Once on dialysis, the need will be permanent, the kidneys can improve over a period of months.
What is dialysis?
Dialysis is a procedure that removes waste products and excess water from the blood when the kidneys are not working properly. Blood often needs to be run through a machine for cleaning.
Normally, the kidneys filter the blood, removing harmful waste products and excess water, and turning it into urine, which is excreted from the body.
If your kidneys are not working properly (eg, in advanced chronic kidney disease (renal failure)), your kidneys may not be able to properly cleanse your blood.
Waste products and fluids can accumulate in the body in dangerous amounts. If left untreated, it can cause a variety of unpleasant symptoms and can ultimately be fatal.
Dialysis filters unwanted substances and fluids from the blood before this happens.
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a client reports the chronic use of nasal sprays. the nurse reinforces instructions to this client about which piece of information related to chronic use of nasal sprays?
a client reports the chronic use of nasal sprays. the nurse reinforce instructions to this client about pieces of information related to the chronic use of nasal sprays. The protective mechanism of the nose may be damaged.
It simply means that the condition progresses rapidly and requires medical intervention. No. It simply states that common chronic diseases are arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and chronic kidney disease. Just control.
States that the condition cannot be cured. Coexisting with chronic illnesses on a daily basis, we are able to cope with symptoms and problems that are sometimes rapidly changing. Or you can take on and manage your illness instead of letting it rule you. Here are 10 helpful strategies for managing chronic illness. Get your prescription for information.
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a client in her first trimester of pregnancy has been attending educational sessions on pregnancy. what statements by the client would indicate to the nurse that client teaching has been successful?
The following statements would indicate the nurse that client teaching has been successful:
- "Good food sources of iron includes spinach, raisins, and dark chocolate."
- "Swimming is an acceptable exercise for me while I am pregnant."
- "I need to stay out of hot tubs while pregnant."
What is the first trimester?
The first trimester of pregnancy is the first three months of a woman’s pregnancy. During this time, the baby’s major organs and body systems are formed, and the baby’s external features become visible. At the end of the first trimester, the baby is about 3 inches in length and weighs about 1 ounce. During the first trimester, the mother may experience pregnancy symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, frequent urination, and breast tenderness. It is important for pregnant women to receive regular prenatal care during this time.
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during a chemistry lab exploring chemical reactions, students placed a 30g antacid tablet in a zip-lock bag. then they added 50 grams of water and quickly sealed the bag. the tablet began to fizz and soon disappeared. the bag was filled with gas. how much gas was produced if the mass of the liquid after the reaction is completed is still 50 grams?
80g of gas was produced if the mass of the liquid after the reaction is completed is still 50 grams.
What precautions should be taken while working in chemistry lab?
In the lab, always use the proper eye protection, such as chemical splash goggles. When handling hazardous items, put on the disposable gloves that the laboratory has given. Before leaving the lab, take the gloves off. Put on a full-length, long-sleeved lab coat or apron that can withstand chemicals. In no case should you refill a reagent bottle.
Hence, the answer is 80g of gas was produced if the mass of the liquid after the reaction is completed is still 50 grams.
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What important document will a health investigator want to see in case of a complaint of food-borne illness?.
Foodborne illness is considered to be any illness that is related to food ingestion; gastrointestinal tract symptoms are the most common clinical manifestations of foodborne illnesses.
What is Foodborne illness?
Foodborne illness (food poisoning) is caused by consuming contaminated food, drink, or water and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, parasites, viruses, and/or toxins. , is not contagious only through food, drink, or water.
Therefore, Foodborne illness is considered to be any illness that is related to food ingestion; gastrointestinal tract symptoms are the most common clinical manifestations of foodborne illnesses.
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The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgD
E. IgE
The presence of IgM indicates a current infection
Define antibodies:
Proteins called antibodies serve as your body's defense against foreign substances. Your immune system creates antibodies, which bind to these foreign molecules and transport them out of your body. Immunoglobulin is a different term for antibody.
B cells generate antibodies (specialized white blood cells). A B cell divides and clones as a result of coming into touch with an antigen. According to where they are found, antibodies are divided into five classes: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
The biggest and first antibody to show up in the body's response to an antigen's initial exposure is IgM. Between days 4 and 7, several days before the discovery of IgG antibodies, neutralizing antibodies of the IgM class are the primary immune response's defining feature. During the first 4 to 6 weeks after immunization, IgM neutralizing antibody concentrations were 16 to 256 times higher than IgG antibody concentrations. IgM antibodies have the potential to develop earlier and degrade more quickly than IgG antibodies.
