Orbits of electrons, -quantum energy emissions and -relationship between outer shell and chemical properties.
What is electron?electron is a subatomic particle with a charge of sub-atomic electricity found in all atom and is the primary carrier of electricity in solid.
Neil Bohr was the first who explained that electrons moves around the nucleus in the separate orbits or shells in an atom. The properties of an element is determined by the number of electrons in outer shell. He also discovered that electrons can only be in a particular orbits of fixed energy and when electrons allowed to jump from one orbit to another, they absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation.
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Complete Question
Select all that apply. The discoveries of Niels Bohr were:
- orbits of electrons
-charge on the electron
- quantum energy emissions
- static electricity
- relationship between outer shell and chemical properties
.the formula of an ionic compound starts with a metal and that of a molecular compound starts with a nonmetal. the statement is
perfectly true
Somewhat true
Slightly true
Not true at all
There are two types of chemical compound one is covalent compound and other is ionic compound, covalent compound formed by sharing of electron and ionic compound formed by complete transfer of electron. Therefore, the given statement is Slightly true.
What is chemical Compound?Chemical Compound is a combination of molecule, Molecule forms by combination of element and element forms by combination of atoms in fixed proportion.
An ionic compound is a metal and nonmetal combined compound. Ionic compound are very hard. They have high melting and boiling point because of strong ion bond.
The formula of an ionic compound starts with a metal and that of a molecular compound starts with a nonmetal. The statement is Slightly true.
Therefore, the given statement is Slightly true.
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In double replacement reactions, why will two metals not combine with each other when products are formed?.
A double replacement reaction occurs when fragments of two ionic compounds shift places to form two new compounds (also known as a double displacement, exchange, or metathesis reaction).
What is Double Displacement Reaction?
A twofold displacement reaction is one in which one reactant is partially replaced by another.
Following is a summary of double displacement reactions:
AD = CB + CD + AB
The ions in two reactant ionic compounds are switched out for the same ions in two new product compounds during a double replacement process.
A double replacement reaction occurs when two reactants switch cations or anions to form two new products.
Other names for double replacement processes include metathesis reactions and double displacement reactions.
Precipitation, gas generation, and neutralization are examples of double replacement reactions.
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what is the term for a report section that functions as a brief condensation of the report addressed to managers?
The report targeted to managers is condensed into an executive summary, also known as that of the epitome, Executive Summary, management summary, or management overview.
Which are the four parts of a report with recommendations?The fundamental line of reasoning for most recommendation reports would include a description of the problem, the solution, the advantages of the solution, and any particular recommendations (if not already made clear in the solution section).List of contents.
What one of these would have been the report's front matter?A transmittal letter, a title page, a summary of some kind, a table of contents, and listings of figures and/or tables are examples of common front matter elements.
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A solution is prepared by dissolving calcium chloride in water and diluting to 500. 0 ml. If this solution contains 44 ppm chloride ions, the concentration of calcium ions is __________ ppm.
The concentration of calcium ions in the given solution will be 22 ppm.
What is Calcium chloride?
Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt made of calcium and chlorine. It is used as a food additive, an antifreeze, and a deicer for roads and sidewalks. It is also used in water treatment to increase the water's hardness and to remove impurities.
Calcium chloride is a chemical molecule made up of two chloride ions and one calcium ion.
When calcium chloride dissociates in water, the chloride ion becomes twice the calcium ions. The calcium chloride solution has been dissociated in 500 mL of water.
The concentration of chloride ions = 44 ppm.
The concentration of calcium ions = 44 ÷ 2
= 22 ppm
The concentration of calcium ions in the solution will be 22 ppm.
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A ingle replacement reaction i run in the lab between 45. 0g hydrofluoric acid,HF, and 125. 0g tin forming tin(ll) fluoride and another product
The molar mass of tin(II) chloride is: 84.9 g
Calculate the molar mass of tin(II) chloride?
