray?
The result of different angles of the sun's rays is: (4) the seasonal changes.
Sun is the centermost part of the solar system. It is actually a star that is nearest to the Earth and hence appears very large. It is a huge mass of fire. Various planets revolve around the sun and this is the reason for variations in day and night on Earth.
Seasonal change is the result of Earth's rotation around its own axis. When the half part of the earth faces towards the sun it is summer and the other side has winter. The angle at which the sunlight falls determines the intensity of warmth at that region.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which of the following is a result of the different angles of the sun's ray?
wind patternsthe composition of the interior of the earth.the existence of the moon. the seasonal changes.To know more about sun, here
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Answer: wind pattern
Explanation:
Contrast the methods that parasitic, saprophytic and mutualistic fungi use to obtain food
Parasitic fungi obtain food by living on or inside other organisms, which they feed on and often harm.
What is nutrient?Nutrients are substances that are essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of living organisms.
Parasitic fungi feed on and often harm other organisms by living on or inside them. They have specialised structures that allow them to enter the host organism's tissues and absorb nutrients directly from them.
Saprophytic fungi feed by decomposing dead organic matter such as fallen leaves or dead animals. They produce enzymes that degrade organic matter into simpler compounds that they can absorb and use for energy.
Mutualistic fungi get their food from other organisms through mutually beneficial relationships.
Thus, parasitic fungi obtain their food by living on or inside other organisms, saprophytic fungi break down dead organic matter to obtain nutrients, and mutualistic fungi form mutually beneficial relationships with other organisms to obtain food.
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compared to c3 plants, c4 plants group of answer choices do not use rubisco for carbon fixation can continue to fix co2 even at lower co2 concentrations and higher oxygen concentrations make a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, which is then delivered to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria have higher rates of photorespiration
Compared to c3 plants, c4 plants can continue to fix [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] even at relatively low [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] concentrations and high oxygen concentrations.
C4 plants get their name from the first product of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] fixation, oxaloacetate, which is formed by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by PEP carboxylase. The oxaloacetate is converted to other C4 acids (malate or aspartate) before being transported to the bundle sheath. Maize, sugarcane, pearl millet, sorghum, switchgrass, corn, and other C4 plants are examples.
C4 plants have the following characteristics: The distinction between light-dependent and light-independent processes. Carbon fixation (the process of using [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] to produce organic compounds) occurs in mesophyll cells. The Calvin cycle takes place in bundle sheath cells. The Hatch-Slack pathway is another name for the C4 pathway. It is one of three photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways discovered in plants.
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