There are no cells in viruses. The genetic material they possess is shielded by a protein sheath (either DNA or RNA).
What is contained within every virus?Nucleic acid (the genome) and protein are the two primary components of infectious viral particles. All viruses that have an envelope also have lipid in the envelope and carbohydrates in their glycoprotein peplomers (as well as that in the nucleic acid).
Instead of a cell wall, what do viruses possess?In virology, viruses choose a protective protein coat over the cell walls that certain living things have in place of the nucleic acid. This kind of covering is known as a capsid.
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Which intervention is the priority for a patient with renal calculi?
Strong masses of stones called renal calculi are accumulated in the kidneys or bladder.
The kidneys would be overworked with the excretion of extra calcium when there is an excess of calcium in the blood as a result of hyperparathyroidism. Kidney stone formation is caused by the presence of excess calcium in the kidney and urine.
An end-stage renal disease patient's heart monitor shows frequent PVCs. The most important intervention is: Dial the doctor right away. IV lidocaine to the patient Prepare the patient for defibrillation. Find out the patient's most recent potassium level.
As a result of the high calcium levels the kidneys excrete, persons with hyperparathyroidism would be at risk for developing renal calculi.
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Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of excessive light energy and reactive oxidative molecules by__________
a. mitochondria
b. chlorophyll
c. carotenoids
d. atp
Answer:
c. carotenoids
Explanation:
Carotenoids are essential to photosynthesis since they regulate the amount of light plants get and protect plants from receiving excess light energy. Carotenoids regulate the pigments for plants as they manage the amount of light stored in these pigments in order to better harvest sunlight.
Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of excessive light energy and reactive oxidative molecules by c. carotenoids.
Using light energy, an organic compound is made through photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organisms are organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis.
Carotenoid: The basic structure is composed of eight isoprene units and is lipid-soluble. it has an Absorption between 400 and 500 nm, and colors- yellow, red, and orange. Pumpkins, carrots, parsnips, corn, tomatoes, canaries, flamingos, salmon, lobster, shrimp, and daffodils all have distinctive colors thanks to carotenoids.
Carotenoid's role: Transmission of excitation energy Carotenoids protects plant cells from the harmful effects of excessive light energy and reactive oxidative molecules through photoprotection by acting as a quencher and a scavenger.
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How can operant conditioning MOST effectively be used in a classroom setting?
A.
Students can punish other students for their behaviors so the teacher has less work.
B.
Teachers can use neutral operants to make students behave in a calm manner.
C.
Students can decide for themselves what they want to do each day for lessons.
D.
Teachers can reinforce student behavior to help manage their classrooms.
What is the differences in reproduction between water and land snails?
It is much simpler for gastropods to get sperm to egg when they are undergoing reproduction in freshwater or marine environments as opposed to on land.
The majority of freshwater snail species have distinct sexes. Females attach their eggs directly to firm, clean substrates like rocks, logs, or aquatic vegetation, typically in shallow water, after males have fertilised the female through direct copulation. Eggs from land snails are typically produced through sexual reproduction, which combines the genetic makeup of two individuals. Internal fertilisation, which involves copulation but is very different from that in mammals, unites the genetic material in eggs and sperm.
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Can atherosclerosis cause Alzheimer's?
An independent and significant dementia risk factor is intracranial atherosclerosis.
Serious health issues can result from cerebral arteriosclerosis. Blood flow to the brain can get obstructed and result in stroke if the artery walls are too thick or if a blood clot gets wedged in the confined space. Inequal thickening and hardening can cause bulges in artery walls (called aneurysms).
Memory, motor function, visual perception, attention, and executive function are just a few of the specific cognitive functions that are decreased as a result of carotid atherosclerosis.
According to current theories, the aberrant protein buildup in and around brain cells is what causes Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid is one of the proteins involved, and deposits of it create plaques around brain cells. The second protein is tau, and deposits of it develop.
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Why does a DNA point mutation not always cause a change in a protein quizlet?
There will be no change in protein structure if a point mutation alters the codon yet the new codon still codes for the same amino acid.
