The reaction NH3(1) --> NH3(g) shows a phase change. ( Graph A Graph B Activation Energy Activation Energy Energy of Products Energy Released Energy Absorbed Energy Energy of Reactants Energy of Reactants Energy Energy of Products Direction of Reaction Direction of Reaction Which of the following is the correct energy diagram and explanation to represent this reaction? Graph B, this reaction is endothermic because more energy is supplied to the reaction than is released by the phase change. Graph A, this reaction is exothermic because more energy is released during the phase change than is supplied during the reaction. Graph A, this reaction is endothermic because more energy is supplied to the phase change than is released during the reaction. Graph B, this reaction is exothermic because more energy is supplied to the reaction than is released by the phase change.

All of the possibilities meet the criteria of an unknown acid, hence they are all correct options.

Without additional information, the best description of the unknown acid cannot be determined because it could be any of the four options (A. strong diprotic acid, B. strong monoprotic acid, C. weak diprotic acid, D. weak monoprotic acid) depending on its specific chemical properties and behavior in solution.

It is hard to appropriately identify the acid as any of these alternatives without more information. To clearly define an acid, its strength and quantity of acidic protons, as well as its dissociation constant, must be measured or calculated. So, one way we can say that all the options are correct.

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Complete question - what is the best description of the unknown acid?

A. a strong diprotic acid

B. a strong monoprotic acid

C. a weak diprotic acid

D. a weak monoprotic acid

After the CLR pulse goes back to 0, the output Q will still remain at 1 until the next rising edge of the CLK signal, at which point the flip-flop will sample the D input and update the output Q accordingly. Therefore, the answer is (b) 1.

Since the D flip-flop has a condition of D=1 and CLK=0, the input D will be latched into the flip-flop when the clock signal transitions from 0 to 1. Therefore, the output Q will remain at 1 until the next clock transition.

The CLR input is a synchronous clear input, which means that the flip-flop will be reset to its inactive state when CLR=0 and CLK=1. In this case, CLR is being driven by a 100 Hz clock pulse, which means that it will transition from 0 to 1 and back to 0 once every 10 ms.

Since the CLR pulse is not synchronous with the CLK pulse, it will not affect the output Q of the flip-flop until the next rising edge of the CLK signal. Therefore, the output Q will remain at 1 for the entire duration of the CLR pulse.

After the CLR pulse goes back to 0, the output Q will still remain at 1 until the next rising edge of the CLK signal, at which point the flip-flop will sample the D input and update the output Q accordingly. Therefore, the answer is (b) 1.

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We do not expect to see resonance for carbon 2 of 2-butanone in a DEPT-45 spectrum because it does not have any hydrogen atoms attached to it. The correct option is "none of these". let's first understand the DEPT-45 technique and the structure of 2-butanone.

DEPT-45 (Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer) is a specialized NMR technique used to determine the number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom in a molecule. It provides information about CH, CH2, and CH3 groups.

2-butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), has the molecular formula CH3C(O)CH2CH3. Carbon 2 is the carbonyl carbon (C=O) in this molecule.

In a DEPT-45 spectrum, only CH and CH3 groups are observed as positive signals, while CH2 groups appear as negative signals. Since carbon 2 (C=O) in 2-butanone does not have any hydrogen atoms attached to it, we would not expect to see a resonance for carbon 2 in a DEPT-45 spectrum. Therefore, the correct answer is "none of these."

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The balanced molecular equation for the reaction between hydrobromic acid and barium carbonate is: HBr (aq) + BaCO3 (s) → BaBr2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l).

To write the net ionic equation, we need to identify the ions that are involved in the reaction and write them as separate species.

The hydrobromic acid dissociates in water to form H+ and Br- ions:

[tex]HBr (aq) → H+ (aq) + Br- (aq)[/tex]

The barium carbonate dissociates to form Ba2+ and CO32- ions:

[tex]BaCO3 (s) → Ba2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq)[/tex]

In the net ionic equation, we eliminate the spectator ions (ions that appear on both sides of the equation) and write the remaining species:

H+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Therefore, the net ionic equation for the reaction between hydrobromic acid and barium carbonate is:

[tex]H+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g)[/tex]

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The curved arrow notation showing the proton transfer between propan-1-ol and HBr can be represented as follows:

CH₃CH₂CH₂OH + HBr → CH₃CH₂CH₂O⁺H + Br⁻

In this reaction, the HBr molecule acts as a Brønsted-Lowry acid, donating a proton (H⁺) to the propan-1-ol molecule. Propan-1-ol, in turn, acts as a Brønsted-Lowry base, accepting the proton to form a positively charged propane-1-oxonium ion (CH₃CH₂CH₂O⁺H) and a negatively charged bromide ion (Br⁻).

