The light reactions are the first phase of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. In phase I, water is used to transform solar energy into chemical energy, which is then stored in ATP and NADPH. As a waste product at this stage, oxygen is also released. In phase II, glucose is created by combining carbon dioxide with chemical energy from ATP and NADPH. In the cells of plants, organelles are called chloroplasts. In chloroplast contains grana are orderly stacks that are found in each chloroplast. Thylakoid membranes, which resemble sacs, make up the grana. Photosystems, which are collections of molecules that include the green pigment chlorophyll, are found in these membranes.
Hence, the light reaction in photosynthesis is used to create energy molecules.
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Which of the following kingdoms does not
include eukaryotes?
a. Protista
b. Bacteria
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
Answer:
Bacteria
Explanation:
Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, while animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes
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Why does the body use chemical energy?
They are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, which are then either reassembled and stored in various forms, such as glycogen, or consumed as energy. Chemical energy in food is essential for giving our bodies the fuel they require to keep us alive and active.
What is chemical energy ?Chemical energy is the energy that is released when chemical substances engage in a chemical reaction and change into other substances. Batteries, food, and gas are a few examples of chemical energy storage mediums.
Around the world, we generate heat and power using chemical energy. Methane, natural gas, oil, and petroleum are examples of fossil fuels that we burn to create steam that turns turbines to generate power. On a smaller scale, people also use these fuels to generate heat to warm up dwellings.
Energy is required by all living things, including humans, to power their metabolic processes of development, growth, and reproduction. However, light energy cannot be directly used by organisms for metabolic purposes. Instead, photosynthesis must first be used to transform it into chemical energy.
Thus, Chemical energy in food is essential for giving our bodies the fuel they require to keep us alive and active.
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What are the 3 types of selection for a polygenic trait?
3 types Natural selection on polygenic traits can have three effects on phenotypic distributions are Directional selection, Stabilizing selection, Disruptive selection.
What is Directional selection?Directional selection occurs when individuals in a population with traits on one side of the mean outlive or reproduce more than those on the other.Stabilizing selection:When natural selection favors an average phenotype and selects against extreme variations, stabilizing selection reduces a population's genetic variance.When a population is exposed to environmental changes, its genetic variance shifts toward a new phenotype.Hence, 3 types of selection for a polygenic trait are Directional selection, Stabilizing selection, Disruptive selection.
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blood is a fluid made up of several different parts. what level of structural organization best describes blood?
Blood is a fluid composed of numerous components. The tissue level of structural organization best describes blood.
In any multicellular organism, cells rarely work alone. Cells that are similar in structure and function are usually joined together to form tissues. Tissues are the second level of organization. Bone cells in your body from bone tissue, a strong solid tissue that gives you shape and support.
Blood cells in your body are part of blood tissue, a liquid tissue responsible for transporting food and oxygen throughout the body. Tissues are further organized in organs, the third level of organization in living things.
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Answer these questions
Wind spreads the drumstick seed's seeds (anemochory). Drumstick plant bears winged seeds as a result.
What are the agents through which seeds are dispersed?Sunflowers there are several ways to spread seeds. The wind may spread some seeds, as those of maple trees the furry seeds.
Water disperses the coconut seeds because they have a fibrous or spongy outer shell that floats on water.
Water helps spread lotus seeds. The seeds of the lotus plant fall to the water's surface and are carried away by the water's flow since the lotus plant is aquatic.
Therefore, when a dried seed pod is present on poppies. The seeds in these pods, which have tiny pores at the top, are dispersed by the wind shaking the pods.
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The basic structure of a virus consists of?
The simplest virus is made up of two fundamental parts: a nucleic acid and a protein shell called a capsid. The capsid serves as a shell to protect the viral genome from nucleases and binds the virion to specific receptors on the potential host cell during infection.
What is the structure of a virus made up of?A virus is composed of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, that is encased in a protein-based capsid that serves as its protective covering. The envelope, a second spikey coat, is occasionally present around the capsid. Viruses have the ability to attach to host cells and enter them.
The genetic material that makes up a virus particle is contained inside a capsid, which is a protein shell. A virus's genetic material, or genome, can be either circular or linear and can be made up of single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA.
They lack cytoplasm and other cellular organelles because they are acellular. They require the metabolic apparatus of the host cell to proliferate because they have no independent metabolism.
Thus, The simplest virus is made up of two fundamental parts: a nucleic acid and a protein shell called a capsid.