The number of moles n1 is thus:
n1= m1/M1 = 2.25 mol
According to the balanced reaction, the ratio by number of moles n of tin(II) chloride produced to the number of moles n1 of HF used is 1:2
As such, the number of moles of tin(II) chloride produced is :
n = 1/2 [tex]n_{1}[/tex] = 0.45 mol
The molar mass of tin(II) chloride is:
M= A[tex]_{r}[/tex](Sn)+2A[tex]_{r}[/tex](Cl) = 188.7 g/mol
The mass m produced is thus:
m = nM
= 0.45 mol × 188.7 g/mol
≈ 84.9 g
Therefore, the molar mass of tin(II) chloride is: 84.9 g.
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(8. 70) Which element would you expect to the more metallic?
a. S or Cl
b. In or Al
c. A or Br
S is more metallic than Cl and Al is more metallic than indium and As is more metallic than Br.
In a period when we move across, from left to right then there will be an increase in electronegativity and also there will be an increase in non-metallic character of the elements.
As sulfur (S) belongs to group 16 element and chlorine (Cl) belongs to group 17 element. Thus, sulfur (S) is more metallic in nature than chlorine.
Therefore, chlorine (S) is less metallic than chlorine (Cl).
Both indium (I) and aluminium (Al) belongs to group 13 elements. And, when we move down in the group then there will be an increase in non-metallic character of the elements. As indium belongs to group 13 and period 5 wherein aluminium belongs to group 13 and period 3.
Thus, aluminium (Al) is more metallic than indium (In).
Arsenic (Ar) belongs to 15 element and bromine (Br) belongs to group 17 element. Thus, arsenic is more metallic than bromine.
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hydrogen bonding is an attractive force that plays a key role in determining the physical properties of molecular substances. what features are required for a substance to experience hydrogen bonding among its own molecules? choose one or more: h atom not in any bond f covalently bonded to c h bonded covalently to o, n, or f an o, n, or f atom with one or more lone pairs any o, n, or f atom
H bonded covalently to O, N or F is required for a substance to experience hydrogen bonding among its own molecules.
It is necessary that the molecules have an atom of H attached to a highly electronegative atom such as N, O, F and also the molecule had to have a solitary pair of electrons more specifically in a small highly electronegative atom such as N, O, F.
The hydrogen bond is responsible for many of the anomalous physical and chemical properties of compound of N, O, F.
Hydrogen bonds is found within intermolecular forces, which are type of attractive forces that exist between molecules of covalent substances.
Such bonds are weaker that an ionic bond or covalent bond but stronger than Vander Waals forces.
One atom of the pair (the donor) generally a Fluorine (F), Nitrogen (N) or Oxygen (O) atom is covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom ( -FH, -NH, -OH),
whose electrons it shares unequally, its high electron affinity causes the hydrogen to take on a slight positive charge.
So, In order for a substance to experience hydrogen bonding among its own molecules, H must be covalently bound to O, N, or F.
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what is the characteristic reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives? multiple choice electrophilic addition nucleophilic elimination nucleophilic acyl substitution oxidation
The characteristic reaction of carboxylic acid derivatives is nucleophilic acyl substitution.
the carboxylic acid contains c=o bonds and at the starting there is a nucleophilic attack on a electrophilic carbonyl atom which forms a tetrahedral alkoxide intermediate.
now, the alkoxide negative charge give stability by transferring the y leaving group which allows the c=o bond to reform and which make a new acyl compound.
[tex]R-CO-Y+:Nu^{-} \rightarrow R-C-(O)(Y)(Nu)[/tex]
now, the above reaction is considered substitution because y group of the carboxylic acid derivative get exchanged with nucleophile.
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a certain indicator has a ka equal to 1.0 x 10-5. the ph range over which this indicator changes color is
Since this indicator's pKa is 5, it will change color around pH 5.
What pH range does an acidic indicator fall into?To determine the approximate pH, use the cologarithm or negative logarithm of the H+ ion concentration.Similar to water, a solution with a pH of 7 is neutral. While a basic solution has a pH above 7, an acidic solution has a pH below 7.
How can pH be determined using indicators?By adding a chemical whose color depends on the pH, one of the simplest ways to figure out a solution's pH is to do so. These substances are known as acid-base indicators, or just indicators. The most popular acid-base indicator is probably litmus. if situated in comparatively.
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How can u figure out if an unknown solute is ionic or polar covalent
ɪꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪꜰꜰᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴏꜰ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇʟᴇᴄᴛʀᴏɴᴇɢᴀᴛɪᴠɪᴛʏ ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛᴡᴏ ᴇʟᴇᴍᴇɴᴛꜱ ɪꜱ ɢʀᴇᴀᴛᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ 1.7 ᴛʜᴇɴ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴏɴᴅ ɪꜱ ɪᴏɴɪᴄ. ᴛʜᴇ ᴅɪꜰꜰᴇʀᴇɴᴄᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀ ᴘᴏʟᴀʀ ᴄᴏᴠᴀʟᴇɴᴛ ʙᴏɴᴅ ɪꜱ 0.5 ᴛᴏ 1.7 ᴀɴᴅ ᴀ ɴᴏɴᴘᴏʟᴀʀ ᴄᴏᴠᴀʟᴇɴᴛ ʙᴏɴᴅ ɪꜱ ꜰʀᴏᴍ 0 ᴛᴏ 0.4.
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Keq = 175 for the reaction
2 NO2(g) ↔ 2 NO(g) O2(g)
What i [O2] if [NO2] = 0. 575 and [NO] = 2. 96?
2 NO2(g) ↔ 2 NO(g) O2(g) is the equation.
Which is a factor that affects the equilibrium constant?
The only thing that changes the equilibrium constant is a change in temperature. Changing the pressure can change the position of the equilibrium. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, the equilibrium position moves in such a way that it tends to undo the changes you make.
Does pressure affect equilibrium constant?
Changing the system pressure does not change the equilibrium constant. The only thing that changes the equilibrium constant is a change in temperature. Changing the pressure can change the position of the equilibrium.
Does equilibrium constant depend on pressure and volume?
Equilibrium constants are temperature dependent and independent of the actual amounts of reactants and products, the presence of catalysts, and the presence of inerts. It is also independent of the concentration, pressure and volume of extracts and products.
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Determine the number of moles in 4.69 x 10^23molecules of glucose.
Answer:
[tex] \huge{ \boxed{0.779 \: \text{moles}}}[/tex]
Explanation:
To find the number of moles in a substance given it's number of entities we use the formula;
[tex] \bold{n = \frac{N}{L} \\ }[/tex]
where
n is the number of molesN is the number of entitiesL is the Avogadro's constant which is 6.02 × 10²³ entitiesFrom the question
N = 4.69 × 10²³ glucose molecules
[tex]n = \frac{4.69 \times {10}^{23} }{6.02 \times {10}^{23} } = \frac{4.69}{6.02} \\ = 0.77907[/tex]
We have the final answer as
0.779 moleswhich of the following is an intensive property of a sample of neon gas? a) its mass b) the number of neon atoms present c) its temperature d) its volume e) the number of moles of neon atoms present
One of the intensive characteristics of a sample of neon gas is its temperature.
An intense property is a property of matter that does not rely on the quantity of the sample but rather just on the kind of matter present in the sample. Color, temperature, density, and solubility are some examples of other intense qualities. It is said to be intense if a property does not vary depending on the quantity of sample that is utilized. Because the temperature does not alter dependent on the quantity, it is said to be intense.
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which of these compounds is the hemiacetal that forms when ethanol reacts with propanal?
The compound that is the hemiacetal that forms when ethanol reacts with propanal is attached.