The curved arrows are used to show the flow of electrons during the reaction. In this case, the arrow starts at the lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom of the propan-1-ol molecule and ends at the hydrogen atom bonded to the bromine atom in HBr. This represents the transfer of the proton (H⁺) from HBr to propan-1-ol.

Overall, this reaction is an example of an acid-base reaction, where the acid (HBr) donates a proton (H⁺) and the base (propan-1-ol) accepts the proton to form a new compound.

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Answer:

quite literally in the name

Answer:

The answer is

A- H

B- C

Explanation:

Answer:

The answer is

A- H

B- C

Explanation:

The equation for the dissociation of benzoic acid in water is:

C6H5COOH + H3O+ ⇌ C6H5COO- + H2O

The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is:

Ka = [C6H5COO-][H3O+] / [C6H5COOH]

where [ ] represents the concentration of each species in mol/L.

In this equation, benzoic acid reacts with water to form its conjugate base, C6H5COO-, and hydronium ion, H3O+. The reaction is reversible, meaning that the products can also react to form the reactants. The value of Ka for benzoic acid is 6.30×10-5, which indicates that the acid is a weak acid since the value is small.

This means that benzoic acid only partially dissociates in water, forming a small concentration of hydronium ions and its conjugate base. This equilibrium constant is important in determining the pH of a solution of benzoic acid, as well as in understanding the acid-base chemistry of organic compounds.

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The reaction to convert copper(II) sulfide (CuS) to copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) under standard conditions can be determined to be spontaneous or non-spontaneous by calculating the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) using the given values of enthalpy change (ΔH°rxn) and entropy change (ΔS°rxn).

The formula to calculate ΔG° is:

ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°

where T is the temperature in Kelvin (standard conditions imply 298 K).

Using the provided values, we can calculate:

ΔG°rxn = -718.3 kJ/mol - (298 K)(-0.368 kJ/mol K)
ΔG°rxn = -718.3 kJ/mol + 109.664 kJ/mol
ΔG°rxn = -608.636 kJ/mol

Since ΔG°rxn is negative, the reaction to convert copper(ii) sulfide to copper(ii) sulfate is spontaneous under standard conditions (298 K and 1 atm). This means that the products (copper sulfate) are more stable than the reactants (copper sulfide and oxygen) and the reaction will proceed without any external energy input.

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The charge balance equation for an aqueous solution of MnCl₂ that ionizes to Mn₂⁺, Cl⁻, MnCl⁺, and MnOH⁺ is: 2[Mn₂⁺] + [Cl₋] + [MnCl⁺] + [MnOH⁻] = 2[Cl⁻] + 2[MnCl⁺] + [OH⁻]

To select the charge balance equation for an aqueous solution of MnCl2₂ that ionizes to Mn₂⁺, Cl⁻, MnCl, and MnOH, we need to account for the charges of all the ions present in the solution. Here's the charge balance equation

[Mn₂⁺] + [MnOH] = 2[Cl⁻] + [MnCl]

In this equation:

The equation balances the positive and negative charges in the solution, ensuring that the total charge is neutral.

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The nuclear charge increases in that direction.

Option D is correct.

Atoms often have a period-long reduction in atomic radius from left to right. There are a few minor deviations, such as the oxygen radius slightly exceeding the nitrogen radius. In a short amount of time, protons are added to the nucleus at the same time that electrons are added to the main energy level.

The valence shell size stays constant as we move from left to right, despite the nuclear charge increasing. As a result, the element's atomic size falls from left to right during any time.

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In a titration between sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide, 25.0 mL of sulfuric acid requires 19.7 mL of 0.720 M NaOH to reach the titration endpoint.H2SO4 + 2NaOH ==> Na2SO4 + 2H2O. The molarity of the sulfuric acid solution is approximately 0.284 M.