Mutations can arise from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infections. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease are all caused by genetic mutations. Other mutations can develop spontaneously at any time in a person's life. They have only a small effect on a small number of cells.
Point mutations occur in the genome when a base pair is added, deleted, or changed. Although most point mutations are harmless, they can have a number of functional effects, such as alterations in gene expression or changes in coding proteins. Sometimes genetic variations (also called mutations) prevent one or more proteins from working properly. By changing the instructions of a gene to make a protein, a variant can cause the protein to malfunction or not be produced.
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Lab report 25-Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Kirby-Bauer Method) Your results and observations: Record your results in the table (S-sensitivi intermediate, R = resistant) Paties Patient X Patient B Zone Result AS Result Zone Result Antibiotic Code (mm) S/I/ R Cm S/\/R (mm) 5/1/R Penicillin P-10 gam Erythromycin E-15 Tetracycline TE-30 Kanamycin K-30 23 Domm 21mm Streptomycin S-10 Gentamicin GM-10 Bacitracin B-10 Vancomycin VA-30 Chloramphenieel LC-30 nterpretation & Questions: 1. Based on your results, which patient's infection appears to be the most difficult to treat? Why? 2. With which antibiotic should Patient S be treated? 3. Which 2 antibiotics appear to have the most similar spectra of activity (be effective or not on the same organism)? 4. With which antibiotic should Patient X be treated? 5. In preparing your plate for testing, you spread the inoculum first in one direction, then in another, and finally in a third direction. Why was it important to spread the inoculum in this manner?
In the Kirby-Bauer test, bacteria are spread out over a solid growth media plate, and then antibiotic wafers (seen as white disks) are added to the plate.
What is Kirby Bauer Test?Areas of clear media surrounding the disks show that the antibiotic prevents bacterial growth after allowing the germs to develop overnight. As you get further from the source, less antibiotic is diffused into the media at a given concentration.
Therefore, the size of the clear bacterium-free zone that develops around the disk holding the antibiotic increases with the sensitivity of the bacteria to a certain antibiotic. (Commons; accessed through Wikipedia)
The antibiotic discs are layered on top of the bacterium that has been swabbed onto the agar. The further the antibiotic travels from the disc into the agar, the less it diffuses.
Therefore, In the Kirby-Bauer test, bacteria are spread out over a solid growth media plate, and then antibiotic wafers (seen as white disks) are added to the plate.
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Fertilization usually occurs in the
Group of answer choices
vagina
uterus
fallopian tubes
ovaries
Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization happens when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian tube.
Where does fertilization usually occur?After sperm is released into the female reproductive tract, the motile sperms swim through the vagina to the cervix, then to the uterus, and finally to the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube is divided into three sections: the infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus. The infundibulum is a funnel-shaped portion of the fallopian tube with finger-like projections known as fimbriae along its edges. The ampulla is the larger part of the fallopian tube following the infundibulum. The isthmus is a narrow region of the fallopian tube that connects the fallopian tube to the uterus. Sperm moves from the isthmus to the ampulla. The fimbriae of the infundibulum collect the egg. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube's ampullary region.To learn more about fallopian tubes refer :
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Answer:
fallopian tubes!!
PLEASE HELP
question 1
Kinetic energy is described as
O elastic
O decreasing energy
O movement
O stored energy
question 2
Kinetic energy depends on
O density and volume
O position and height
O heat and pressure
O mass and speed
question 3
If two trucks are moving at the same speed but truck A has a mass of 3,000 kg,. And truck B has a mass of 4,500 kg which statement is true?
O truck B will have a greater stopping distance
O Truck A will have a greater stopping distance
O Truck B has less kinetic energy
O Truck A has a greater kinetic energy
Question 4
If you throw a ball straight up into the air when is the kinetic energy the greatest?
O half the distance on this path traveling up in the air
O half the distance on ten path is traveling back down
O right before you catch it after it falls back down
O when the ball reached the highest point and stops briefly
Question 5
When is the kinetic energy of a pendulum the least?