Within a month after the primary infection, IgM antibodies reach their peak. IgM antibodies may be detectable for 2 to 3 months, 1 year, or longer, depending on the method's sensitivity. Compared to IgM IFA, IgM ELISA and IgM ISAGA are much more sensitive. A recently acquired infection is essentially excluded if IgM ELISA or IgM ISAGA antibodies are absent in an immunologically healthy adult or older child (>1 year old).
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three days after a colon resection, the nurse is assessing a client with a nasogastric tube (ngt) to intermittent suction. what assessment should the nurse implement to determine proper placement of the ngt?
The nurse's tool for determining the right positioning of the nasogastric tube (ngt) Aspirate the tube's contents to measure pH.
For what reason would a patient require a nasogastric tube?
Nasogastric tubes can be used to address nutritional needs in addition to being a typical treatment for intestinal obstruction. Although they are most frequently used in surgical patients, they are also helpful in any patient population where nutritional assistance or stomach decompression is required.
When a patient cannot swallow or cannot satisfy their nutritional needs orally, it is utilized to administer nutritional support and drugs to the patient. To preserve the NGT's optimal patency, removal or replacement should be taken into consideration every four weeks.
Therefore, The nurse is evaluating a patient with a nasogastric tube (ngt) to intermittent suction three days after colon suction.
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what reason would most likely explain why a 1-year-old child is experiencing iron deficiency?
a client calls the prenatal clinic at 37 weeks gestation to report expelling large amounts of fluid. what instruction by the nurse is most appropriate at this time?
A patron calls the prenatal medical institution at 37 weeks gestation to document expelling large quantities of fluid
1. Lie on the left facet and take gradual, deep breaths.
2. name an ambulance and go to the emergency room.
3. Come to the clinic for assessment and assessment.
four. cross without delay to the hospital emergency room.
It's high-quality to make the appointment when you suppose you may be pregnant or at around 6-8 weeks into your being pregnant. Your first appointment can be with a midwife, your GP, or at a sanatorium or clinic
From starting as a one-mobile shape to your beginning, your prenatal improvement took place in an orderly and delicate series. There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. understand that that is different than the 3 trimesters of pregnancy.
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he public health nurse is researching the variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between socioeconomic and/or geographically defined population groups. what type of health disparity is this nurse researching?
This nurse is investigating disparities in health status.
What is health disparities?Health disparities are the discrepancies that socially disadvantaged populations encounter in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunity to reach optimal health. These differences are preventable.
Disparities in young people is a risky health behavior continued despite substantial advancements in research, practice, and policy. Populations can be categorized based on the traits including color or ethnicity, gender, income or education, handicap, place of residence (such as rural vs. urban), or sexual orientation.
Inequitable allocation of historical and current social, political, economic, and environmental resources is a major cause of health disparities.
By addressing social determinants of health, we can decrease health inequalities and inequities and improve health risks.
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a client is admitted to the emergency room after being hit by a car while riding a bicycle. the client sustained a fracture of the left femur, and the bone is protruding through the skin. what type of fracture does the nurse recognize requires emergency intervention?
Compound type of fracture is recognized and requires emergency intervention.
A fracture is a break in the bone. An open or compound fracture occurs when a broken bone punctures the skin. Fractures are commonly caused by car accidents, falls, or sports injuries. Low bone density and osteoporosis are two other causes of bone weakness.
A compound fracture is one in which the skin or mucous membranes are damaged, increasing the risk of infection. A greenstick fracture occurs when one side of the bone is broken and the other is bent; the bone does not protrude through the skin. An oblique fracture crosses the bone at an angle but does not protrude through the skin. A spiral fracture wraps around the bone shaft but does not protrude through the skin.
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a nurse is reinforcing medication teaching to a client being discharged on levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. what information related to adverse effects should be reinforced?
The information related to adverse effects should be reinforced Limit your consumption of dairy products while taking this medicine.