To find the molarity of the sulfuric acid solution, we can use the balanced chemical equation and the volume and concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution used in the titration.
First, we need to determine the number of moles of sodium hydroxide used in the titration:
moles of NaOH = volume of NaOH x concentration of NaOH
moles of NaOH = 19.7 mL x 0.720 mol/L
moles of NaOH = 0.0142 mol
Next, we can use the balanced chemical equation to determine the number of moles of sulfuric acid that reacted with the sodium hydroxide:
1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 2 moles of NaOH
moles of H2SO4 = 0.0142 mol x 1/2
moles of H2SO4 = 0.0071 mol
Finally, we can calculate the molarity of the sulfuric acid solution:
molarity of H2SO4 = moles of H2SO4 / volume of H2SO4
molarity of H2SO4 = 0.0071 mol / 25.0 mL
molarity of H2SO4 = 0.284 M
Therefore, the molarity of the sulfuric acid solution is 0.284 M.
In the given titration, 25.0 mL of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with 19.7 mL of 0.720 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to reach the endpoint. The balanced equation is:
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
To find the molarity of the sulfuric acid solution, we'll use the stoichiometry and the volume of NaOH solution used.
Moles of NaOH = Molarity of NaOH * Volume of NaOH
Moles of NaOH = 0.720 mol/L * 0.0197 L = 0.014184 mol
From the balanced equation, the mole ratio between NaOH and H2SO4 is 2:1. Therefore:
Moles of H2SO4 = Moles of NaOH / 2
Moles of H2SO4 = 0.014184 mol / 2 = 0.007092 mol
Now we can calculate the molarity of H2SO4:
Molarity of H2SO4 = Moles of H2SO4 / Volume of H2SO4
Molarity of H2SO4 = 0.007092 mol / 0.025 L = 0.28368 M
The molarity of the sulfuric acid solution is approximately 0.284 M.

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The value of Kp at a given temperature can be calculated from the value of Kc using the ideal gas law. The relationship between Kp and Kc is given by:

[tex]Kp = Kc(RT)^{\vartriangle n[/tex]

In this case, the reaction involves two moles of gas on the reactant side (Cl₂ and CO) and three moles of gas on the product side (COCl₂). So Δn = 3 - 2 = 1.

Given values:

Kc = 19.5

T = 520.0°C = (520.0 + 273.15) K = 793.15 K (temperature in Kelvin)

Now, let's plug in the values and calculate Kp:

[tex]Kp = Kc(RT)^{\vartriangle n[/tex]

[tex]Kp = 19.5 * (0.0821) * (793.15)^1[/tex]

[tex]Kp \approx 13.8[/tex]

So, the value of Kp at 520.0°C for the given reaction is approximately 13.8.

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Answer:

The two key ways to identify chemical hazards are to carefully study both the product packaging AND the product's SDS.

0.0636 g of NaCl and dissolve it in 50.00 mL of distilled water to prepare the 500 ppm standard solution of sodium.

To prepare 50.00 mL of a 500 ppm standard solution of sodium (Na+) using NaCl, follow these steps:

1. Convert ppm to mg/L: 500 ppm = 500 mg/L (since ppm=mg/L for dilute aqueous solutions).
2. Calculate the amount of Na+ needed in 50.00 mL of solution: (500 mg Na+/L) * (50.00 mL) * (1 L/1000 mL) = 25 mg Na+.
3. Convert mg Na+ to grams: 25 mg * (1 g/1000 mg) = 0.025 g Na+.
4. Calculate the moles of Na+: (0.025 g Na+) / (22.99 g/mol) = 0.00109 mol Na+.
5. Convert moles of Na+ to moles of NaCl:

Since there is a 1:1 ratio of Na+ to Cl- in NaCl, the moles of NaCl are the same as the moles of Na+ which is 0.00109 mol.
6. Calculate the grams of NaCl needed: (0.00109 mol NaCl) * (58.44 g/mol) = 0.0636 g NaCl.
7. Weigh out 0.0636 g of NaCl and dissolve it in 50.00 mL of distilled water to prepare the 500 ppm standard solution of sodium.

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The amount of particles affect the rate of ice melting. The more particles in a container, the slower the ice melts. This is because collisions between the particles reduce the freezing point of the solution.

The "colligative properties" affect the melting rate of ice through the number of particles. The number of solute particles in a solution determines its colligative properties. The solute particles mix with the water as the ice melts. More particles slow the melting of the ice.

Particles lower the freezing point of a solution. Ice melts when it touches a substance that does not freeze. This will continue until the substance freezes. The freezing point drops and the solution takes longer to freeze as the number of particles increases.

When a solute is added to water, the ice melts more slowly. The freezing point of the solution is lower. However, fewer particles in the container will freeze faster, accelerating the melting.

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The major organic product of the reaction of carvone with HOCH2CH2OH and HCl is 1-menthol.

The reaction of carvone with HOCH2CH2OH and HCl is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The hydroxyl group (-OH) of HOCH2CH2OH acts as a nucleophile, attacking the carbonyl group of carvone. The HCl serves as a catalyst in this reaction.

The result is the formation of 1-menthol, which is the major organic product. 1-menthol is an organic compound with a menthol odor and is commonly used in various applications, such as flavoring agents, perfumes, and medicinal products due to its cooling sensation and soothing effects on the skin.

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True statements: Proton is converted into neutron and positron during positron emission. Positron emission is a type of radioactive decay that releases an isotope with the same mass number and one less atomic number.

-During positron emission, a proton is converted into a neutron and positron: True
-Positron emission releases an electron: False
-During positron emission, a proton is converted into an electron and positron: False
-Positron emission is a type of radioactive decay: True
-Positron emission releases an alpha particle: False
-Positron emission releases an isotope that has a mass number equal to the original isotope and an atomic number that is one less than the original isotope: True

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Solid potassium sulfite is slowly added to 150 ml of a silver nitrate solution until the concentration of sulfite ion is 0.0590 m. the maximum amount of silver ion remaining in solution is 0.00482m

To determine the maximum amount of silver ion remaining in solution, we will use the solubility product constant (Ksp) for silver sulfite (Ag₂SO₃). The Ksp value for silver sulfite is 1.5 × 10⁻⁵. Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction:
AgNO₃ (aq) + K₂SO₃ (s) ⇒ 2 Ag₂SO₃ (s) + 2 KNO₃ (aq)
2. Write the solubility product expression for Ag₂SO₃:
Ksp = [Ag+]² [SO3²-]
3. Given the concentration of sulfite ion [SO₃-] = 0.0590 M, we can find the concentration of silver ion [Ag+].
Ksp = 1.5 × 10⁻⁵ = [Ag⁺]² [0.0590]
4. Solve for [Ag⁺]:
[Ag⁺]² = (1.5 × 10⁻⁵) / 0.0590
[Ag⁺] = √((1.5 × 10⁻⁵) / 0.0590) =0.00482 M
So, the maximum amount of silver ion remaining in solution is 0.00482 M.

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Equations that enable the computation of the carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities in mg/L as CaCO from measurements of the pH and total alkalinity (A). Since the latter has an unlimited number of dimensions, PCO₂ remains constant.

CaCO₃ is not allowed into the system, causing the carbonate alkalinity. Alkalinity The quantity of ions in water known as alkalinity is what will react to neutralise hydrogen ions (H+). The answer can be substituted for the equilibrium constants or other equations using carbonate, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, and acidity. The acid-neutralizing ability attributed to carbonate solutes is known as carbonate alkalinity. The carbonate system and saltwater will receive the majority of attention, although all the improvements will be applicable to any natural water

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High temperatures are needed to convert N₂ and O₂ to NO because they provide the energy required to break the strong triple bond in N₂ and the double bond in O₂, allowing the atoms to react and form NO.

Nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂) molecules have strong bonds, with a triple bond between the two nitrogen atoms and a double bond between the two oxygen atoms. In order to form nitric oxide (NO), these bonds need to be broken, and new bonds between nitrogen and oxygen atoms need to be formed. The reaction has an enthalpy change (ΔH) of 180 kJ, indicating that it is an endothermic reaction, meaning it requires energy to proceed. High temperatures provide the necessary energy to break the strong bonds in N₂ and O₂ molecules and overcome the activation energy barrier for the reaction to take place. Once the bonds are broken, nitrogen and oxygen atoms can react to form NO, which is a component of polluted air.

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The system with the greatest entropy is D. 1 mol of H2O(l) at 25∘C.

Entropy is a measure of the number of possible arrangements of a system's particles that are available to it at a given temperature and pressure.

The state of matter, temperature, and pressure all affect entropy. In this case, the solid state of H2O(s) in option C limits the number of possible arrangements of particles.

while the higher temperature and lower pressure of option B increase the entropy slightly but not enough to surpass option D. The liquid state of H2O(l).

in option D allows for the greatest number of possible arrangements of particles, leading to the highest entropy of the options given.