O half the distance on the path traveling back down
O at the bottom of the swing
O at the top of the swim bc where it briefly stops before changing directions
O on the path beginning the upward swing
Answer:
Explanation:
1-movement
2-mass and speed
3-truck B will have a greater stopping distance
4-half the distance on ten path is traveling back down
5-at the top of the swim bc where it briefly stops before changing directions
What are two identical genes called?
For each given genes site where such variation exists, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, the person is homozygous for that allele. If the alleles vary, the person is heterozygous.
Diploid refers to the existence of two full sets of chromosomes in the cells of an organism, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair. Humans are diploid, with 23 chromosomal pairs in the majority of cells.
Alleles are genes that match; one from our biological mother and one from our biological father. Every gene has two copies (strings of code that drive some biological function on our chromosomes).
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Bacterial infection versus intoxicationIn this case study, the main focus has been on the organism Vibrio cholerae and the toxin it produces. Many organisms are capable of producing toxins that allow for pathogenesis, while others are able to infect the host directly and cause disease. In this activity, you will place the organism in a bin based on its ability to cause an infection, an intoxication, or both.
The organism in a bin based on its ability to cause an infection-Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, intoxication- Staphylococcus aureus.
As indicated by the data provided, "intoxication" alludes to food poisoning brought on by poisons delivered by microbes like parasites and microorganisms. An infection is when pathogens or microorganisms spread a disease to a vulnerable host. Sicknesses that can't be stopped can spread from one person to another. Furthermore, they are referred to as communicable diseases. As a consequence of this, Staphylococcus aureus causes intoxication, and Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella enterica, and Escherichia coli cause infections.
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(complete question)
The energy from glucose is transformed in cellular respiration. Where does the energy from glucose end up?
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a form of chemical energy the cell can use. It is the chemical that fuels the activity of your cells.
Where does cellular respiration's energy go?In order for the cell to function, all of the events that take place inside it require energy, which is provided when glucose is broken down during the process of cellular respiration. The organism can use the energy for breathing, digestion, or any other necessary action.
At the end of cellular respiration, how is energy stored?Cells use cellular respiration to draw energy from the bonds in food molecules like glucose and other compounds. The energy that is extracted can be stored by cells as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
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1. According to the text, what is cross-training? A. doing two or more different types of exercise in one workout B. doing two or more of the same type of exercise in one workout C. doing the same exercise in many workouts throughout the week D. doing two or more different exercises that make muscles stronger
Answer:
A. doing two or more different types of exercise in one workout
Explanation:
How do DNA and RNA control both stability and change in cells?
Answer:
DNA and RNA control stability and change in cells through the genetic information they contain and the ways in which this information is used. DNA, which is found in the nucleus of a cell, contains the instructions for the structure and function of the cell. This information is passed on to new cells through the process of cell division, ensuring that each new cell has the same genetic makeup as the parent cell. However, DNA can also undergo changes, such as mutations, which can alter the instructions it contains. These changes can lead to changes in the structure and function of the cell, and can even lead to the development of new traits and characteristics.
RNA, on the other hand, plays a key role in translating the instructions contained in DNA into proteins, which are the building blocks of cells. By controlling the production of proteins, RNA plays a crucial role in determining the structure and function of a cell. RNA can also undergo changes, such as through a process called RNA editing, which can alter the proteins that are produced and lead to changes in the cell.
Overall, DNA and RNA control both stability and change in cells by providing the instructions that determine the structure and function of the cell, and by allowing for changes to these instructions through mutations and other processes.
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Explanation:
What is the formula for the growth rate constant k?
The continuous exponential model is sometimes referred to as P(t) = P0ekt. The rate of continuous development (or decay) is denoted by the constant k. The growth rate in the equation P(t) = P0bt is r = b 1. Sometimes the growth factor is used to refer to the constant b.
What is k, the growth rate constant?The number of generations (n) per unit of time (k) represents the average growth rate (t). k = n / t. It is typically represented in terms of generations per hour for microorganisms.
How is the growth rate constant, k, calculated?What is the most plausible explanation for the last point's inconsistency with the others? There are only a few nutrients in the growing medium. Bacterial growth cannot continue in an exponential manner.
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What does the regulatory protein bind to?
Regulatory proteins are generally bind to small molecules which possess the ability to make protein active or inactive by altering its capability to bind DNA.
Regulatory proteins are also known as gene-regulatory proteins which influences the regions of a DNA (De-oxy ribonucleic acid) molecule and during the process of transcription, they are transcribed by the RNA polymerase. These proteins are responsible for helping in the control of the production of protein synthesis in the cell. In a huge diversity of organisms, we have identified thousands of regulatory proteins. Each of these possess a unique feature and they attach to DNA ad homodimers or heterodimers and identify the DNA through a minor structure.
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which part of the world was the last area colonized by the initial expansion of homo sapiens?
The Australian continent was the last area colonized by the initial expansion of Homosapiens
Between 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, Homosapiens, the first modern humans, developed from their early hominid forefathers. They acquired the ability to communicate some 50,000 years ago.
Around 70,000-100,000 years ago, the first modern people began to leave Africa.
Migrations proceeded down the Asian coast to Southeast Asia and Oceania, eventually colonizing Australia 65,000-50,000 years ago. Molecular clock estimations, genetic investigations, and archaeological evidence all indicate that modern people first colonized Sahul and Australia approximately 48,000-50,000 years ago. A substantial number of archaeological sites dating back more than 30,000 years have been unearthed in recent decades.
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imagine a population of beetles. yellow beetles are easier for birds to see and eat. gray beetles blend into their surroundings, so they are less visible to birds than yellow beetles. as a result, gray beetles are more likely to survive and reproduce, enabling the gene for gray coloration to be passed on to the next generation. this increases the frequency of genes for gray coloration in the population.which evolutionary process does this scenario describe?
The process that describes the course of the evolutionary process is natural selection. The methods that alter allele frequencies throughout time include natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
What connection does gene frequency have to evolution?Sewell Wright's synthetic theory of evolution is an effort to explain evolution in terms of variations in gene frequencies. According to this hypothesis, a species evolves when its gene frequencies vary and it advances to a greater level of adaptability for a particular ecological niche.
What are the four evolutionary processes?The four main driving forces of evolution are mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and gene flow. New genetic variety is produced via mutation in the gene pool. Allele frequencies in a gene pool are changed via genetic drift and gene flow.
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Summarize why the overall process of breaking down ATP is considered an exothermic process, while the overall process of forming ATP is considered an endothermic process.
Answer:
The overall process of breaking down ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is considered an exothermic process because it releases energy. ATP is a molecule that stores energy in the bonds between its phosphates, and when these bonds are broken, the energy is released. This energy can then be used by cells for various processes, such as muscle contraction and protein synthesis.
On the other hand, the overall process of forming ATP is considered an endothermic process because it requires the absorption of energy. This process, called cellular respiration, involves the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to produce ATP. In order for ATP to be formed, energy must be absorbed from the environment in the form of heat or light.
Overall, the process of breaking down ATP is exothermic because it releases energy, while the process of forming ATP is endothermic because it requires the absorption of energy. These processes are essential for the functioning of cells, as they provide the energy needed to power various cellular processes.
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Explanation:
What types of human settlements are there?
Human settlements can extensively be divided into types – rural and urban. Rural settlements: Rural settlements are maximum intently and immediately associated with land.
They are ruled via way of means of number one sports which includes agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing etc. The settlements length is exceptionally small. There are numerous kinds of settlements for eg; Scattered settlements, Nucleated settlements and Linear settlements. In scattered settlements , homes are few and a ways from every other.
The 4 primary kinds of settlements are urban, rural, compact, and dispersed. Urban settlements are densely populated and are in general non-agricultural. They are called towns or metropolises and are the maximum populated sort of settlement.
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Cloning of entire plants from cuttings demonstrates that Select one:
O genetic information is lost during plant development.
O differentiated cells may contain embryonic mRNAs.
O plants can reverse the differentiation process.
O genetic information is retained in mature plant cells. Clear my choice s page
Cells of mature plants maintain their genetic information.
Comment:- Mature plant cells maintain all of the genetic data required to complete the procedures of producing new individual plants.
Cloning is a method of vegetatively propagating plants in which a piece of the original plant's stem or root is placed in an appropriate substrate.
Because you are essentially developing a clone of the stock plant when you take cuttings, they will always result in plants that are exactly like it.
cellular genetic material from plants
Although chloroplasts and mitochondria also house some DNA, the majority of it is found in the nucleus of plant cells. When compared to nuclear DNA, the organization and inheritance patterns of this organellar DNA are very different.
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Do viruses have nucleic acid?
Yes, the virus have the nucleic acid as the virus is considered an exception to the cell theory because the virus contains genetic material but no organelles.
What are the evidences of occurrence of viruses?The earliest evidence for the occurrence of viruses was the discovery of an infectious agent in the sap of a tobacco plant. Experiments were set with different filters from which bacteria could pass but viruses being even smaller than bacteria could not pass.
Viruses were difficult to study because they are very small and couldn't be seen even under a microscope.Wendell Stanley made his studies on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Therefore,Yes, the virus have the nucleic acid as the virus is considered an exception to the cell theory because the virus contains genetic material but no organelles.
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Please Answer ASAP (today or tomorrow pls): I would love to help in return
Corals, the basic structures of coral reefs, are affected by the increasing acidity (decreasing pH) of the oceans. When the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide reacts with water and other substances to form carbonic acid. This process uses substances in the ocean that corals use to build their skeletons. So, the more carbon dioxide there is in the ocean, the harder it is for corals to build their skeletons. Ocean acidification can also destroy existing coral reefs.
1. Conduct research to learn more about your proposed solutions. Be sure to look up information about cost, safety, reliability, and social or cultural implications when applicable. What are the pros of each solution? What are the cons of each solution?
2. Which solution would be better to implement? Justify your answer.
3. What sources did you use?
The answers include the following:
The proposed solutions to ocean acidification is by prompt action on climate change and the use of fossil fuels should also be reduced and minimized to the barest minimum.The cost is low and it has a high safety level with no social or cultural implications.The solution which would be better to implement is prompt action on climate change and the internet was used as a source.What is Climate change?This is referred to as long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns which has occurred due to human activities and its impact on the ecosystem.
Ocean acidification is a reduction in the pH of the ocean due to the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere.This can be tackled by the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide ,methane etc in various sectors and it is the better solution in the control of ocean acidification due to it solving other issues such as global warming etc.
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pls send the correct answerrr
Endoplasmic reticulum - makes fats and proteins; one has ribosomes and one does not.
What is Cell Organelles?
Cell organelles are specialized cellular structures found within the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. These organelles are responsible for a wide variety of functions, including energy production, metabolism, and communication. The most common organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and vacuoles. The nucleus is the most important organelle and contains genetic information, while the mitochondria produce energy. The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for transporting proteins and lipids throughout the cell, while the Golgi apparatus helps to package and transport these molecules. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, peroxisomes are involved in oxidizing metabolic reactions, and vacuoles store important materials. Together, these organelles allow for efficient and organized functioning within the cell.
Mitochondria - Creates energy
Endoplasmic reticulum - makes fats and proteins; one has ribosomes and one does not.
Ribosomes - helps assembles proteins
Golgi apparatus - ships and packages protein
Chloroplast - absorbs sunlight
Vacuoles - store food, water and wastes
Lysosomes - helps breakdown nutrients and dead cell parts.
Cytoplasm - thick fluids in cell.
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Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPTanswer choicesbittersweetsaltyspicysour
Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities except spicy. Actually, spiciness is not a taste at all; rather, it is a response to pain.