Take Synthroid as a single dose 1/2 to 1 hour before breakfast preferably on an empty stomach. Products such as iron and calcium supplements and antacids can reduce the body's ability to absorb levothyroxine, so Synthroid should be taken 4 hours before or 4 hours after taking these products. need to do it.
Levothyroxine tablets should be taken with a full glass of water as the tablets may disintegrate quickly. It should be administered once daily on an empty stomach 30 minutes to 1 hour before breakfast and at least 4 hours before or after medications known to impair levothyroxine absorption.
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the pediatric nurse is providing care for an infant who has been diagnosed with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). what action best prevents the spread of this infectious microorganism?
The action that best prevents the spread of this infectious microorganism is to Wear a face mask when in close contact with the client.
Droplet measures, such as the use of a facemask, are required for RSV infection. Normally, droplet precautions do not include goggles. Antiviral drugs like ribavirin are uncommon and do not immediately stop the illness from spreading.
The similarities and differences between the two different techniques of practicing hand hygiene are not a priority, but it is necessary to teach family members and guests about the necessity for good hand hygiene.
Infections of the respiratory tract are frequently brought on by the respiratory syncytial virus, commonly known as human respiratory syncytial virus and human orthopneumovirus. It is a single-stranded RNA virus with negative sense.
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a client is receiving an oxytocin infusion for induction of labor. when the client begins active labor, the fetal heart rate (fhr) slows at the onset of several contractions with subsequent return to baseline before each contraction ends. what action should the nurse implement?
Document the discovery in the client record action that the nurse should take.
The uterus contracts as a result of oxytocin. These contractions may become excessively strong in women who are unusually sensitive to its effects. In rare cases, this can result in uterine tearing. Furthermore, if the contractions are too strong, the fetus's supply of blood and oxygen may be reduced.
Women should be informed that oxytocin may aggravate contraction pain, and appropriate pain relief should be provided. Do not start oxytocin within six hours of vaginal prostaglandin administration. Amniotomy should be performed before starting an oxytocin infusion in women with intact membranes.
Laboratory-made for many years, oxytocin, also known as Pitocin, has been used to help start or strengthen uterine contractions during labor or to reduce bleeding after delivery. Alternatively, anti-oxytocin drugs are frequently used to help prevent premature labor.
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jess has suffered from schizophrenia for 3 years, and has recently been prescribed atypical antipsychotic medication to help reduce his symptoms. he is advised to be careful that he might develop a side effect called metabolic syndrome. which of the following is not one of the symptoms associated with this condition? question 9 options: 1) weight gain 2) type-2 diabetes 3) sudden onset of epileptic seizures 4) increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Sudden onset of epileptic seizures is not one of the symptoms associated with this condition.
What is schizophrenia?The chronic brain disorder schizophrenia affects less than 1% of Americans. Schizophrenia may manifest as delusions, hallucinations, muddled speech, trouble thinking, and a lack of drive. With therapy, most schizophrenia symptoms will get much better, and the chance of a relapse can be decreased.
Although there is no known cure for schizophrenia, research is advancing better, safer treatments. Researchers are also examining genetics, behavioural difficulties, and the structure and function of the brain using advanced imaging to identify the causes of the condition. These techniques offer the chance to create novel, effective treatments.
Many people have misconceptions about schizophrenia, which may be largely attributed to the illness' complexity. Split personality or multiple personalities are not characteristics of schizophrenia. The majority of those who have schizophrenia are no more dangerous or violent than the average populace. It is a myth that persons with schizophrenia end up homeless or living in hospitals, even while a lack of community resources for mental health may cause recurrent hospitalizations and homelessness. The majority of those who have schizophrenia live with their families, in group homes, or alone.
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Where in the body would it NOT be adviable to ue a welling-controlled drug delivery ytem? Explain why in 1-2 entence
Answer:
The head bc the drug has to be administered in areas that have a swollen polymer and the head doesn't have this.
When using negative pressure technique to reconstitute a powder, the diluent may be added by gently pressing on the plunger as long as you ___.
Use within 48 hours after reconstitution and store in the refrigerator. Use within 24 hours if maintained at room temperature.
What happens during reconstitution?
Reconstitution is the process of transforming a dried medication into a liquid before administration by combining it with a sterile diluent. The technologies used for reconstitution typically range from vial adaptors to vial-to-vial systems to sophisticated dual chamber reconstitution systems.
