There are four nucleotides or bases , they are adenine(A),guanine (G), cytosine(C) and thymine (T)
What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are organic molecules made up of a phosphate and a nucleoside. They function as monomeric units of the essential biomolecules found in all life forms on Earth, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are both nucleic acid polymers. In addition to being produced by the liver from common nutrients, nucleotides can also be obtained through diet.
A nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose as well as deoxyribose), as well as a phosphate group made up of one to three phosphates are the three subunit molecules that make up a nucleotide. Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine are the four nucleobases found in DNA; uracil is utilized in place of thymine in RNA.
A sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) is joined to a phosphate group and a base that contains nitrogen to form a nucleotide.
Thymine is replaced in RNA by the nucleotide uracil (U). Polymers consisting of extensive chains of nucleotides make up DNA and RNA molecules.
so, the four nucleotides in DNA re adenine, guanine, cytosine an thymine.
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what does the observation that the alu transposon is limited to this clade reveal about its origin and method of spread among species?
This remark indicates that the ALU element originated within the commonplace ancestor of that clade and changed into then exceeded vertically to descendent species.
An Alu element (or surely, “Alu”) is a transposable detail, additionally called a “jumping gene.” Transposable elements are rare sequences of DNA that can pass (or transpose) themselves to new positions inside the genome of a single mobile. ALU factors are about 300 bases long and are located all throughout the human genome.
ALU factors are a sort of "jumping gene," or transposable element (TE), that exists only in primates. like every TEs, they may be discrete DNA sequences that circulate, or "jump," from one location at the genome to some other, from time to time placing copies of themselves at once into the center of protein-coding genes.
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The polymerase chain reaction can only be used to amplify genes that have already been cloned and sequenced. Why is this true?.
This is True as the primers for the gene must first be obtained in order to abundantly segment a gene using PCR.
Genomic DNA (gDNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), and plasmid DNA are only a few examples of the types of DNA sources that may be used as PCR templates for replication. However, the DNA's structure or complexity influences the ideal input levels for PCR amplification. The sample is heated in order to cause the DNA to denature, or separate into two pieces of single-stranded DNA before the PCR is used to amplify a section of DNA.
Then, using the first two strands of DNA as templates, an enzyme called "Taq polymerase" creates or constructs two new strands of DNA. Instead of amplifying DNA using PCR, this method creates circles by cloning a collection of DNA fragments onto a retroviral vector.
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the diagram shows a beaker of water and molecules of black dye at the beginning of an experiment (time 1) and the same beaker of water and molecules of black dye after 30 mins (time 2)
a. b. molecules of water moved by osmosis from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
b. a, molecules of black dye moved by diffusion from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
c. d, molecules of water moved by osmosis from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration
d. a, molecules of black dye by diffusion from a higher solute concentration to a lower solute concentration
Answer: D
Explanation:
in bacteria, a partially diploid strain may result from . . . choose one or more:a.acquisition of an f' factor.b.natural transformation (not electroporation).c.acquisition of f factor.
In bacteria, a partially diploid strain may result from acquiring an F' factor and specialized transduction.
Specialized transduction and the acquisition of an F' factor lead to the emergence of a partly diploid strain in bacteria. Due to this, some of the bacteria's genetic components can exist in duplication (2 copies) (Chromosomes). One of those copies can be discovered on the bacteria's chromosome, while the other copy can be found in its plasmid.
Merodiploids are bacteria that have been found to have the partial diploid strain.
A genetic mechanism called specialized transduction allows genes to be transferred between bacteria. The F factor is also a plasmid that encourages bacteria to conjugate with one another and exchange genetic material.
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A bacterial infection of the lining or valves of the heart is known as bacterial.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and heart valves is known as endocarditis (endocardium). A bacterial infection is to blame.
A bacterial infection of the heart's inner layer or its heart valves is known as bacterial endocarditis. There are four heart valves. These valves facilitate the passage of blood from the heart and lungs to the rest of the body. These valves could malfunction in a person with bacterial endocarditis.
The heart may have to work harder, as a result, to pump blood to the body. The heart occasionally struggles to pump enough blood. A dangerous condition called bacterial endocarditis occasionally results in death.
