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For each item below determine the name, find it's molar mass, and it's percent composition

0.6 ml volume of water is needed to make the stock solution.

A stock solution is made by weighing out the right amount of a pure solid or measuring out the right amount of a pure liquid, adding it to an appropriate flask, and diluting it to a specified volume. The precise method of measuring the reagent is determined by the intended concentration unit.

Given that,

In lab 50 X TAE stock solution is present.

Thus, C₁ = 50 X

prepare 30.0 mL of a 1X working solution.

So, C₂ = 1 X

V₂ = 30.0 ml.

As we know,

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

(50 X) × V₁ = (1 X) × (30.0 ml)

V₁ = [(1 X) × (30.0 ml)] / 50 X

V₁ = 0.6 ml.

Thus, 0.6 ml volume of water is needed.

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The hardness of a mineral that measures 9 on the hardness scale can only be scratched using special equipment.

Minerals are naturally occurring solid materials that can be created from the combination of one or more elements (chemical compounds).

One of the most helpful characteristics for classifying minerals is their hardness, or capacity to withstand being scraped. The ability of one mineral to scrape another mineral determines how hard something is. it is clear to note that by scratching a mineral against another substance with a known hardness on the Mohs Hardness Scale, one can determine a mineral's relative resistance to scratching.

The Mohs Hardness Scale is a practical tool for identifying minerals. When a mineral is scratched against another material with a known hardness on the Mohs Hardness Scale, its relative resistance to scratching is determined.

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Complete question

Which of the following describes the hardness of a mineral that measures 9 on the hardness scale?

(a) It rubs off your finger.

(b) It can be scratched with a nail.

(c) It can be scratched easily with a penny.

(d) It can only be scratched using special equipment.

The correct answer is:

b. double displacement

The complete equation for extraction of elemental potassium is

2KCl (l)+ Ca (s) -> 2K (g) + CaCl2 (s)

In a double displacement reaction, ions of two compounds exchange partners to form two new compounds. Potassium ions in potassium chloride exchange with calcium ions in calcium chloride to form potassium and calcium chloride.

The equation for the double shift reaction above can be written as

KCl(l) + Ca(s) --- -> K(g) + CaCl2(s)

To balance the equation, add 2 as coefficient of KCl (l) to balance the chloride atoms.

now potassium is unbalanced so we add a coefficient of 2 on the K(g) to balance potassium atoms.

The final equation is:

2KCl(l) + Ca(s) -----> 2K(g) + CaCl2(s)

This equation shows that when potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium (Ca) combine, they react to produce potassium gas (K) and calcium chloride (CaCl2).

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The volume of 0.240 M KOH to react completely with 11.4 ml of 0.110 M sulphuric acid is 5.225 ml.

Molarity of a solution is the ratio of the number moles of solutes to the volume of solution in liters. Molarity is most common term used to express the concentration of a solution.

Let the volume and molarity of the titrant be V1 and M1 respectively and the volume of molarity of the analyte be V2 and M2 then,

M1 V1 = M2 V2.

Given volume of H₂SO₄  = 11.4 ml

Molarity = 0.11 M

Molarity of KOH = 0.24 M

volume of KOH = (11.4 ml × 0.11 M) / 0.24 M

                          = 5.225 ml.

Therefore, the volume of KOH needed for the titration is 5.2 ml.

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Will the flask explode if the pressure is less than 3 atm if it can tolerate pressures up to that level.

To create the proteins found in your muscles, skin, blood, hair, nails, and DNA, your body needs nitrogen. According the Royal Society of Chemistry, your diet's protein-containing foods are where you get your nitrogen. Meat, fish, beans, nuts, eggs, milk, and other dairy items are some of these foods. Nitrogen exposure is hazardous because it can displace oxygen and induce asphyxia.

The formula below is used to determine the pressure at a given temperature for a given volume of nitrogen gas:

P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂

where;

Initial pressure is P1.

Initial temperature is T1.

Final pressure is P2.

T2 is the final temperature.

P2 solution

P₂ = P₁ * T₂ / T₁

P₂ = 0.836 * (680 + 273) / (20 + 273)

P₂ = 2.72 atm =3atm

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The amount of sugar molecules present in 300mL of a 2.0M solution is 3.61 × 10²³ molecules of sugar.

