what function does the nutrient agar serve in the pglo experiment?

16384 cells. 4. suppose a cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis every 12 hours. in two weeks, 16384 copies of a single cell would be produced.

There are 14 days in two weeks, which is equivalent to 336 hours (14 days x 24 hours/day). Since the cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis every 12 hours, it will go through the process 28 times in two weeks (336 hours / 12 hours per cycle).

Starting with one cell, after 28 cycles of mitosis and cytokinesis, the number of cells produced will be 2^28, which equals 268,435,456. However, this includes all the cells produced from the previous cycles. Therefore, the number of copies of a single cell produced in two weeks is 2^28 - 1, which equals 16,384 cells.

So, in two weeks, starting with just one cell, a total of 16,384 copies of that cell would be produced through mitosis and cytokinesis.

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Fat does not act like a source of glucose. It is not a role of fat within the human body. Option A is the right answer.

Fat  can be broken down to provide energy for the body when glucose levels are low. Fat is a major energy reserve in the body and can be used to provide energy when glucose is not available.

Fat acts as insulation by helping to maintain body temperature and reducing heat loss.

Fat acts as a cushion to protect organs and tissues from injury by providing a protective layer around them.

Fat is not directly used as a source of glucose in the body. While it can be broken down into fatty acids and used as an energy source, it cannot be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.

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An incomplete antigen causes an immune response or reactivity, but our body does not create immunity against it. The right answer is E.

An incomplete antigen, also known as a hapten, is a small molecule that can cause an immune response but is not capable of inducing the production of antibodies on its own.

Haptens can become immunogenic if they bind to larger carrier molecules in the body, creating a complex that the immune system can recognize and respond to.

However, the immune response generated by haptens is typically weaker and shorter-lived than the response to complete antigens, and the body does not develop lasting immunity against them. Examples of haptens include drugs, certain metals, and some plant molecules.

While haptens are not effective at eliciting an immune response on their own, they can be useful in vaccines when conjugated to carrier proteins to enhance the immune response against specific pathogens.

In summary, an incomplete antigen or hapten can cause an immune response but does not create immunity against it. Therefore, the correct answer is E, Incomplete antigen.

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The formation of myelin in the peripheral nervous system is accomplished by a type of glial cell known as Schwann cells. These cells play a critical role in the nervous system by providing support and insulation to nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system.

The Schwann cells are responsible for producing the myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The process of myelination begins during fetal development and continues throughout childhood and adolescence. Schwann cells wrap around nerve fibers and lay down successive layers of myelin, gradually thickening the sheath and increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission. The formation of myelin is crucial for the proper functioning of the peripheral nervous system, as it allows for rapid and efficient communication between different parts of the body. In addition to myelination, Schwann cells also play a role in nerve regeneration following injury or damage. These cells are capable of proliferating and migrating to the site of injury, where they can promote the regrowth of damaged nerve fibers. Overall, Schwann cells are a vital component of the peripheral nervous system, contributing to both its development and maintenance throughout life.

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The given statement "Ohn B. Watson and B. F. Skinner were the principal contributors to the behavioral perspective." is false as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner were prominent figures in the development of behaviorism, they were not the only contributors to the behavioral perspective. Other notable behaviorists include Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Clark L. Hull, among others.

Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the environmental factors that influence it. Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism, as he proposed that psychology should focus on the study of behavior rather than the study of consciousness. Skinner, on the other hand, is known for his work on operant conditioning, which is the process by which behavior is strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences that follow it.

While Watson and Skinner were significant contributors to the behavioral perspective, they were not the only ones. The contributions of other behaviorists have also been instrumental in shaping our understanding of how behavior is acquired, maintained, and modified through environmental factors.

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Answer

Arable land, urbanization, and suburban sprawl are all interconnected and can significantly affect each other. Urbanization and suburban sprawl can reduce the amount of arable land available for food production, while increased demand for food can put pressure on the remaining arable land to produce more.

As urban areas expand, they can encroach on farmland and reduce the amount of arable land available for agriculture. This can happen when cities expand their borders, when roads and infrastructure are built on farmland, or when land is converted for residential or commercial use. As a result, farmers may have less land to cultivate crops, leading to a reduction in food production.

In addition, urbanization and suburban sprawl can increase demand for food, as more people live in cities and suburbs and rely on food produced elsewhere. This can lead to pressure on remaining arable land to produce more food, often through the use of intensive farming practices that can have negative environmental and social consequences.

Suburban sprawl, which is the spread of low-density residential development outside of urban areas, can also have significant effects on arable land and food production. Suburban development often involves the conversion of farmland into housing or commercial areas, leading to a reduction in arable land and potentially reducing the amount of food that can be produced locally.

Ampicillin is not included in the SOC (Super Optimal Broth with Catabolite repression) medium after the cells have been heat shocked because ampicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.

When E. coli cells are heat shocked, they become more permeable, allowing for the uptake of plasmids from the surrounding medium. This transformation process is dependent on the intactness of the cell wall, and the presence of ampicillin would interfere with the process of transformation, inhibiting the uptake of the plasmids.

If ampicillin were included in the SOC medium after heat shock, the cells would not be able to take up the plasmids effectively, leading to a low transformation efficiency. The presence of ampicillin would also result in the selection of only those bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid and are therefore resistant to ampicillin, eliminating the transformed cells. This would result in a loss of the desired genetic traits that the plasmids carry.

In summary, ampicillin is not included in the SOC medium after heat shock because it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and prevents the uptake of plasmids by the transformed cells. Its presence would lead to a low transformation efficiency and the loss of the desired genetic traits.

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If a LINE (Long Interspersed Nuclear Element) mobile element is transposed in the human genome, its insertion would be most detrimental when it occurs in an exon. Exons are the coding regions of genes that get transcribed into mRNA and later translated into proteins.

An insertion of a LINE element into an exon could disrupt the gene's function by introducing a premature stop codon or altering the reading frame, leading to a nonfunctional or aberrant protein. Insertions in non-highly conserved introns are generally less harmful, as introns are spliced out during mRNA processing and do not contribute to the protein sequence.

However, some introns contain regulatory elements, and LINE insertions in these regions could still impact gene expression. Insertions into tandem repeats outside of a gene and its regulatory elements would likely have the least detrimental effect, as these areas are generally non-coding and do not contribute directly to gene function.

It is incorrect to say that this process would never occur because LINEs only transpose in bacteria. LINEs are indeed mobile elements found in the human genome, and they can transpose and insert themselves into new locations, potentially causing genetic instability or mutations.

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If a LINE mobile element is transposed in the human genome, its insertion is most detrimental if it is inserted into an exon.

If a LINE mobile element were to transpose in the human genome, its insertion into an exon would likely be the most detrimental. This is because exons contain coding regions for proteins, and any disruption to the coding sequence could potentially lead to a dysfunctional or nonfunctional protein. The statement that this process would never occur because LINEs only transpose in bacteria is incorrect, as LINE elements do transpose in the human genome. Additionally, insertion in a non-highly conserved intron or into a tandem repeat outside of a gene and its regulatory elements may not have as significant of an impact on gene function.

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The correct answer is b. Homophily. Homophily refers to the tendency of people to form connections with others who are similar to themselves in some way.

Sonya's friends are similar to her in terms of their high-school background, middle-class African American status, and living in the same neighborhood. This is an example of homophily in action, as Sonya has likely formed connections with people who share similar experiences and cultural backgrounds. This phenomenon is commonly observed in social networks, as individuals are often more comfortable and drawn to those who they perceive as similar to themselves.

Heterogeneity, on the other hand, refers to the diversity within a social network. This is not necessarily the case with Sonya's group of friends, as they share similar backgrounds and experiences. Heterogeneity can be important in promoting creativity, innovation, and resilience within a social network, as diverse perspectives and experiences can lead to better problem-solving and decision-making.

Homophobia and heteronormativity refer to attitudes and behaviors towards individuals who do not conform to traditional gender and sexual norms. These concepts are not specified in the scenario, and therefore are not relevant to the explanation of Sonya's group of friends.

In summary, Sonya's group of friends is an example of homophily in action, as they share similar experiences and cultural backgrounds. While homophily can be beneficial in forming strong social connections, it is important to also recognize the importance of heterogeneity in promoting diversity of thought and innovation within social networks.

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The observation of swollen ankles in a man who has been standing in one place without moving for a long time is that since the man has not flexed his leg muscles, blood has not moved upward through the veins so it stays pooled at his ankles.

This pooling of blood is caused by the force of gravity, which pulls the blood downward and makes it difficult for it to flow back up the veins to the heart. This condition is known as dependent edema and can also occur in other parts of the body that are affected by gravity, such as the feet and lower legs.

Swelling in the ankles is a common symptom of peripheral edema, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as standing or sitting for long periods of time, pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications. In the case of the man standing in one place without moving for a long time, it is likely that the lack of movement has caused blood to pool in the veins of the legs and feet, leading to increased pressure and fluid leakage into the surrounding tissues. This accumulation of fluid is what causes the swelling or edema. Factors such as gravity and the lack of movement of the muscles in the legs can contribute to this condition. In some cases, compression stockings or elevating the legs can help to reduce the swelling. However, it is important to determine the underlying cause of peripheral edema and address it to prevent further complications.

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The observation of swollen ankles in a man who has been standing in one place without moving for a long time is that since the man has not flexed his leg muscles, blood has not moved upward through the veins so it stays pooled at his ankles.

This pooling of blood is caused by the force of gravity, which pulls the blood downward and makes it difficult for it to flow back up the veins to the heart. This condition is known as dependent edema and can also occur in other parts of the body that are affected by gravity, such as the feet and lower legs.

Swelling in the ankles is a common symptom of peripheral edema, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as standing or sitting for long periods of time, pregnancy, heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications. In the case of the man standing in one place without moving for a long time, it is likely that the lack of movement has caused blood to pool in the veins of the legs and feet, leading to increased pressure and fluid leakage into the surrounding tissues. This accumulation of fluid is what causes the swelling or edema. Factors such as gravity and the lack of movement of the muscles in the legs can contribute to this condition. In some cases, compression stockings or elevating the legs can help to reduce the swelling. However, it is important to determine the underlying cause of peripheral edema and address it to prevent further complications.

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The given statement bones loss is a calcium deficiency disease similar to iron deficiency anemia is true because both iron and calcium are important minerals that the body needs to function properly.

In general , Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough iron to produce sufficient red blood cells. bones loss due to calcium deficiency is a condition in which the body does not have enough calcium to maintain its bone density and strength. Calcium is a vital mineral that is required for many biological processes in the body, including the building and maintenance of strong bones.

Hence ,  both iron and calcium are important minerals that the body needs to function properly, they are not related conditions and have different causes, symptoms.

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The foods and beverages that have a high energy value relative to their weight (1 ounce) are margarine, salad dressing, doughnuts, fried foods, cheese, and nuts. These are considered energy-dense foods because they contain a high amount of calories per ounce.

High energy value foods (energy dense):
1. Margarine
2. Salad dressing
3. Doughnuts
4. Fried foods
5. Cheese
6. Nuts
Low energy value foods (not energy dense):
1. Tea (beverage)
2. Apples
3. Oranges
4. Strawberries
5. Air-popped popcorn
6. Carrots
7. Celery
8. Broccoli
9. Broth-based soup (beverage)
The high energy value foods tend to have more calories per ounce due to their high fat content or added sugars. On the other hand, the low energy value foods have fewer calories per ounce, typically due to their high water content or lower calorie components such as fiber.

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The process that results in the buildup glucose inside the cell membrane is the result of: active transport
The correct option is (d).

Active transport is a process in which molecules or ions are moved against their concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP. In the case of glucose, the cell membrane uses active transport to move glucose molecules into the cell, against the concentration gradient, resulting in the buildup of glucose inside the cell.

Glucose is a polar molecule that cannot easily cross the nonpolar lipid bilayer of the cell membrane through simple diffusion. Therefore, the buildup of glucose inside the cell requires a specific transport mechanism, and this transport mechanism is known as facilitated diffusion.

Facilitated diffusion is a process of passive transport in which a solute, in this case, glucose, moves down its concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, facilitated by a specific transporter protein.

The transporter protein provides a hydrophilic pathway through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane, allowing glucose to cross the membrane without coming into contact with the nonpolar lipid bilayer. The transporter protein acts as a specific gatekeeper, allowing only glucose to pass through the membrane and preventing the passage of other molecules.

Therefore, the process that results in the buildup of glucose inside the cell membrane is facilitated diffusion.

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Genes being closely linked on a chromosome can lead to them not following the Law of Independent Assortment.

What is Genes?

Genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that carry the instructions for making proteins, which are the building blocks of cells and perform a variety of functions in the body. Genes are the basic unit of heredity, which means they are passed down from parents to their offspring and determine the traits that an organism will inherit.

This is because genes that are located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, rather than being sorted independently during meiosis.

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Placing an inoculum of your bacterium on a glass slide and adding a drop of hydrogen peroxide reagent to observe bubbles is an example of a biochemical identification test. This test exemplifies a biochemical identification test, which helps to identify a microorganism based on its metabolic activities.

The appearance of bubbles upon adding hydrogen peroxide reagent to the inoculum on the glass slide indicates the presence of catalase enzyme produced by the bacterium. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas, which causes the formation of bubbles. This identification test is a simple and quick method to differentiate between different types of bacteria that produce catalase enzymes.

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a) DNA - serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA molecules by RNA polymerase during transcription.

b) RNA - refers to any type of RNA molecule, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). RNA molecules are synthesized during transcription and serve as templates for protein synthesis during translation.

c) Protein - synthesized by ribosomes during translation, using mRNA as the template.

Therefore, the correct answer is b. are made up of filter and suspension feeders living off the abundant plankton. Coral reef communities are made up of filter and suspension feeders living off the abundant plankton.

While coral polyps are a key component of coral reef communities, they are not the only organisms present. In addition to coral, coral reef communities are home to a diverse array of fish, invertebrates, and other organisms that rely on the reef for food, shelter, and other resources.

Many of these organisms are filter feeders or suspension feeders, meaning they capture plankton and other small particles from the water column. These organisms play a crucial role in the coral reef ecosystem by converting the energy from plankton into biomass that can be utilized by other organisms in the food chain.

Carnivorous animals are also present in coral reef communities, but they are not limited to this type of feeding strategy. Many organisms in coral reef communities are omnivorous or herbivorous, feeding on a variety of plant and animal material.

Efficient nutrient recycling is important for any ecosystem, but it is not a defining characteristic of coral reef communities. Nutrient cycling is largely driven by the microbial community and other decomposers, rather than by the organisms living in the reef itself.

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Thyroid gland requires iodine to produce thyroid hormones, which regulate a variety of metabolic processes throughout the body. When iodine intake is inadequate, the thyroid gland may not be able to produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism.

In general , hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland itself is not functioning properly and is unable to produce enough thyroid hormones. This can be due to a variety of causes, including autoimmune disease, iodine deficiency.

Secondary hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is caused by a problem with the pituitary gland, which produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones, often due to an overactive thyroid gland. In this condition, the thyroid gland is absorbing more iodine than it needs to produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormone.

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Enveloped viruses are a type of virus that have an outer envelope made up of lipids and proteins, which surrounds the viral nucleocapsid.

The nucleocapsid contains the viral genome, which can be made up of DNA or RNA. Sandwiched between the nucleocapsid and the envelope is the matrix protein layer, which provides a structural framework for the envelope and helps to anchor it to the nucleocapsid.

The matrix protein layer also plays a crucial role in viral assembly, budding, and release from infected cells. The composition and structure of the matrix protein layer can vary between different enveloped viruses and can influence their ability to infect host cells and cause disease.

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In enveloped viruses, sandwiched between the nucleocapsid and the envelope is the matrix protein layer.

The matrix protein is a type of structural protein found in enveloped viruses, which are viruses that have an outer lipid membrane layer (envelope) surrounding a protein coat (nucleocapsid) that contains the viral genetic material. The matrix protein lies between the nucleocapsid and the envelope of the virus, and is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the virus particle.

The matrix protein serves several important functions in the virus life cycle, including:

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The correct order of events after a person breathes deeply and quickly for 30 seconds would be:

[tex]CO_{2}[/tex] begins to accumulate as a result of increased respiration.

Peripheral and central chemoreceptors are stimulated by the increase in [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] levels.

The pH begins to fall due to the accumulation of carbonic acid.

Carbonic acid levels decrease as the excess [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] is converted to bicarbonate ions.

The pH rises as a result of the decreased levels of carbonic acid.

[tex]CO_{2}[/tex] concentrations fall as respiration returns to normal levels.

The pulmonary ventilation rate is decreased to maintain normal pH levels.

The pH is returned to normal as the respiratory and renal systems work together to restore the acid-base balance.

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The statement "The Gram Stain is a complex stain because it uses two different dyes to highlight two different types of compounds" is True. It uses crystal violet and safranin dyes to highlight the differences between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

The Gram Stain is a complex staining technique that uses two different dyes, crystal violet, and safranin, to differentiate between two types of bacterial cell walls, known as Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The procedure involves the following steps:

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It is important to note that the endospore stain is a differential stain that is used to distinguish between bacterial endospores and vegetative cells. The malachite green is a primary stain that binds to the endospore, while the safranin is a counterstain that colors the vegetative cells.

The correct sequence for the endospore stain is as follows:
1. Apply malachite green to smear.
2. Steam over water bath for 5-10 minutes to allow the stain to penetrate the endospore.
3. Cover smear with a small piece of paper towel to prevent evaporation during steaming.
4. Rinse the smear with water to remove excess stain.
5. Apply safranin to the smear and let it sit for 30-60 seconds.
6. Rinse the smear with water to remove excess safranin.
7. Blot dry the smear with bibulous paper or allow it to air dry.

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The yellow-billed cuckoo population will decline because the decreased ground cover will allow lizards to prey on cuckoo nests. Option B is correct.

Wildfires can have various impacts on bird populations, depending on the habitat and the species. In the case of yellow-billed cuckoos, the primary food source for nesting cuckoos is emerging cicadas, which typically hatch in mid-July. However, wildfires can lead to a decline in the yellow-billed cuckoo population due to decreased ground cover, which can expose nests to predators, such as lizards, who can prey on cuckoo nests.

Therefore, option B, which predicts a decline in the yellow-billed cuckoo population due to increased nest predation, is the best answer. Option A is incorrect because the timing of cicada emergence is unlikely to change significantly due to wildfires. Option C is unlikely because even if the adults can more easily see and eat the cicada nymphs, the survival of the cuckoo population is dependent on successful nesting and reproduction. Option D is also incorrect because yellow-billed cuckoos are known to nest in areas affected by wildfires. Hence Option B is correct.

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We attempt to adjust as many variables, each one at a time, and determine the impact of the modifications on the enzyme's in order to comprehend the mechanism of such an enzyme-catalyzed process.

The numerous types of enzymes found inside our bodies frequently use a wide range of methods to perform their catalytic activity. Some of these techniques include covalent catalysis, proximity and orientation catalysis, alkaline catalyst supports, and metal ion catalysis.

Three different enzyme mechanisms have been shown to be capable of cleaving CP bonds in Pn: hydrolysis (as shown by and phosphonoacetate hydrolases), oxidation (as shown by the elements are characterised Fe(II)-dependent oxygenases PhnY* as well as PhnZ), and radicalization (as shown by CP lyase).

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By actively participating in HIMSS events, staying informed about the latest developments, and leveraging the network and resources provided by the organization, I aim to advance my career in healthcare information management and make the most of my HIMSS membership.

I plan to optimize my membership by actively participating in educational opportunities, networking events, and staying informed about the latest trends in healthcare information management. By attending webinars, conferences, and workshops, I aim to enhance my knowledge and skills in the field, ensuring I stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in health IT.

Additionally, I will leverage the HIMSS membership to expand my professional network by engaging with other members and experts in the industry. This will enable me to share ideas, learn from others' experiences, and form valuable connections that may lead to potential career opportunities.

Furthermore, I plan to contribute to HIMSS by joining special interest groups or committees that align with my career goals and areas of expertise. This will not only allow me to share my insights but also give me a chance to learn from other professionals and gain exposure in the industry.

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Based on the hypothesis, UV rays have a big effect on our bodies. Among them are skin cancer, eye damage and decreased immune system. UV rays will not penetrate the materials used to protect the body.

There are some materials that are impenetrable to UV rays such as bright, high-density clothing, metals, glass and thick plastics and sunscreen. The way to repair skin exposed to UV rays is to wash it with cold water and apply a special ointment for sunburn.

UV rays are part of electromagnetic waves, namely solar radiation in the 100-400 nm band. UV rays that can reach the earth's surface are UV A and UV B rays, with a wavelength of about 100 nm to 1 mm. UV rays are very harmful to the body, so when leaving the house we must always wear protection. So that our skin is not directly in contact with UV rays.

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because it drastically reduce the gene pool of Species

Entamoeba Histolytica is a protozoan parasite that can cause amoebic dysentery and other gastrointestinal infections. It is commonly treated with a class of drugs called nitroimidazoles, which are effective against anaerobic bacteria and parasites.

The most commonly used nitroimidazole drug for treating Entamoeba histolytica is metronidazole, which works by disrupting the DNA of the parasite and killing it. Metronidazole is usually given orally for 10 to 14 days, and it is effective in treating both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. In severe cases of amoebic dysentery or liver abscess, additional medications such as tinidazole or chloroquine may be used in combination with metronidazole. In addition to medication, it is also important to maintain good hygiene practices, such as hand washing and sanitation, to prevent the spread of the parasite. It is also recommended to avoid drinking untreated water and eating raw or undercooked foods, as these may be sources of infection.

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