The tongue's unique sensation is called gustation. Papillae are a variety of structures that are raised bumps on the tongue's surface. Tastebuds with gustatory receptor cells are present in papillae and are sensitive to the chemicals in foods. The sensation of spiciness is not actually a taste; rather, it is a pain response. The food's chemicals, like capsaicin, stimulate free nerve endings in the mouth, causing a spiciness sensation similar to how the fibers would detect pain.
The gustatory receptors in the taste buds are able to independently recognize the tastes of salt, umami, and sweetness.
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How does cardiovascular system respond to injury?
The rise in arterial blood pressure that results after injury is primarily caused by an increase in total peripheral resistance and a rise in sympathetic outflow to the vasculature.
A cardiovascular system is what?The whole body of a human or other vertebrate is circulated by a series of organs called the blood circulatory system. It consists of the blood, blood vessels, and the heart. The heart and blood arteries are part of the cardiovascular system, sometimes called the vascular system.
In light of the posed query:
Due to tissue damage or ischaemia, a tachycardia is followed by a rise in arterial blood pressure. The rise in arterial pressure is primarily caused by an increase in total peripheral resistance and a rise in sympathetic outflow to the vasculature.
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Quit Separation PAGE Fractions Help pH -01 6 7 00- 9 1 I 80K - 60K - 50K - 40K - 30K - M 20K - 15K- • 10K - 5K- 2D - PAGE of initial mixture Quit Separation PAGE Fractions Help pH 5 6 ~ N- 00- 9 1 1 1 80K - 60K - 50K 40K 30K - M 20KW 15K 10K 5K Using antibody to protein 4 Quit Separation PAGE Fractions Help Purification of protein 4 from Default Mixture Method Protein (mg) Enzyme (Units) Yield (%) Enrich Initial 511.0 7000.0 100.0 1.0 Records of subsequent purification steps will be added here. Cost (h/1000) 0 Protein 4 The enzymic activity of protein 4 is stable for several hours at temperatures up to 40°C and at pH values between 4.5 and 10. OK
This appears to be a record of a separation and purification process for a protein called "protein 4" using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and an antibody.
What is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis?Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a method for separating and purifying different molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, based on their size and charge. It involves placing a sample in a well on a gel made of polyacrylamide, which is a type of polymer. An electric current is then applied to the gel, which causes the molecules to move towards the opposite charge.
Smaller molecules move more quickly through the gel than larger molecules, so they end up further down the gel. After the separation is complete, the different molecules can be visualized and collected. PAGE is often used in research and diagnostic laboratories to purify and analyze proteins and nucleic acids.
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What disease causes arteriosclerosis?
High blood pressure: Over time, high blood pressure can harm the lining of the arteries, causing plaque to accumulate. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can harm the arteries' inner layers and lead to the formation of plaque. High blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels raise your chances of developing the metabolic syndrome.
A common ailment called atherosclerosis arises when a sticky material called plaque accumulates inside your arteries. The most common reason for mortality in the US is a condition related to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis affects almost 50% of Americans between the ages of 45 and 84, yet many are unaware of it.
Endothelial dysfunction, the development of a lipid layer or fatty streak inside the intima, migration of leukocytes and smooth muscle cells into the artery wall, the production of foam cells, and the breakdown of extracellular matrix are the five main stages of atherosclerosis.
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What are 3 interesting facts about snails?
Three facts about snails are: (1) there are over 50,000 species of snails all around the world, (2) the smallest snail is less than 0.03 inches, (3) their shells can be preserved in the form of fossils.
Snails are the creatures of the phylum Mollusca belonging to the class Gastropoda. These are the animals usually considered as pests in garden or agricultural lands, however they are also consumed as food in various parts of the world.
Fossils are the dead and decaying remains of the animals or plants that were buries deep down into the earth millions of years ago. Fossils can be in the form of remains. traces or impressions. They are important sources for evolutionary studies.
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Organelle in plants that uses light energy to make glucose in a process called photosynthesis
Answer:
The plant organelle that uses light energy to produce glucose in a process called photosynthesis is called a chloroplast.