The number of molecules of a substance can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles in the substance by Avogadro's number (6.02 × 10²³).

According to this question, 300mL of a 2.0M solution is given. The molarity of the solution can be calculated as follows:

no of moles = 0.300 × 2.0 = 0.6moles

no of molecules = 0.6mol × 6.02 × 10²³

no of molecules = 3.61 × 10²³ molecules of sugar.

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The cell potential of the system is obtained as  0.66 V.

We know that we can be able to make use the table of the standard potentials so as to be able to obtain the cell potentials under standard conditions.

We have that;

The standard cell potential can be obtained as;

Cell potential of the cathode - Cell potential of the anode

0.77 V - 0.15 V

= 0.62 V

By the Nernst equation;

E = E° - 0.0592/n log Q

E = cell potential under the given conditions

n = Number of electrons transferred

E° = standard cell potential

Q = reaction quotient

Then;

Q = [0.00744] [0.01196]/[0.0610] [0.0389]

= 8.9 * 10^-5/2.4 * 10^-3

= 3.7 * 10^-2

Thus;

E = 0.62 - 0.0592/2 log (3.7 * 10^-2)

E = 0.66 V

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The density of air at exactly 35°C and 1.00 atm assuming that air is 80.0 percent N₂ and 20.0 percent O₂ is 1.139 g/L

We'll begin by obtaining the average atomic mass of the air. This can be obtained as follow:

Average atomic mass of air = (Molar mass of N₂ × abundance) + (Molar mass of O₂ × abundance)

Average atomic mass of air = (28 × 80%) + (32 × 20%)

Average atomic mass of air = 28.8 amu

Finally, we shall determine the density of the air. This is illustrated below:

Density = PM / RT

Density = (1 × 28.8) / ( 0.0821 × 308)

Density = 1.139 g/L

Thus, the density of the air is 1.139 g/L

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Answer:

13.5 g.

Explanation:

76.3 g NH3 contains 4.49 mol NH3. This comes from (3/2)4.49 mol H2 = 6.75 mol H2, or 13.5 g hydrogen.

Answer: It is easier to remember the properties of an element if its position in the periodic table is known.

Explanation:

Option A, B and D are chemical changes and Option C is a physical changes

Physical and Chemical changes:

Hence, Option A, B and D are chemical changes and Option C is a physical changes

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Answer:

makes now sense

Explanation:

As long as the temperature T and pressure p stay constant, Amagat's equation asserts that the extensive volume V = Nv of a gas mixture equals the total of volumes Vi of the K component gases:: N v ( T , p ) = ∑ i = 1 K N i v i ( T , p ) .

According to Amagat's law of partial volumes, the sum of the partial volumes that each gas would occupy if it existed alone at the mixture's temperature and pressure makes up the entire volume of a gas mixture.

According to Amagat's law of partial volumes, a mixture's volume is equal to the total of its component parts' partial volumes.

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The new HCl solution's necessary concentration must be determined: The new HCl solution's necessary concentration must be determined:-log[HCl]=1.831 at pH=1.831, resulting in: [HCl]=10^(-1.831) M=0.01476M

This calls for the following: V x 0.01476M = 0.557litre x 0.0300M; V=[(0.557 x 0.0300)/0.01476] litres; V=1.132 litres; thus, the highest volume of 0.01476M HCl that can be generated from 557ml of 0.0300M HCl is 1.132 litres.

The dosage of HCL is determined by the base excess, with an equivalent dosage being given.

To make 1000 ml of 0.1 N HCL, dilution of 8.50 ml of HCL with distilled water is required.

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Among electromagnetic waves, UV rays are most dangerous because exposure to these radiation cause serious problems in living organism. Therefore, Wavelength decreases as frequency increases.

Electromagnetic wave is a wave which contain two component one is electric component and other is magnetic component. The electric and magnetic component are perpendicular to each other. There are so many wave that comes under electromagnetic wave like infrared wave , radio wave.

There is a relation between energy of wave. frequency of wave, and wavelength of wave

Mathematically,

E=hc/λ

where,

E = energy of electromagnetic wave

h is planks constant having value 6.67×10⁻³⁴js

c is speed of light that is 3×10⁸m/s

λ is the wavelength of electromagnetic wave

c/λ = ν= frequency of electromagnetic wave

From above formula we can see frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength.