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During adaptation to lower temperatures, an organism may increase its production of lipids with less saturated acyl chains.
a. True
b. False
It is wrong, because lipids are formed with more saturated acyl chains. During adaptation to low temperatures, organisms may increase the production of lipids with more saturated acyl chains. So it's false.
As temperature decreases, the composition of membrane lipids (phospholipid fatty acids) is expected to become more unsaturated to maintain homeostasis. Although they differ in function, storage lipids (triacylglycerol fatty acids) are expected to respond to temperature changes in a similar manner.
When saturated fatty acids are compressed by a drop in temperature, they are compressed together to form a dense and fairly hard membrane. When unsaturated fatty acids are compressed, their terminal 'kinks' displace adjacent phospholipid molecules, maintaining membrane fluidity.
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What term is given to the projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord?.
The gray matter in the spinal cord is shaped like a butterfly. The dorsal process is called the dorsal horn and the ventral process is called the ventral horn.
What is a dorsal horn?The dorsal horn of the spinal cord contains the first relays for afferent input from the skin, muscles, and internal organs of the body. The superficial dorsal horn contains at least some neurons that maintain selectivity for modalities encoded by primary afferent terminals. The intermediate processing center for this information is the dorsal horn, which consists of a complex network of excitatory, inhibitory, and projection neurons that transmit processed somatosensory information from the spinal cord to the brain.
At the back of the spinal cord, the central gray matter forms her two arms, each known as the dorsal horn. The dorsal horn consists of the cell bodies of sensory neurons. The front two arms of the spinal cord, located in the central gray matter, are called the anterior horns.
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which of the following occurred first in the history of life? answer evolution of multicellular organisms evolution of eukaryotic organisms plants and fungi colonizing land the beginning of atmospheric accumulation of o2
The following which occurred first in the history of life is the beginning of atmospheric accumulation of O₂ and is denoted as option D.
What is Oxygen?This is referred to as a chemical element which has an atomic number of 8 and is also an important gas which is used during the respiration process kin organisms. Plants give off this gas as a product of photosynthesis thereby making it available.
For organisms to survive. there must be the atmospheric accumulation of oxygen gas which is why it occurred first around billions of years ago in the history of life.
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Coral reefs look like they are made of rocks. They are actually made of animals. The animals are tiny.
Coral reefs are huge underwater structures composed of the skeletons of colonial marine invertebrates called coral.
The coral species that constructed reefs are known as hermatypic, or "hard," corals because they draw out calcium carbonate from seawater to produce a hard, durable exoskeleton that safeguards their soft, sac-like body.
Other species of corals that are not intricated in reef-building are known as soft corals. These types of corals are pliable organisms often similar to plants and trees and comprise species such as sea fans and sea whips.
Each coral is referred to as a polyp. Coral polyps thrive on the calcium carbonate exoskeletons of their ancestors, putting their exoskeleton to the existing structure.
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cellulose is not highly branched because it ________.
Cellulose is not highly branched because it does not have alpha(1-->6) linkages.
Long chains of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages are known as polysaccharides. Glucose makes up starch, glycogen, and cellulose, three significant polysaccharides. In plants and animals, respectively, starch and glycogen serve as temporary energy reserves. Glycosidic linkages bind together the glucose monomers.
A linear polymer glucan, cellulose is made up of over 100,000 glucose units connected by -beta (1-4)-glycosidic bonds. The cellulose chain's regular arrangement of hydroxyl groups causes the formation of H-bridges, which results in a fibrillar structure with crystalline properties.
Hydrogen bonds are used to bind the parallel-arranged cellulose molecules together. When combined with other cellulose molecules, these long, cable-like structures create the robust support structure.
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The rate at which a specific allele for red flower color appears within a population is known as its.
The rate at which a specific allele for red flower color appears within a population is known as its allele frequency .
Phenotype frequency: what is it?Phenotype is the term used to describe how DNA manifests physically. The phenotypic ratio only describes the physical traits, or phenotypes, that are present in a population. The term "genotype" broadly refers to an organism's genetic make-up, or, to put it another way, the entire collection of its genes. The phrase can also be used more specifically to describe to a gene's alleles, or variant versions, that an organism carries.