What is the hemiacetal?A hemiacetal is a combination of an alcohol and an ether attached to the same carbon. Hydrogen holds the fourth bonding position. An aldehyde is the starting point for a hemiacetal. Hemiacetals are formed from aldehydes and are named after the Greek word "hemi," which means "half."
Ethanol is a flammable, colorless chemical compound that is one of the most commonly found alcohols in alcoholic beverages. It is also known as "ethyl alcohol" or "grade alcohol."
Propionaldehyde, also known as propanal, is an organic compound. It's a three-carbon aldehyde. It has a slightly fruity odor and is colorless and flammable. It is mass-produced on an industrial scale.
In this case, the compound illustrate the reaction.
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What is one of the causes of mechanical weathering?acid rainoxidationanimal actionscarbon dioxide.
The causes of mechanical weathering include freezing and thawing, the release of pressure, plant growth, actions of animals, and abrasion.
What is mechanical weathering?
Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces. These small pieces are the same as large stones. They are just tiny! Rocks are crushed without changing their composition. Smaller pieces contain the same minerals in equal proportions. The phrase "chips from old blocks" can be used to describe mechanical weathering. The main players in mechanical weathering are water, ice and wind.
Intrusive igneous rocks form at depths of hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers. Sediments become sedimentary rocks only when they are buried in other sediments at depths of several hundred meters or more. Most metamorphic rocks form at depths of several kilometers to tens of kilometers.
Therefore, the causes of mechanical weathering include freezing and thawing, the release of pressure, plant growth, actions of animals, and abrasion.
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electronegativity for boron is 2.0, and electronegativity for fluorine is 4.0. which type of bond forms between boron (b) and fluorine (f) in bf3?
Electronegativity for boron is 2.0, and electronegativity for fluorine is 4.0. which type of bond forms between boron (B) and fluorine (F) in BF₃ is non polar covalent bond.
The BF₃ is the covalent molecule. the electronegativity for boron is 2.0 and the electronegativity for the fluorine is 4.0 . the boron has 3 valence electrons and need 5 more to complete the octet and fluorine has 7 valence electrons . thus boron form three covalent bond with the atom of fluorine and try to complete the octet.
The BF₃ is a triangular planar molecule. the dipole moment in the BF₃ molecule is zero therefore BF₃, boron trifluoride is a non polar covalent molecule.
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When magnesium reacts with copper sulfate solution, the ionic equation is:
Mg(s) + Cu² (aq) → Mg² (aq) + Cu(s)
-
Which species has lost electrons?
Which species has gained electrons?
Which species is oxidised and which is reduced?
(4 marks)
Answer:
magnesium because it gives its electrons to copper
copper gains from mg
copper is reduced and magnesium is oxidised
What do you think is the consequence of eutrophication? a) a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to aquatic life b) a shift in water temperature c) an increase in the food available for aquatic life d) an increase in the amount of sediments in the ecosystem.
Eutrophication causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to aquatic life.
What is Eutrophication?
Eutrophication sets off an ecosystem chain reaction starting with algae and vegetation in abundance. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification.
Eutrophication occurs when nutrients are abundant, and visible algal blooms grow densely. Eventually, these algae die and decompose, absorbing oxygen and reducing oxygen levels in the water. Eutrophication can also lead to a shift in species composition towards faster-growing algal species and from long-lived macroalgae to more wild species.
Thus, Eutrophication causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to aquatic life.
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copper forms a octahedral complex with that has a charge of . what is the coordination number and oxidation state of the copper atom?
For an octahedral complex, the coordination number of the central copper ion is six and it is in the +2 oxidation state.
What is an octahedral complex ?We know that an octahedral complex is one in which there are six ligands that are attached to the central metal ion. The coordination number has to do with the number of the ligands that could be found around the central metal ion.
Copper is found in the + 2 states when it forms complexes that are octahedral in nature ad the coordination number of the central copper ion in the complex is always six.
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A glowing beam of electric current is deflected away from a negatively charged object. What does this tell us about electricity?
It is densely packed and has a positive charge
It is made of negatively charged particles.
It is mostly empty space.
It is composed of a positive charge that is spread out with negative charges scattered about within it.
An electric field is produced when high voltage is applied to capacitor plates, deflecting cathode rays. The negatively charged electrons are directed away from the negatively charged plate and toward the positively charged plate when a cathode ray is transmitted through this electric field.
What is Electricity ?Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations
Voltage, current, and resistance are the three most fundamental elements of electricity. Voltage is comparable to the force that forces water through a hose. It is expressed as volts (V). CURRENT is comparable to the hose's diameter.
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What is the total number of protons in an atom with the electron configuration 2-8-18-32-18-1.
The total number of protons in this atom is 79 because an atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons. Here, the atomic number is 79 after adding the given electronic configuration.
What are Protons?
Every atom has a proton, a subatomic particle, in its nucleus. The particle possesses an electrical charge that is positive and opposite to the electrons.
What is Atom?
A nucleus plus one or more electrons bound to the nucleus make up an atom. The quantity of protons or electrons in an element's atom determines how different it is from other similar elements. The atomic number of an element, which serves as its primary identification, is the sum of its protons or electrons.
What is Electronic configuration?
The arrangement of electrons in atomic or molecular orbitals within an atom, molecule, or other physical structure is known as the electron configuration.
Hence, the total number of protons in this atom is 79, after adding 2 + 8 + 18 + 32 + 18 + 1.
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Which phrase describes a risk of using the radioisotope co-60 in treating cancer.
One of the most important use of cobalt-60 is treating cancer as it produces gamma rays.
In a teletherapy unit as a source of intense gamma radiation for the treatment of a variety of cancers an external sealed source of cobalt-60 is used. Cobalt-60 is also used as a medical tracer. A material that is introduced into the body to make possible the observation of chemical, physical or biological processes in the body is known as medical tracer.
Cobalt-60 emits two high energy gamma rays, making cobalt-60 both an internal and external hazard. Ingestion is the primary exposure pathways of concern which includes (drinking water and fish consumption), and exposure by inhalation and external exposure.
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Which statement best describes an advantage of asexual reproduction for a population of organisms
Answer:
The population can increase in number more rapidlywhich of the following relationships relating to bond length is generally correct? multiple choice question. a) the shorter the bond, the lower the bond dissociation energy b) the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond c) the shorter the bond, the weaker the bond d) the shorter the bond, the fewer the electrons in it
The correct option for the relationships relating to bond length is (b), i.e. the shorter the bond, the stronger the bond
As the atoms become bigger, the bonds also get stronger and longer. Larger orbitals, which assume a lower electron density and a poor percentage overlap with the hydrogen s orbital, lead to longer bonds. The H-X bonds weaken as they lengthen since this is what happens as we progress down the periodic table. Atoms that are more closely spaced from one another have a stronger link than those that are farther away. Because triple and double bonds are shorter than single bonds and enable atoms to be placed closer together, they are also much more durable. Atomic radii make up small bond lengths. Therefore, in general, the smaller the atom's radius, the stronger the link will be. This is primarily due to the electrons' proximity to the nucleus, which creates a strong bond.
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if pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen at 2 atm from 750 ml to 500 ml, what must the new pressure be?
The new pressure be if pressure is kept constant, to compress nitrogen is 3 atm.
Why Boyle's Law is important?Boyle's law is significant because it explains how gases behave. It explains with certainty that the relationship between gas pressure and volume is inverse. So, when you exert pressure on gas, the volume decreases and its pressure increases.
Briefing:P1V1 = P2V2
P1 and V1 are initial pressure and volume.
P2 and V2 are final pressure and volume.
P1 = 1 atm
V1 = 750 mL
P2 = ?
V2 = 500 mL
Putting values
2 * 750 mL = P2 * 500 mL
P2 = 3 atm
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what would happen if you used equal masses of all the compounds? for example, 2.00 g as opposed to equal moles of each compound?