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The correct answer is option A. salt and water are formed at the equivalence point when titrating a strong acid with a strong base.

Titration is a technique used in chemistry to determine the concentration of a solution (the analyte) by reacting it with a solution of a known concentration (the titrant) of another substance. A measured amount of the titrant is added to the analyte until the reaction is complete, at which point the amount of titrant used is used to calculate the concentration of the analyte. Titration is commonly used in acid-base chemistry to determine the concentration of an acid or a base, but it can also be used for other types of reactions.

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You are probably asked to convert the given number of methane (CH4) molecules into moles.

1.5 x 10^20 molecules of CH4 is  to 0.0249 moles of CH4

The atomic mass of carbon =  12.01 g/mol,

the atomic mass of hydrogen=  1.008 g/mol.

The molecular weight of CH4 is shown below:

Molecular weight CH4 = (1 x 12.01 g/mol) + (4 x 1.008 g/mol)

Molecular weight CH4   = 16.04 g/mol

Number of moles = number of molecules / Avogadro's number

Number of moles = (1.5 x 10^20) / (6.022 x 10^23 molecules/mol)

Number of moles = 0.0249 moles

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The delta G (naught) for the hydrolysis of glucose-6-p at pH 7 and temperature 298K is 99.88 kJ/mol.

To calculate delta G (naught) for the hydrolysis of glucose-6-p at pH 7 and 298K, we need to use the equation:
delta G (naught) = -RT ln(K)
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol*K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (298K), and K is the equilibrium constant.
The equilibrium constant for the hydrolysis of glucose-6-p can be expressed as:
K = [glucose][phosphate] / [glucose-6-p]
At pH 7, the concentration of H+ ions is [tex]10^{-7} M[/tex], so we can assume that [H+] is negligible and [tex][H_2O][/tex] is constant. Therefore, we can simplify the expression for K as:
K = [glucose][phosphate] / [glucose-6-p] * [tex][H_2O][/tex]
We can use the standard free energy of formation values to calculate the standard free energy change for the reactants and products:
delta G (naught) = -RT ln(K) = -RT ln([glucose][phosphate]/[glucose-6-p] * [tex][H_2O][/tex])
delta G (naught) = -RT ln([glucose][phosphate]) + RT ln([glucose-6-p] * [tex][H_2O][/tex])
delta G (naught) = -RT ln([glucose][phosphate]) + RT ln([glucose-6-p]) + RT ln([tex][H_2O][/tex])
Substituting the values, we get:
delta G (naught) = [tex]-8.314 J/mol*K * 298K * ln(1) + (-8.314 J/mol*K * 298K * ln(1.8*10^{-10})) + (-8.314 J/mol*K * 298K * ln(55.5))[/tex]
delta G (naught) = [tex]-8.314 J/mol*K * 298K * (-22.81) + (-8.314 J/mol*K * 298K * 13.8) + (-8.314 J/mol*K * 298K * (-2.90))[/tex]
delta G (naught) = 59.54 kJ/mol + 32.66 kJ/mol + 7.68 kJ/mol
delta G (naught) = 99.88 kJ/mol

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It's important to understand the acid's Ka as well. Example: 10.0 grammes of sodium acetate were dissolved in 200.0 mL of 1.00 M acetic acid to create a buffer solution.

Simple sodium acetate buffers have a pH of pH=pKa + log.[Acid][Salt]Acetic acid has a Ka of 1.8 10 5. if 0.1 M = [Salt][Acid]. With the help of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, one may determine a buffer's pH: pH (moles of acid/moles of salt) = pKa + log You'll discover the pKa. The -COOH group is the most acidic since it has the lowest pka value. The -COOH group and its conjugate base are in equilibrium at pH = 1.81.

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In the balanced equation reaction [tex]MnO^-4+HNO2-- > NO^-3+Mn^2[/tex]+, Mn got oxidized and N got reduced.

In the balanced equation: [tex]MnO-4 + HNO2 → NO-3 + Mn2+,[/tex] the element that got oxidized is Mn (from MnO₋₄ to Mn₂₊) and the element that got reduced is N (from HNO₂ to NO⁻₃).

A balanced equation happens when the quantity of the molecules engaged with the reactants side is equivalent to the quantity of particles in the items side.

A balanced equation contains similar number of each kind of molecules on both the left and right sides of the response bolt. To compose a decent condition, the reactants go on the left half of the bolt, while the items go on the right half of the bolt.