The frequency of a particular allele in a population is known as the allele frequency (or gene frequency). The term "evolution" in population genetics refers to a shift in an allele's frequency within a population.
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If a test sample burns completely in a calorimetry experiment, it has reached A. partial degradation. C. complete degradation. B. reversible degradation. D. measurable degradation.
If a test sample burns completely in a calorimetry experiment, it has reached: C. complete degradation.
What is a calorimeter?A calorimeter can be defined as a scientific instrument or device that is designed and developed for taking the measurement of the quantity of heat involved in chemical reactions or other heat-related processes, especially by taking the measurement of the temperature of the materials surrounding the process.
In Chemistry, complete degradation is a terminology which is used by scientists and researchers to describe a test sample that burns completely in a calorimetry experiment such as the burning of water (H₂O).
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If the size of an ecosystem decreases because of a hurricane, how are the organisms living in the ecosystem affected?
A. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem increases because there are more resources, decreasing competition among organisms.
B. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem decreases because there are more resources, decreasing competition among organisms.
C. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem decreases because there are fewer resources, increasing competition among organisms.
D. The carrying capacity of the ecosystem increases because there are fewer resources, decreasing competition among organisms.
If the size of an ecosystem decreases because of a hurricane, then the organisms living in the ecosystem are affected since the carrying capacity of the ecosystem decreases because there are fewer resources, increasing competition among organisms (Option C).
What is the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?The carrying capacity of the ecosystem makes reference to the ability to support a given number of organisms and populations in a particular region.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the carrying capacity depends on the ability to have resources in an ecosystem.
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explain transformation of force
Answer:
THE TRANSFORMATION OF FORCE FROM A SYSTEM (S) WHERE A PARTICLE IS MOVING AT A SPEED (V) TO ANY SYSTEM (S) WHOCH IS MOVING RELATIVE SYSTEM. I HOPE THIS IS HELPFUL.
1. Which of the following is the main processing center for the entire nervous system?
a) central nervous system
b) somatic nervous system
a research team used a culture of lymphocytes with radioactively labeled t nucleotides to study the cell cycle. they found that the lymphocytes incorporated the labeled nucleotide at a significantly higher rate after a pathogen was introduced into the culture. which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the results?
They concluded that infection causes lymphocytes to divide more rapidly.
A lymphocyte is a white blood cell type. Cells of the blood White blood cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and macrophages), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets are all found in blood. The arteries and veins transport blood throughout the body. In adults, lymphocytosis is generally defined as a count of more than 3,000 lymphocytes per microliter of blood. The threshold for lymphocytosis in children varies with age. It can reach a maximum of 9,000 lymphocytes per microliter.
Vitamin C stimulates the production of B lymphocytes. Lymphocytes assist body's immune system in fighting cancer as well as foreign viruses and bacteria (antigens). Lymphocytes assist the immune system in remembering every antigen with which it comes into contact. Following an encounter, some lymphocytes transform into memory cells.
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What is the relationship between the cell size and the cell nutrient absorption rate?
functions can be called from statements in the body of a loop and loops can be called from within the body of a function.
Answer: Functions can be called from statements in the body of a loop and loops can be called from within the body of a function. In a nested loop, the inner loop goes through all of its iterations for each iteration of the outer loop.
Explanation:
Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, why would basalt and gabbro generally have higher chemical weathering rates than rhyolite and granite?.
Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, basalt and gabbro generally have higher chemical weathering rates than rhyolite and granite because the ferromagnesian minerals in the gabbro and basalt are subject to oxidation and chemical breakdown.
Weathering is the process of breakdown of rocks and minerals due to the continuous contact with air, eater or some kind of biological agent. This process is the reason for the presence of several types of landforms on the Earth.
Ferromagnesian minerals are actually the silicate minerals that contain the cations of iron and magnesium. The examples of ferromagnesian minerals are: Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphibole, Biotite, etc.
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How have human impacted the ecosystem?
Answer:
Humans have impacted the ecosystem greater than any other organism on earth. Human life has done tremendous amount of damage. Humans have caused air pollution threw cars, buses/automobiles. The use of powerplants and production line seriously effects the eco system to a greater extent. I u have heard u leave a carbon footprint wherever you go which leaves a big impact on the ecoystem.
Explanation:
Though dolphins are more closely related to humans than they are to sharks, dolphins and sharks have both evolved bodies adapted to an aquatic environment. This is an example of.
Sharks and dolphins both have evolved bodies that are adapted to a water habitats, despite the fact that dolphins are more similar to humans than sharks are.
Why are people called humans, exactly?
The word "human" first appears in writing in the middle of the 13th century and derives from the Middle French humain, which means "of or belonging to man." That word itself derives from the Latin word humanus, which is supposed to be a cross between the words for "man" and "earth" (homo and humus). In contrast to birds, planes, and even celestial spirits, a human.
How does the Humans TV series end?
Niska makes the decision to go against her own, so Fred and the synths go without them. As her old owners leave to go home, Mia bids the Hawkins an emotional farewell. Once Karen has left, Pete meets her and they unwillingly depart together. Niska is shown in the closing scene reading one copy of the file while riding a train.
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Sharks and dolphins both have evolved bodies that are adapted to a water habitats, despite the fact that dolphins are more similar to humans than sharks are.
Why are people called humans, exactly?
The word "human" first appears in writing in the middle of the 13th century and derives from the Middle French humain, which means "of or belonging to man." That word itself derives from the Latin word humanus, which is supposed to be a cross between the words for "man" and "earth" (homo and humus). In contrast to birds, planes, and even celestial spirits, a human.
How does the Humans TV series end?
Niska makes the decision to go against her own, so Fred and the synths go without them. As her old owners leave to go home, Mia bids the Hawkins an emotional farewell. Once Karen has left, Pete meets her and they unwillingly depart together. Niska is shown in the closing scene reading one copy of the file while riding a train.
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depressants are ________ of the gaba neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
Depressants are agonists of the GABA neurotransmitter, which has a quieting effect on the brain.
Sedatives, tranquilizers, and hypnotics are examples of Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants. These medications have the ability to slow brain activity, making them useful for treating anxiety, panic attacks, acute stress reactions, and sleep disorders. Arousal and stimulation are reduced by depressant substances. They have an effect on the central nervous system, slowing messages between the brain and the body.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that serves as the central nervous system's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. It works by inhibiting nerve transmission to reduce neuronal excitability. It slows down your brain by blocking specific central nervous system signals. GABA is known to have a calming effect.
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organisms that use co2 as their source of carbon are called multiple choice organotrophs. heterotrophs. autotrophs. chemotrophs.
Organisms that convert inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic carbon compounds are autotrophs.
Autotrophic organisms derive this essential element from carbon dioxide.
Mostly, Autotrophs are responsible for capturing the carbon dioxide from the air and use them in making organic compounds such as glucose. On the other hand Heterotrophs, or the one who feeds on others for example humans, consume the organic molecules, and the organic carbon is passed through food chains and webs.
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A cell with 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. How many daughter cells are created? [a] each daughter cell has [b] chromosomes.
When a cell with prior 18 chromosomes undergoes mitosis, it has 2 daughter cells with 18 chromosomes later.
Mitosis is one of the two types of cell division in which the cell which undergoes this process is divided into two daughter cells which in turn have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Here, we had one parent cell which means that after mitosis it is going to be divided into two daughter cells. The parent cell has 18 chromosomes at first and since this is the process of mitosis, the daughter cells are going to have 18 chromosomes each after undergoing mitosis as well.
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You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mrnas with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mrnas, but not the large subunits. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?.
According to the study, the drug arrest translation of proteins in the initiation stage. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is Translation?Translation is the process of formation of proteins from the mRNA which is synthesized by the DNA in the nucleus of cell. Here, the drug which blocks translation in bacteria and the small ribosomal subunit (30S) binds to the mRNA but not the large ribosomal subunit (50S). So we can say that large ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA after the formation of the 30S initial complex. However, if it was treated with the drugs such as (clindamycin, macrolides, etc) in the translation process then this drug bind to the large ribosomal subunit (50S) and blocks the peptide bond formation between the amino acid and thus stop the initiation step of the translation.
So, we can say that if we use the drug in the bacterial translation process then the drug bind to the large ribosomal subunit and stop the initiation step of the translation.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mrnas with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find that small ribosomal subunits are bound to the mrnas, but not the large subunits. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?
A. Initiation
B. Elongation
C. Termination
proper segregation of plasmids into daughter cells may incorporate which of the following strategies?
a. Random partitioning due to high copy number
b. Polymerization of a filament that binds to, and physically separates plasmids
c. Post-segregational killing via toxin / antitoxin system
Proper segregation of plasmids into daughter cells may incorporate which of the following strategies Polymerization of a filament that binds to, and physically separates plasmids.
A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids certainly exist in bacterial cells, and in addition they occur in a few eukaryotes. often, the genes carried in plasmids offer micro organism with genetic advantages, which includes antibiotic resistance.
A plasmid is a small circular DNA molecule determined in micro organism and some other microscopic organisms. Plasmids are physically separate from chromosomal DNA and mirror independently.
Plasmids are critical for bacterial evolution and variation to the changing environment, as they carry genes which bring beneficial trends for the bacterial cellular. exclusive kinds of plasmids can coexist in a single bacterial mobile.
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How are humans classified within a food chain
How are humans classified within a food chain:
Humans are secondary consumers within the food chain
[ 2.2 on the Trophic level ]
Explanation:
They obtain their food from producers (plants) and other animals (herbivores and consumers)
Giant tube worms living near vents on the ocean floor do not have a functioning intestine. Instead they have a modified gut full of bacteria that provide the worms with carbohydrates. What is the energy that the bacteria use to make the carbohydrates?.
The energy that bacteria use to make carbohydrates by consuming small bacteria that, through a process known as chemosynthesis, obtain all of their energy from the substances in the water, because of the dark hue of the material that these hydrothermal vents emit, they are also referred to as "black smokers."
Prior to the discovery of odd hydrothermal vents by scientists examining the deep Pacific Ocean floor, the enormous tube worm, also known as Riftia pachyptila, was completely unknown to science. These vents circulate water that seeps down through fractures or faults in the rock and is heated by volcanic activity. The water that comes out of the vent is incredibly chemical and mineral-rich. Scientists were startled to see entire ecosystems of species surviving near these vents because this deadly soup of chemicals would be fatal to the majority of animals.
These critters were prospering in total darkness despite the water's temperature being close to boiling. Because they do not rely on sunlight for energy, the species that dwell close to these vents are distinct from all other living beings on earth. Instead, the several smaller species of tube worms that live in shallower waters are closely linked to the big tube worms.
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which of the following conditions is more common in women than in men
a. The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food
b. The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food.
c. The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food.
d. The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food.
Cystitis conditions is more common in women than in men.
The medical name for bladder inflammation is cystitis (sis-TIE-tis). An area of your body that is swollen and heated is said to be inflamed. It could also hurt.
The majority of the time, cystitis results from a bacterial infection. UTI is the medical term for this (UTI). A bladder infection can be uncomfortable and unpleasant. If the infection spreads to your kidneys, it might develop into a significant health issue.
Additionally, several medications or radiation treatments might cause cystitis. Cystitis can also be brought on by things that occasionally irritate the bladder, such as feminine products, spermicide jelly, or prolonged catheter use. Cystitis can also develop as a side effect of another condition.
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Dna sequence differences, metabolism, and cell structures viewed under the microscope are ways that scientists identify and classify ______ organisms.
DNA sequence differences, metabolism, and cell structures viewed under the microscope are ways that scientists identify and classify Prokaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. Prokaryotes are divided into two wonderful organizations: the microorganism and the archaea, which scientists believe have particular evolutionary lineages. maximum prokaryotes are small, unmarried-celled organisms that have a tremendously simple shape.
A prokaryote is an unmarried-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The word prokaryote comes from the Greek and . within the two-empire gadget springing up from the paintings of Chatton, prokaryotes have been categorized within the empire Prokaryote.
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