A syringe and transfer needle are often used to manually extract the diluent from one vial and transfer it to the vial containing the lyophilized product. The components are transferred, then blended until the mixture is thoroughly reconstituted. This procedure might occasionally take up to 30 minutes, and it demands the user's whole attention. Although patients and caregivers may also undertake the reconstitution procedure, a skilled healthcare expert usually does so.
There is a need for an easy and efficient method of reconstituting and administering lyophilized items by a user in a home environment given the general shift of therapy from the clinic to the home.
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a 45-year-old client on the inpatient unit has just resumed eating a normal diet. the nurse checks a blood sugar with the morning labs and the result is 99.10 mg/dl (5.5 mmol/l). how would the nurse interpret this blood glucose?
The nurse interpret this blood glucose would be normal.
Blood glucose monitoring looks for patterns in the fluctuation of blood glucose (sugar) levels caused by diet, exercise, medications, or pathological processes associated with blood glucose fluctuations, such as diabetes. Most foods contain complex carbohydrates, which are broken down to provide energy to our cells. Carbohydrate-containing foods are broken down in the gastrointestinal system into simpler sugars like glucose.
Fasting has been shown to increase blood glucose levels. This is due to a decrease in insulin and an increase in counter-regulatory hormones such as sympathetic tone, noradrenaline, cortisol, and growth hormone, in addition to glucagon. All of these have the effect of releasing glucose from liver storage into the blood.
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the nurse is providing prenatal education for a couple expecting a first child. the expectant mother asks about fetal movements. what is the best explanation by the nurse?
The nurse is educating a couple expecting their first child about pregnancy. The expecting mother queries fetal motions. The nurse should notify the couple that fetal movement can begin between weeks 18 and 20.
When pregnant women feel their fetus moving, they may say it is growing and developing. She will start to feel the movement of her unborn kid between 18 and 20 weeks into her pregnancy. The position of the placenta has no bearing on this sensation. The baby may move earlier for women who are expecting for the second or subsequent time.
In this way, we can say that the nurse is educating a couple on pregnancy for the first time. The pregnant woman inquires about fetal movements. The couple needs to be told by a nurse that fetal movement can begin between weeks 18 and 20.
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The nurse is educating a couple expecting their first child about pregnancy. The expecting mother queries fetal motions. The nurse should notify the couple that fetal movement can begin between weeks 18 and 20.
When pregnant women feel their fetus moving, they may say it is growing and developing. She will start to feel the movement of her unborn kid between 18 and 20 weeks into her pregnancy. The position of the placenta has no bearing on this sensation. The baby may move earlier for women who are expecting for the second or subsequent time.
In this way, we can say that the nurse is educating a couple on pregnancy for the first time. The pregnant woman inquires about fetal movements. The couple needs to be told by a nurse that fetal movement can begin between weeks 18 and 20.
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the nurse is assisting in performing a prenatal examination on a client in the third trimester of pregnancy. the primary health care provider performs leopold's maneuvers on the client. which maneuver indicates the position of the fetus?
Second maneuver indicates the position of the fetus.
What is fetus?
A developing and growing human embryo that takes place inside the uterus (womb).
Your unborn child is no longer an embryo at the conclusion of the tenth week of pregnancy. The stage of development up until birth is now a foetus.
Up until the eighth week of development, it is typically referred to as an embryo. Up until the baby is born, it is known as a foetus after the eighth week.
Beginning as a fertilised egg, a newborn develops through numerous phases. The embryo, eventually the foetus, emerges from the egg as a blastocyst.
An embryo's heart begins to beat about week five of pregnancy. At this stage, vaginal ultrasound might be able to see the heartbeat.
Therefore, Second maneuver indicates the position of the fetus.
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a client at 32 weeks' gestation is admitted with acute abdominal pain. she is diagnosed with placental abruption (abruptio placentae). the nurse documents the above assessment. which intervention is the priority in the management of this client?
Placental abruption includes severe abdominal pain and excessive bleeding. Blood loss is one of the major problems in its treatment. The transfusion of blood can help to treat blood loss.
Blood transfusion is a very important part of medical procedures. In placental abruption, blood loss and blood clotting are the major clinical issues faced by nurses. A baby also faces growth-related issues after placental abruption. Therefore, in this case, blood transfusion should be the priority in the management of the client.