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What is another word for atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis, also called "hardening of the arteries," occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of your arteries.
Arteriosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis in which abnormalities called lesions occur in the walls of arteries. Due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques, these lesions can lead to strictures. There are usually no symptoms in the early stages, but when symptoms do occur, they usually appear in middle age. Depending on which artery is affected, it can lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney problems.
Atherosclerosis usually begins in childhood and worsens with age. Nearly everyone is affected to some extent when they turn 65. It is the leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. Because arteries dilate at all plaque sites, blood flow remains unaffected and atherosclerosis remains asymptomatic for decades.
Peripheral arteries that supply blood to the legs, arms, and pelvis are also severely narrowed by plaque tears or blood clots. Numbness and pain in the arms and legs are symptoms of contractions.
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a car owner decides to leave his car outside on a cold winter day. the next morning, the driver noticed ice on the windshield, a product of deposition. choose the best reason explaining this phenomenon. what happened?
Deposition occurs when water vapor in the air turns into a solid and is deposited onto a surface. When the air temperature is below the freezing point of water, any water vapor that comes into contact with a surface will freeze. In this case, the water vapor in the air likely condensed onto the cold surface of the windshield and froze, forming ice. So your anwser is deposition!
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mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor (fgfr) gene results in achondroplasia (dwarfism), which is a dominant condition caused by a single base substitution (ggg>agg) that changes the amino acid glycine at position 480 to arginine (g480r) in the fgfr protein. normally, fgfr is active when fgf binds to it and inhibits excessive bone growth, but the mutant fgfr is constantly active even when fgf is not bound to it. how can gene therapy be attempted to treat achondroplasia?
The gene therapy can be attempted to treat achondroplasia is by RNAi that knocks down the mutant FGFR expression, Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector that carries the wild-type FGFR and CRISPR with the wild-type FGFR donor DNA.
Gene therapy is a cutting-edge method for treating or preventing genetic illnesses. Correction of the specific DNA sequence would repair the protein, curing the disease since mutant DNA in genetic diseases codes for mutant proteins.
Gene therapy can make advantage of RNA interference. By blocking the production of the proteins that the genes code for, it is a method for "silencing" genes. It is a form of gene therapy that utilizes the transition between DNA and protein.
AAV-mediated gene targeting refers to the homologous recombination process through which AAV vectors can integrate. Thus, this vector that carries the wild-type FGFR can be incorporated into the achondroplasia patient.
Using the gene-editing tool CRISPR/Cas9, it is possible to add, remove, or modify a specific section of a gene's DNA sequence. Thus, the damaged section of the mutant FGFR's DNA can be removed using this technique.
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Summarize in your own words how acid rain affects an aquatint environment
Answer:
The ecological effects of acid rain are in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes prove destructive to fish and other wildlife. Acid rain seeps into the soil, and harbors aluminum from soil clay particles that flow directly into streams or lakes. Acid rain affects aquatic environments in this way, because it can kill fish, which reduces fish populations, ultimately eliminating fish species in a waterbody and decreasing the available biodiversity. Competition for food increases and disrupts the equilibrium of the aquatic environment.
All somatic motor neurons produce __________.
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
only norepinephrine
only acetylcholine
both acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Only acetylcholine, Nicotinic receptors are stimulated by somatic motor neurons. Muscarinic receptors, which have a parasympathetic impact, are found in visceral organs.
Nicotinic receptors are excitatory at all times. Cholinergic cells make up all somatic motor neurons. Our ability to consciously perceive our surroundings and voluntarily react to it by using our skeletal muscles is a function of the somatic nervous system. A stimulus activates sensory neurons, which are then sent to the central nervous system, which then sends out a motor response to the skeletal muscles that govern this movement. Traditionally, the somatic nervous system has been seen as a part of the peripheral nervous system. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is used by somatic motor neurons to activate skeletal muscle fibres at neuromuscular junctions.
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Arthropod characteristics include: segmented bodies, exoskeletons, head with eyes, and jointed ___.Question 4 options :appendages teeth toes wings brainly
Arthropod characteristics include: segmented bodies, exoskeletons, head with eyes, and jointed appendages.
What is meant by arthropods?Arthropods are one of the phylum of the invertebrate animals. This means that arthropods are animals without backbone and are characterized by the presence of appendages. Unlike the invertebrates, the vertebrates are animals with backbones.
That said, this phylum of invertebrata is largest phylum which has several classes including:
Class arachnidaClass InsectaAnd others.In conclusion, we can now confirm from the explanation given above that the arthropods are invertebrates with segmented body patterns.