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MnO^-4 undergoes reduction going from Mn+7 to Mn+2, thus, gaining electrons. In contrast, HNO2 undergoes oxidation, changing from N+3 to N+5 and therefore, losing electrons.

In this redox reaction, both reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously. To determine which species got oxidized, we look for the species that lost electrons thus increasing its oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or the decrease in the oxidation state.

Here, MnO-4 undergoes reduction as it changes from Mn+7 to Mn+2 in Mn2+. Hence, the oxidation number decreases, meaning it gained electrons.

On the other hand, HNO2 undergoes oxidation as it changes from N+3 in HNO2 to N+5 in NO-3. Therefore, its oxidation number increased, indicating a loss of electrons.

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Unfortunately, without knowing the Ka or Kb values of the relevant species, we cannot directly calculate the OH or pH of the solutions given.

However, we can make some general observations based on the identities of the species involved.

a) NaBr is a salt of a strong base (NaOH) and a strong acid (HBr). Therefore, NaBr will not significantly affect the pH of the solution, and the OH and pH will be determined by the solvent and any other solutes present.

b) NaHS is a salt of a weak base ([tex]HS^-[/tex]) and a strong acid (NaOH). Therefore, NaHS will undergo hydrolysis in water, resulting in the production of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions and a decrease in pH. The exact values of OH and pH will depend on the Ka value of [tex]HS^-[/tex] and the initial concentration of NaHS.

c) [tex]NaNO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]Ca(NO_{2} )_{2}[/tex] are both salts of weak acids ([tex]HNO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]HNO_{2}[/tex], respectively) and strong bases (NaOH and [tex]Ca(OH)_{2}[/tex], respectively). Both salts will undergo hydrolysis to some extent, resulting in the production of [tex]OH^-[/tex] ions and a decrease in pH. The exact values of OH and pH will depend on the Ka values of [tex]HNO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]HNO_{3}[/tex] and the initial concentrations of [tex]NaNO_{2}[/tex] and [tex]Ca(NO_{2} )_{2}[/tex].

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I- experiences a lower Zeff and Ca2+ experiences a higher Zeff.

Ions might have a positive charge or a negative charge. Positively charged ions are called cations and negatively charged ions are called anions. If the atom or molecule has more protons than electrons, then it's a cation. If an atom or molecule has more electrons than protons, then it's called an anion. For example, sodium(Na) can lose one electron to become Na⁺ and is a positively charged ion. Whereas chlorine(Cl) can accept one electron and become Cl⁻ and is a negatively charged atom.
Part 1: Compare the size of I and I-:
I- has the same protons and more electrons compared to I. For this reason, I- experiences a lower Zeff (effective nuclear charge) which makes the ion larger in size compared to I.
Part 2: Compare the size of Ca2+ and K+:
Ca2+ has more protons and less electrons compared to K+. For this reason, Ca2+ experiences a higher Zeff which makes the ion smaller in size compared to K+.

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I- experiences a lower Zeff and Ca2+ experiences a higher Zeff.

Ions might have a positive charge or a negative charge. Positively charged ions are called cations and negatively charged ions are called anions. If the atom or molecule has more protons than electrons, then it's a cation. If an atom or molecule has more electrons than protons, then it's called an anion. For example, sodium(Na) can lose one electron to become Na⁺ and is a positively charged ion. Whereas chlorine(Cl) can accept one electron and become Cl⁻ and is a negatively charged atom.
Part 1: Compare the size of I and I-:
I- has the same protons and more electrons compared to I. For this reason, I- experiences a lower Zeff (effective nuclear charge) which makes the ion larger in size compared to I.
Part 2: Compare the size of Ca2+ and K+:
Ca2+ has more protons and less electrons compared to K+. For this reason, Ca2+ experiences a higher Zeff which makes the ion smaller in size compared to K+.

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The approximately 2.212 kg of pure CaCO3 would be needed to neutralize the H+ in one year of acid rain on a 1-hectare site that received 1400 mm of rain per year with an average pH of 5.5.

To calculate the amount of pure CaCO3 needed to neutralize the H+ in one year of acid rain, we can use the following steps:

             CaCO3 + 2H+ → Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O

Therefore, approximately 2.212 kg of pure CaCO3 would be needed to neutralize the H+ in one year of acid rain on a 1-hectare site that received 1400 mm of rain per year with an average pH of 5.5.

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