Therefore, Wavelength decreases as frequency increases.

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According  to the molecular geometry, there are 3  maximum number of σ bonds that the atom can form and 2 maximum number of p-p bonds that the atom can form .

Molecular geometry can be defined as a three -dimensional arrangement of atoms which constitute the molecule.It includes parameters like bond length,bond angle and torsional angles.

It influences many properties of molecules like reactivity,polarity color,magnetism .The molecular geometry can be determined by various spectroscopic methods and diffraction methods , some of which are infrared,microwave and Raman spectroscopy.

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(D. II and III) A precipitate of PbI2 will form near the center of dish. The potassium (K+) and nitrate ions (NO3-) are considered "spectators" because both are present but neither participate in the reaction.

Compare the solutions before and after the reaction, sodium and nitrate ions should present in both solutions. They do not undergo any chemical change. These ions are called spectator ions as they don't participate in the chemical reaction.

Itty rules is always soluble. Therefore, it will always be a spectator ion, ,which is ammonia young. According to, Itty rules always makes the compound soluble, so it will always also serve as a spectator ion.

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Considering the definition of enthalpy of reaction, the enthalpy change for the reaction is 650 kJ.

The enthalpy of a chemical reaction as the heat absorbed or released in a chemical reaction when it occurs at constant pressure. That is, the heat of reaction is the energy that is released or absorbed when chemicals are transformed into a chemical reaction.

In this case you want to calculate the enthalpy change of:

5 H₂SO₄ → 5 SO₃ + 5 H₂O

You know the following reaction, with his corresponding enthalpie:

SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄     ΔH = –130 kJ

To obtain the enthalpy of the desired chemical reaction you need 5 moles of H₂SO₄ on reactant side. The given equation has 1 mole of H₂SO₄ on the product side, soit is necessary to locate it on the reactant side (invert it) and multiply it by 5.

When an equation is inverted, the sign of delta H also changes. And since enthalpy is an extensive property, that is, it depends on the amount of matter present, since the equation is multiply by 2, the variation of enthalpy also.

In summary, you know that the enthalpy change is 650 kJ.

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Answer: To calculate the pH of the buffer, we need to use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

where pKa is the acid-ionization constant of HA, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (A-) in the solution, and [HA] is the concentration of HA.

First, let's calculate the concentration of A- in the solution after 0.20 g of NaOH is added. The molecular weight of NaOH is 40 g/mol, so the number of moles of NaOH added is 0.20 g / 40 g/mol = 5.0 x 10^-3 mol. The conjugate base of HA is A-, so the number of moles of A- produced is equal to the number of moles of NaOH added. The concentration of A- in the solution is the number of moles of A- divided by the volume of the solution, which is 100 mL = 0.1 L. Therefore, the concentration of A- in the solution is 5.0 x 10^-3 mol / 0.1 L = 5.0 x 10^-2 mol/L.

Next, let's plug these values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = 5.0 x 10^6 + log(5.0 x 10^-2 mol/L / 0.25 mol/L)

pH = 5.6

This is the same as the pH of the resulting solution, so our calculation is correct.

In order to produce sp3 hybrid orbitals, 1s atomic orbital(s) and 3p atomic orbital(s) must be mixed.

1 s, 3 p and 1 d orbitals of approximately the same energy intermix to produce sp³ hybrid orbitals and are used to create 5 identical or degenerate hybrid orbitals. These orbitals forms a trigonal bipyramidal symmetry by arranging themselves. In trigonal bipyramidal three orbitals are arranged in a trigonal plane and the other two orbitals are arranged up/down the trigonal plane at right angles.

For example, formation of PCl₅ requires five unpaired electron, the phosphorus atom was excited and one electron from the 3s filled one of the vacant 3d orbitals.

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19.42g of fluorine is produced upon decomposition of sodium fluoride.

The mass of a given substance is converted to moles using the molar mass of this substance in the periodic table. Moles of a given substance are then converted to moles of an unknown substance using the molar ratios from the balanced chemical formulas.

Mass ratio is defined as the percentage composition of the masses of elements in a molecule or compound. A compound always has a defined mass fraction of the corresponding element.