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What are the contributing factors that may give risk to a pregnant woman cite at least 5?
High blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, epilepsy, thyroid disease, heart or blood disorders, poorly controlled asthma, and infections can increase pregnancy risks.
What are the risk factors in pregnancy?Pregnancy risk factors include consuming illegal substances, drinking alcohol, and smoking cigarettes. Obstetrical health issues. Pregnancy risks can be raised by conditions such high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, epilepsy, thyroid disease, blood or heart conditions, poorly controlled asthma, and infections. Obstetric complications The most typical ones are: Maternal age: Pregnant women over the age of 35 are at an increased risk for intrauterine growth restriction, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. Existing illnesses - A woman's health has a significant impact on her pregnancy.Pregnancy risks can be raised by conditions such high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, epilepsy, thyroid disease, blood or heart conditions, poorly controlled asthma, and infections.To learn more about risk factors in pregnancy refer to:
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Match each donor blood type to all possible recipients. (Blood types may be used more than once.) Click Verify to check if you are correct Donor O+ Recipient At Recipient B+ Recipient AB+ Recipient 0+ 0- A+ A- Bt B- O- Recipient A- Recipient B- Recipient AB- Recipient AB+ AB- Verify
Donor O+ Recipient at Recipient B+ Recipient AB+ Recipient 0+ 0- A+ A- Bt B- O- are the recipients of donor O.
What happens when a transfusion reaction occurs?Symptoms go away with little to no treatment as the signs of a more serious reaction include respiratory difficulty, a high fever, hypotension (low blood pressure), and red urine (hemoglobinuria).
The patient's needs will determine how much and what percentage of blood is transfused. Red blood cells of types B or AB cannot be obtained if you have type A blood. Red blood cells of types A or AB cannot be obtained if you have type B blood.
Therefore, Donor O+ Recipient at Recipient B+ Recipient AB+ Recipient 0+ 0- A+ A- Bt B- O- are the recipients of donor O.
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Match each body part or system to the layer of the embryo from which it forms.
mesoderm,
voluntary muscles
skeletal system
ectoderm,
cells of the nervous system
outer skin
endoderm,
gut
digestive organs
Each body part or system to the layer of the embryo from which it forms are (mesoderm, voluntary muscles, skeletal system); (ectoderm, cells of the nervous system, outer skin); (endoderm, gut, digestive organs).
The middle layer of the three germ layers, the mesoderm, forms during gastrulation in the very first stages of most animals' embryonic development. The ectoderm is the outer layer while the endoderm is the inner layer. Mesenchyme, mesothelium, non-epithelial blood cells, and coelomocytes are all produced by the mesoderm. Coels are lined by mesothelium. In a process known as myogenesis, mesoderm divides into septa (cross-wise partitions) and mesenteries (length-wise partitions), Mesenchyme primarily performs the function of myogenesis. Through intercellular signaling, the mesoderm separates from the rest of the embryo, and an organizing center then polarizes the mesoderm. The areas where GSK-3 shields beta-catenin from deterioration in turn dictate the location of the organizing center. The co-factor beta-catenin changes the activity of the transcription factor tcf-3 from repressing to activating, triggering the production of gene products essential for gastrulation and mesoderm development.
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List the significant events of the light-dependent reaction (ETC). Include which reactants and products are involved. Highlight what will be released as a product and what will move on to the second stage. Be sure to include where the process occurs in the chloroplast.
Answer:
The light-dependent reactions, also known as the photoelectric effect or photoexcitation, are a series of chemical reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts in plant cells. These reactions are an important part of photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
The key events of the light-dependent reactions include the following:
The absorption of light by pigments such as chlorophyll and carotenoids. These pigments are located in the thylakoid membranes and are able to absorb specific wavelengths of light.
The transfer of electrons from pigments to electron carriers such as NADPH and ATP. This transfer results in the production of NADPH and ATP, which are used in the light-independent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and other organic molecules.
The pumping of protons across the thylakoid membrane by the enzyme ATP synthase. This creates a proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
The transfer of electrons from the electron carriers to oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This reaction produces water, which is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
The end products of the light-dependent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and water. These products are then used in the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle or the dark reactions, to convert carbon dioxide into glucose and other organic molecules. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts, while the light-independent reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled region outside the thylakoid membranes
Explanation:
The diagram below shows fossils in three layers of rocks. (4 points) Picture shows three layers of rocks labeled Layer A, Layer B, and Layer C from bottom to top. Each layer of rock has a fossil. Which of these conclusions is most likely correct about the organisms found in the layers of rocks? The organism in Layer A is more complex than the organism in Layer B. The organism in Layer B is more complex than the organism in Layer C. The organism in Layer C is a modern form of the organism in Layer B. The organism in Layer A is a modern form of the organism in Layer B.
The diagram below shows fossils in three layers of rocks. (4 points) Picture shows three layers of rocks labeled Layer A, Layer B, and Layer C from bottom to top. Each layer of rock has a fossil, the most likely correct about the organisms found in the layers of rocks: The organism in Layer C is a modern form of the organism in Layer B.
What are fossils?The preserved remnants of plants and animals that were submerged in sediments like sand and mud beneath ancient seas, lakes, and rivers are known as fossils. Any preserved sign of life that is generally older than 10,000 years is considered a fossil.
Shells, bones, animal or microbe impressions in stone, exoskeletons, items preserved in amber, petrified wood, coal, hair, oil, and DNA traces are a few examples of fossils.
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy is not created or destroyed. It changes form or is transformed.
The top layer of rocks is younger than bottom, it means that the toppest layer is modern.
correct option: C
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Which of the following is correct concerning the function of the uvea (vascular tunic)?
a. It stabilizes the shape of the eye and produces collagen fibers.
b. It provides the route for the optic nerve and blood vessels to the eye itself.
c. It regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
d. It secretes and reabsorbs vitreous humor.
Vascular tunic regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
The choroid, ciliary body, and iris form the middle layer of tissue surrounding the eye, also known as the vascular tunic or "uvea," from behind forward. The choroid occupies the bulb's posterior five-sixths and is mostly made up of blood vessels.
The vascular tunic is derived from mesoderm and is located between the outer fibrous tunic and the inner nervous tunic. The uvea is another name for the vascular tunic.
The uvea is the eye's middle layer. It is located beneath the white portion of the eye (the sclera). It is composed of the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. These structures regulate many eye functions, such as adjusting to different levels of light or object distances.
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Which of these tools can best help historians understand the effects of location on past societies? maps fossils artifacts timelines.
Artifacts can best help historians understand the effects of location on past societies. It is a thing that was made by a person, usually a thing that has a lot of cultural or historical value.
Archaeologists gain a better understanding of how people lived in particular eras and locations by making use of artifacts and other elements. They are interested in these people's daily routines, political systems, social interactions, and core values.
Archaeologists look into the places where ancient cultures once lived in order to gain a better understanding of the past. Due to the fact that many ancient cultures either deliberately avoided writing down their histories or lacked written languages, artifacts may be the only clues about how people lived in the past.
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Answer:
c
Explanation:
edge 2023
What is the name of the process that helps ensure genetic diversity that happens during prophase I?
Crossing over is the name of the process that helps ensure genetic diversity that happens during prophase I.
During sexual reproduction, non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in chromosomal crossovers, also known as crossover. recombinant. During synapse in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis, it is one of the final steps in genetic recombination.
Synaptic neural connections start before the development of the synaptic complex and are not finished for the rest of prophase I. Hybrid generally happens while relating districts on inverse chromosomes are disturbed and afterward reconnect.
The frequency of cross-swapping between two gene loci (markers) is known as the crossover value. The cross-over value used in the production of genetic maps and recombination within a specific region of topology (chromosomes) tend to be constant for a particular set of genetic and environmental conditions.
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What does cyanide do to the body?
Answer:
Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from using oxygen. When this happens, the cells die. Cyanide is more harmful to the heart and brain than to other organs because the heart and brain use a lot of oxygen
What are some of the possible problems that can be caused by genetically modified crops?
Some potential concerns include:
a decrease in insect biodiversity when crops become insect resistant.unanticipated effects on other crops or animals.creating more weeds or harder-to-kill invasive species.GMO gene transmission to wild plants and animals.The main concerns about GMOs revolve around allergies, cancer, and environmental issues, all of which may have an impact on the consumer. While current research suggests that there are few risks, more long-term research is required. There is little or no control over the copy number or site of integration of the introduced DNA, reliance on selectable markers for trait recovery, and insufficient knowledge of how to control key metabolic steps to maximise desirable traits.
Genetic engineering results in genetically modified animals, plants, and organisms. They can have an impact on biodiversity if introduced into the environment. Existing species, for example, may be displaced by more dominant new species. These and other potential consequences are taken into account during the licencing process.
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What is a thesis statement in an essay examples?
A thesis statement expresses the central idea of an essay. It includes the topic of the essay as well as the writer's claim about the topic, which will be supported throughout the essay.
A thesis statement must express precisely what your paper would be about and it should assist you in staying on track. For example, inside an eight paper on hunger, you could write: Food insecurity has many causes and effects. For two major reasons, it is a flawed thesis statement.
The thesis statement is usually found near this same conclusion of the introduction, often as the concluding sentence, and it tells the reader what to expect. The thesis statement is broken down into three parts: the specific subject, this same precise opinion, as well as the rationale. It offers a succinct summary of the essay's, research paper's, etc. main point or claim. It is typically stated inside a single sentence, and it may be stated multiple times.
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Variables that change in this table are blank and blank
The variable that does not change in this table is blank
Answer: An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed.
Complete this valence molecular-orbital diagram for oxygen, O2. Click the blue boxes to add electrons as needed.
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons, and O₂ will have 12 valence electrons molecular orbitals that form bonds have less energy.
What is a molecular-orbital diagram for oxygen?The molecular orbital theory states that a molecule's molecular orbitals are created by joining its atomic orbitals, and the electrons inside the molecule are dispersed among the molecular orbitals.
There are 16 electrons in all that make up an O2 molecule. In this context, bonding molecular orbitals refer to the sigma and pi orbitals.
The image of the molecular-orbital diagram for oxygen is attached below.
Therefore, oxygen has 6 valence electrons, and O₂ will have 12 valence electrons.
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Can water snails asexually reproduce?
Yes, water snails can asexually reproduce. They have both female and male reproductive cells (hermaphrodite) and don't actually need to mate with another snail to reproduce, self fertilization is possible.
Why do snails reproduce asexually?They are hermaphrodite and hence reproduce asexually. Pond snails can also reproduce sexually. They lay jellylike masses of eggs under water on plants and on the sides of the container/aquarium and the eggs hatch in around 10–20 days depending on temperature.
In other words, we can say that, they carry both sperm and eggs and can reproduce without the help of another snail. But, some breeds, like apple snails, needs both a male and female for fertilization.
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the element lodine is classified as?
What is your observation in three bean seed experiment?
The observation which we get from the three bean seed experiment is that for germination to take place, oxygen, water and temperature are necessary in equal proportion.
The purpose of this study is to show that seeds require equal amounts of oxygen, water, and temperature.
A glass slide, a beaker, a thread, and bean seeds make up the apparatus.
Use a glass slide to bind three ripe bean seeds in three distinct places. Place the slide in the water-filled beaker with the top seed above the water, the middle seed at water level, and the third seed submerged in the water.
Observation: Because the top seed receives oxygen but not water, it does not germinate. As it receives both oxygen and water, the center seed begins to sprout. The seeds at the bottom do not germinate, but they do display the appearance of a little radical as a result of a small amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.
Therefore, a seed requires water, oxygen and temperature in equal proportion.
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A population of mountain lions lives in an alpine forest. The mountain lions hunt deer, rabbits, and other prey. As the population increases, which of these events becomes more likely to occur?.
Answer: Competition for territory and other resources acts to slow the growth rate of the population
Explanation: Mountain lions are solitary animals who live on mountains of colder areas and hunts on prey like deer, rabbits, sheep, and goats. Every mountain lion has its territory and aggressively defend their territory from other members of their population.
So when the population of mountain lions will increase the competition for territory and other resources will also increase and in ecology, we have learned that competition is a negative interaction between two individuals which decreases the chances of survival for at least one individual.
So due to competition growth rate of the population will slow down to decrease the competition. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Competition for territory and other resources acts to slow the growth rate of the population.
Which statement(s) about repressible operons is/are correct?
a. In a repressible operon, the repressor is synthesized in an active form.
b. A repressible operon is on unless a corepressor is present.
c. Repressible enzymes generally function in anabolic pathways.
The statement about repressible operons which are correct are
Repressible enzymes generally function in anabolic pathways.
Hence, Option B is correct.
A repressible operon is a type of operon in which the presence of a specific substance inhibits gene transcription. It is controlled by a co-repressor, which is primarily the end product of the metabolic pathway.A classic example of a repressible operon is the trp operon. When tryptophan binds to a repressor, which then binds to the operator, preventing further transcription.To know more about Operons here
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