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a nurse completed teaching a client with influenza a about the prescribed amantadine. the nurse determines the session was successful when the client correctly chooses which action to counter adverse reactions to the drug?
The client should be told to suck on ice chips or hard candy by the nurse. Should, if permitted, also advise the customer to regularly sip water all during the day and in between meals.
What is Influenza?
The best way to prevent the virus is to have an annual flu vaccination.
The majority of medical professionals believe that ill people's cough, sneeze, or talking is the main way that flu viruses spread. These droplets may enter the mouths or nostrils of nearby individuals. Less frequently, someone can get the flu by touching their mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes after coming into contact with something or a surface that is infected with the virus.
The flu, a common respiratory illness, is brought on by the influenza virus. Common symptoms include runny or stuffy nose, fever, headaches, and body aches. You face the risk of developing significant issues if you are pregnant or have an underlying medical condition. Getting vaccinated every year is the best way to avoid catching the flu.
The flu is a contagious illness brought on by the influenza virus. It can cause serious symptoms like respiratory issues, fever, sore throat, and body and head aches. The flu is most common in the winter because so many people can get sick at once.
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the nurse is preparing a 7-year-old girl for discharge after treatment for nephrotic syndrome. which instructions would the nurse include in the discharge teaching plan for the parents?
"Let's meet with the dietitian and plan some meals." would be the instruction that the nurse will include in the discharge teaching plan for the parents.
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to excrete an excessive amount of protein in your urine. Damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood is usually the cause of nephrotic syndrome.
Protein in the urine, low blood protein levels in the blood, high cholesterol, high triglyceride levels, increased blood clot risk, and swelling are all symptoms of nephrotic syndrome.
The treatment for nephrotic syndrome is almost always dependent on the cause. The treatment's goal is to reduce protein loss in the urine while increasing the amount of urine passed from the body.
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Synchondroses unite bones with ________ while symphyses unite bones with ________.
the nurse is caring for a client experiencing extremely intrusive, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors causing time consuming distress at work and home. the client is unable to stop the rituals and is exhausted from attempts to ignore the thoughts. which outcome(s) is an appropriate for the nursing care plan? select all that apply.
The client describes how stress and ritualistic actions are related.
When under stress, the client abstains from rituals.
When necessary, the client verbalizes "thought-stopping" techniques.
What is an intrusive thought?You suddenly have a bizarre, unsettling thought or an unsettling image that seems to appear out of nowhere. A persistent worry that you'll say or do something inappropriate or unpleasant could be violent, sexual, or both. Whatever the subject matter, it's frequently unsettling and might want to make you feel anxious or ashamed. The thoughts returns no matter how hard you try to get it out of the head.
According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, six million Americans are considered to experience intrusive thoughts.
A mental health condition like obsessive-compulsive disorder, when thoughts become so annoying that they cause repetitive activities or compulsions to try to keep them from happening, is sometimes linked to intrusive thoughts.
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the first trimester of pregnancy multiple choice is a time of particular importance to avoid nutritional deficiencies and environmental exposures that could harm the fetus. is the time when the mother's breast weight increases by approximately 30% in preparation for lactation. involves a rapid increase in cell size rather than cell number. is a time when nutritional deficiencies have little effect on the developing fetus.
It is especially important to avoid nutritional deficits and environmental factors that can endanger the fetus in its first trimester of pregnancy.
Why is it referred to as a trimester?The stages of a human pregnancy are frequently divided by patients and obstetricians into three intervals known as "trimesters." This concept most likely developed from dividing the "9 month of pregnancy" equally into 3-month intervals.
What does the trimester mean?First trimester, second month of pregnancy, and third trimester are the three stages that make up a pregnancy. A full-term gestation about 40 weeks starting the first day of an woman's last period, while a trimester can last about 12 and 14 weeks.
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which amendment to the fdca clarified and strengthened the fda's authority over large-scale sterile compounding pharmacies and shipping of sterile products to other licensed entities?
The Drug Quality and Security Act amendment to the fdca clarified and strengthened the fda's authority over large-scale sterile compounding pharmacies and shipping of sterile products to other licensed entities.
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act was modified by the Drug Quality and Security Act (H.R. 3204) to provide the Food and Drug Administration more control over and oversight of the production of compounded medications. The meningitis outbreak at the New England Compounding Center in 2012, which claimed 64 lives, prompted the creation of the legislation. On November 27, 2013, President Obama signed the legislation.The Compounding Quality Act (CQA), which modifies rules governing compounding medications, is included in Title I of the DQSA. The provisions set forth in Title II of the Medicine Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) were created to make it easier to track prescription drug goods as they were distributed along the pharmaceutical supply chain.To know more about drug check the below link:
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what food would most likely be suggested for a patient who is experiencing wasting and malnutrition? fruit canned in heavy syrup
Fruit canned in heavy syrup is most likely be suggested for a patient who is experiencing wasting and malnutrition.
When an organism obtains either too few or too many nutrients, it becomes malnourished, which can have harmful repercussions on its health. Specifically, "a shortfall, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein, and other nutrients" has a negative impact on the body's tissues and structure. Malnutrition is the outcome of inadequate dietary intake. As a result of caregivers lacking access to adequate nutrition or being unable to afford it, children under the age of five are becoming more undernourished. Malnutrition is a disease category that includes both undernutrition and over nutrition. Undernutrition, or a lack of nutrients, can result in stunted growth, wasting, and underweight. An excess of nutrients causes overeating, which can encourage obesity. In some developing nations, communities where undernutrition is prevalent are also starting to experience overnutrition in the form of obesity. Malnutrition is the term most commonly used in clinical research to describe undernutrition. Because "malnutrition" is used instead of "undernutrition," it is impossible to distinguish between that condition and overnutrition, a lesser-known form of malnutrition.
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ask the client to move her arms and legs while applying slight resistance. move the client's limbs through their complete range of motion. have the client move each limb independently through its complete range of motion. instruct the client to tighten muscle groups for a short period, and then relax.
A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed bedrest. The plan of care indicates that the client should perform isometric exercises every 2 hr. D. Instruct the client to tighten muscle groups for a short period, and then relax is the action the nurse should take as directed by the plan of care.
Exercises known as isometrics exercises include the static (non-moving) contraction of a muscle without any joint movement. For individuals who are on bedrest, isometric exercises encourage improved muscular mass, strength, and tone.
Spasticity is a condition marked by tight or strained muscles that prevents free, natural movement. The muscles' resistance to stretching and continuous contraction affect movement, speech, and gait.
Complete question:
A nurse is caring for a client who is prescribed bedrest. The plan of care indicates that the client should perform isometric exercises every 2 hr. Which of the following actions should the nurse take as directed by the plan of care?
A. Ask the client to move her arms and legs while applying slight resistance.
B. Move the client's limbs through their complete range of motion.
C. Have the client move each limb independently through its complete range of motion.
D. Instruct the client to tighten muscle groups for a short period, and then relax.
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the nurse is teaching a group of adults about the signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer. which common clinical manifestations would the nurse include in the teaching program? select all that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.
Change in bowel habits clinical manifestations the nurse would include in the teaching program.
Could colorectal cancer be cured?
When limited to the gut, colon cancer is an extremely treatable and frequently curable condition. About 50% of patients who undergo surgery are cured. Surgery is the main form of treatment. Recurrence after surgery is a significant issue and frequently the cause of demise.
What is the most prominent sign of colon cancer?
Blood in the stools, changes in bowel habits, such as more frequent, looser stools, and abdominal pain are the three main symptoms of colon cancer. But the majority of people who experience similar symptoms do not have colon cancer.
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sara, age 60, recently suffered a stroke, in addition to her chronic pulmonary disease and osteoporosis. she relies on relatives and caretakers to help her on a daily basis, even with some of her most basic tasks. which category best describes sara's functional age?
Oldest old category best describes Sara's functional age.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is a group of diseases that cause airflow obstruction and breathing difficulties. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are examples. COPD makes it difficult for the 16 million Americans who suffer from the disease to breathe.
Tobacco smoke is the primary cause of COPD, so if you smoke or used to smoke, you are at a higher risk of developing COPD. Exposure to air pollution at home or at work, as well as a family history of respiratory infections such as pneumonia, all increase your risk.
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle, so brittle that even minor stresses like bending over or coughing can result in a fracture. Most osteoporosis-related fractures occur in the hip, wrist, or spine. Bone is a living tissue that is constantly breaking down and being replaced.
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