Equal masses would result in different amounts of CO, but the same quantity of CO2 would result from equal masses. Equivalent masses would exhibit high variability and be challenging to measure in a lab.
How are the volume and mass of a substance related?Density is a measurement that connects matter, mass, and volume. By dividing a substance's mass by its volume, density is determined. Grams are commonly used to measure mass. In terms of volume, solids are measured in cubic centimeters or cubic meters, whilst liquids are measured in liters or milliliters.
Do compounds with various weights and volumes have the same volume?Distinct masses exist for equal quantities of two different substances. because the density of different materials varies.
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what are two ways in which we can increase the favorability of the products without adding or removing products or reactants?
The two ways in which we can increase the favorability of products without adding or removing products or reactants :
1. Increase the temperature of an endothermic reaction.
2. Decrease the temperature of an exothermic reaction.
3. Boost a reactant's concentration in an aqueous solution.
A reaction that is endothermic absorbs energy. Energy addition favors the reaction that forms the product.
A reaction that is exothermic releases energy. Removing the energy favors the reaction that forms the product.
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determine the number of moles (n) of krypton gas contained in a 3.25 liter tank at a pressure of 5.80 atm and a temperature of 25.5 oc?
The number of moles of krypton are 7.6 moles.
According to Ideal gas law,
PV = n RT
Where
P = Pressure
V = Volume
n = number of moles
R = Universal gas constant
T = Temperature
Given
P = 5.80 atm
V = 3.25 L
T = 25.5 °C
R = 8.314
Now substituting the Value in the formula
PV = n RT
So separate the n from the formula
n = PV/RT
n= 5.80 × 3.15 × 1000 / 8.314 × 298.5
n=7.59
n ≈ 7.6 moles
Therefore the moles of krypton is 7.6 moles
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What is the percent composition by mass of oxygen in the compound mgso4? the formulas mass of mgso4 is 120 g/mol.
The percent composition by mass of oxygen in magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is 53.33%.
The percent composition of mass of oxygen in magnesium sulfate can be calculate as follows
we know that Molar mass of magnesium sulfate = 120 g/mol
Magnesium sulfate has four oxygen atoms, so multiply the molar mass of oxygen by four. So 16 × 4 = 64 g/mol.
To calculate the percent oxygen composition,
% oxygen composition = mass molar oxygen / mass molar
% oxygen composition = 64/120 × 100
% oxygen composition = 53.33 %
Therefore, the percent composition by mass of oxygen in magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) is 53.33%.
What is percentage of the composition of the solution?The mass fraction of every element found in a compound is referred to as the percentage composition of the solution.
Three techniques can be used to determine the percentage composition of matter:
ratio of mass to percentvolume to volume ratiomass to volume ratioThe first method is good if both ingredients are solid and can be measured in grams.
A second approach can be used when both components are liquids.
A third approach is used when one substance is solid and the other is liquid. Divide the two quantities and multiply by 100 to calculate the composition ratio. By convention, both quantities must have the same units.
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In a synthesis reaction, two atoms of sodium (na) combine with one molecule of chlorine gas (cl2) to produce sodium chloride (nacl). How many molecules of sodium chloride are produced?(1 point).
A synthesis reaction is a chemical process in which two dissimilar atoms interact to create a new substance or molecule.
The atomic number of the alkali metal sodium is 11. The valence electron in its outermost shell is positive (+1).
With the atomic number 17, chlorine belongs to the halogen family of elements. Its octet structure can only be completed with an electron.
Because of this, their bonding process is known as electrovalent or ionic bonding.
When 2 moles of sodium (Na) and 1 mole of chlorine (Cl) are combined, the following results:
2Na(s)Sodium+Cl2(g)Chlorine→2NaCl(s)Sodium Chloride
As a result of the foregoing process, we can infer that two sodium molecules are created when two sodium (Na) atoms interact with one molecule of chlorine gas (Cl2).
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