Mass ratio of sodium to fluorine = 1.21:1

If the mass of sodium fluoride produced is 23.5 g

Using dimensional Analysis,

(23.5g of sodium/sodium fluoride)×(1 g of Fluorine/1.21 g of sodium)

= 19.42g(g of fluorine/g of sodium fluoride)

Mass of fluorine produced = 19.42g

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The  Percent Yield=(Actual YieldTheoretical Yield)×100% = 77.3%

A real yield divided by hypothetical yield multiplied by 100 is known as percent yield.Yield Percentage Equals Actual YieldA theoretical yield of 100%There are various reasons why a chemical reaction's theoretical yield might not match its actual yield, and these will be covered in more detail in later chapters of the course.

Percent yield = Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield x 100 is the formula we use to calculate the yield percentage.

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There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, blanks can be filled with the knowledge of types of chemical compound.

Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.

An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound.  Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond. Covalent compounds are formed by elements whose electronegativity difference is null. These compounds have low melting and boiling point.

Therefore, blanks can be filled with the knowledge of types of chemical compound.

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Option c) is  correct . The cuvette will not be same as last week or spectrophotometer may give different results on different days.

What is calibration plot?

This curve is used in analytical chemistry for the determination the concentration of an unknown sample solution.

Some errors might get during measurements

1. didn't wait for instrument to calibrate. (Before showing 0.00 have placed cuvette in it)

2. Not handled the cuvette in correct way.

3. May changed the cuvette. (Size of cuvette)

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Semipermeable membranes are a type of polymeric, biological or synthetic membrane that permits certain ions or molecules to flow through them via osmosis.

A thin membrane known as a semipermeable membrane allows certain tiny molecules to flow through but not others. A semipermeable membrane can be a small piece of cellophane.

Semi implies some or a small amount, and permeable means able to let anything through. Consequently, a semi-permeable screen is one that only permits specific substances to flow through. Different from membrane pores, which let all materials flow through the barrier, are semi-permeable membranes.

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The classification of given substances is as follows:

Ag is the Atomic element.

F₂ is the Molecular element.

CO is the Molecular compound.

PbI₄ is the Ionic compound.

Crystalline solids are formed by tightly packed ions of opposite charge. Ionic compounds are usually formed when metals react with non-metals. Elements can gain or lose electrons to reach the next noble gas configuration. The formation of ions (by gaining or losing electrons) to complete octets helps them stabilize.

In reactions between metals and nonmetals, metals generally lose electrons to complete octets, while nonmetals gain electrons to complete octets. Metals and non-metals generally.

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1. The limiting reagent would be sulfur.

3. The amount of product formed would be 34.4 grams

2. The amount of excess copper that remains would be 24.96 grams.

Copper and sulfur react to form copper (II) sulfide according to the following balanced equation:

[tex]Cu + S -- > CuS[/tex]

From the balanced equation of the reaction, the mole ratio of copper to sulfur is 1:1.

Recall that, mole = mass/molar mass

Mole of 48.2 grams of copper = 48.2/64

                                                  = 0.75 mol

Mole of 35.0 grams of sulfur = 35/98

                                               = 0.36 mol

Since the stoichiometric mole ratio is 1:1, it means that sulfur is the limiting reactant or reagent while copper is in excess.

The excess amount of copper would be: 0.75 - 0.36 = 0.39 mol

Mass of 0.39 mol copper = 0.39 x 64 = 24.96 grams

With sulfur being the limiting reactant, the equivalent amount of CuS formed will be 0.36 mol considering that the mole ratio is 1:1.

Mass of 0.36 mol CuS = 0.36 x 95.6

                                      = 34.4 grams.

In other words, the limiting reactant is sulfur, the amount of product formed is 34.4 grams, and the amount of excess copper is 24.96 grams.

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The test solution's volume is most precisely measured using a graduated cylinder.

A three-dimensional object's volume is the area it takes up, and it is expressed in cubic units. Cm3 and in3 are two instances of cubic units. The amount of matter in an item may be estimated by its mass, on the other hand. The weight of an object is a typical way to determine mass (in units like pounds or kilograms).

Water has a capacity of one cubic centimeter per milliliter (1 mL) (1cm3). The dimensions and weights of certain atoms differ. The amount of protons in an atom's nucleus determines the sequence in which specific atoms appear on the periodic table.

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Answer:

Power plants - sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce electricity.

- The exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into the air.

Explanation: