One possible indicator of some earlier horizontal gene transfer events might be gene duplication.
So, the correct option is D.
We rely on the fact that, in contrast to a gene recently acquired by HGT, a translocated (or duplicated) gene has been in its hosting genome since its split from another genome in order to distinguish it from translocations or duplications. Newly acquired DNA is integrated into the recipient's genome via horizontal gene transfer, either through recombination or insertion.
Recombination is essentially the regrouping of genes in which homologous regions of native and foreign (new) DNA are edited and joined. Gene duplication is the process of copying a section of DNA that codes a specific gene. A retrotransposition event or a recombination mistake are both potential causes of gene duplication.
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why do memory cells respond more strongly during a secondary immune response than naive lymphocytes do in a primary immune response?
Memory cells respond more strongly during a secondary immune response than naive lymphocytes do in a primary immune response they have already gone through clonal selection and proliferation when antigen was encountered previously.
Immunological memory is a completely unique belongings of the immune system as it may “keep” facts approximately a stimulus and may mount an powerful reaction when the stimulus is encountered once more. This response – a secondary immune reaction – is faster and stronger than the primary reaction.
In immunology, a memory B mobile (MBC) is a form of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune device. these cells expand inside germinal facilities of the secondary lymphoid organs. reminiscence B cells flow into in the blood flow in a quiescent nation, sometimes for decades.
however, a small part of lengthy-lived T cells nonetheless remains for rapid response upon pathogen re-publicity. This type of cells is called memory T cells. because memory T cells were skilled to apprehend specific antigens, they may cause a quicker and stronger immune reaction after encountering the identical antigen.
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PLEASE URGENT !!
Which level of ecological organization is each statement describing?
1. One fish
2. A school of fish
3. All of the living organisms in a pond
4. All of the living and non living things in a pond
5. All of the living and non-living things that interact in the same area
6. One single living thing
7. All of the different populations that live in the same area
8. A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area
9. All parts of earth that have living organisms
Answer options:
A. Population
B. Community
C. Biosphere
D. Ecosystem
E.Organism
The level of ecological organization each statement describes is like below.
A. Population: All of the living and non-living things that interact in the same area.
B. Community: All of the different populations that live in the same area.
C. Biosphere: One fish; A school of fish and All of the living organisms in a pond.
D. Ecosystem: All of the living and nonliving things in a pond; One single living thing and All parts of the earth that have living organisms.
E.Organism: A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area.
In order to comprehend the circumstances surrounding the emergence, development, and demise of organizations, organizational ecology makes use of ideas from biology, economics, and sociology as well as statistical analysis.
Researchers in the field of ecology focus on five major levels: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. These levels are sometimes studied separately and other times they overlap.
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Which structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system?.
Hypothalamus structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system .
The autonomic nervous device is a component of the peripheral worried system that regulates involuntary physiologic methods which include coronary heart fee, blood stress, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It contains three anatomically wonderful divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
The autonomic fearful machine has three branches: the sympathetic apprehensive device, the parasympathetic worried machine and the enteric fearful device. a few textbooks do no longer include the enteric worried gadget as a part of this system.
Most autonomic features are involuntary however some of ANS moves can work along a few diploma of aware manage. normal examples include respiratory, swallowing, and sexual arousal, and in some cases features which include heart price.
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An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _____.
An organism’s traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited genes.
Traits are characteristics or attributes of an organism that might be expressed by means of genes and/or prompted by way of the surroundings. trends include bodily attributes of an organism along with hair color, leaf form, size, and so forth., and behavioral traits, inclusive of birds nesting.
A trait, as related to genetics, is a specific feature of a man or woman. traits may be determined by genes, environmental factors, or by means of an aggregate of each. traits can be qualitative (together with eyeshade) or quantitative (inclusive of peak or blood pressure).
Traits are characteristics or attributes of an organism that might be expressed by genes and/or motivated by the surroundings. traits encompass physical attributes of an organism consisting of hair color, leaf form, size, and many others., and behavioral characteristics, which include chicken nesting.
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How did the plantation system contribute to greater agricultural production in south carolina? question 3 options: reduced restrictions for slaves led to greater productivity on large plantations. Plantations focused on only one product, making it easier to produce large quantities. With most necessities on site, the self-sufficiency of plantations led to increased production. As the need for cotton grew, slaves were forced to work through the night, to meet demand.
The plantation system contributed to greater agricultural production in South Carolina as there is more than one reason for this. Firstly, plantations focused on only one product, making it easier to produce large quantities. With most necessities on site, the self-sufficiency of plantations led to increased production.
As the need for cotton grew, slaves were made to work through the night, to meet demand. Also, reduced restrictions for slaves led to greater productivity on large plantations.
Moreover, plantations were large farms that typically produced one staple crop. These crops could be rice, tobacco, cotton, sugar, or some other crop that was valuable to foreign buyers, as the South had an International economy.
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the physiological and behavioral effects of amphetamine are most similar to those of:
organisms, such as algae and bacteria, that drift with ocean currents are known as . group of answer choices benthos organisms none of these nekton plankton biomass previousnext
Organisms, such as algae and bacteria, that drift with ocean currents are known to be Plankton.
So, the correct option is D.
Organisms transported by tides and currents are known as plankton or marine drifters. The word "plankton" is derived from the Greek word meaning "wanderer" or "drifter." If an organism is transported by currents and tides but is unable to swim well enough to resist these forces, it is referred to as plankton.
Numerous aquatic food webs are built on phytoplankton. They provide food for a variety of aquatic animals in a healthy habitat. In that they have chlorophyll and need sunlight to survive and develop, phytoplankton often referred to as microalgae, are like terrestrial plants in this regard. Drift is the name given to the slow-moving ocean current. They are impacted by wind belts and atmospheric circulation.
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which muscle is highlighted? short head of biceps brachii brachialis coracobrachialis long head of biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis long head of biceps brachii is highlighted .
Coracobrachialis muscle, together with the short head of biceps brachii muscle, originates from the tip of the coracoid process.
Biceps brachii (BB),also called as biceps, these are large and thick muscle on the of the upper arm. The muscle is made up of a short head and a long head. The long head is located on the lateral side of the biceps brachii while the short head is located on the innermost side.
On the other hand ,Brachialis is a muscle group which lies underneath the biceps long head and can be focused on to increase the mass of the outer arm .
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cell membrane short description
Answer:
All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. A semipermeable lipid bilayer makes up the cell membrane. The movement of materials into and out of the cell is controlled by the cell membrane.
Explanation:
having polydactyly (extra digits on hands and feet) is a dominant trait. a man has polydactyly. his wife and oldest daughter do not have polydactyly. the couple's second child has polydactyly. what is the probability that their next (third) child will have extra digits?
The probability that the next child of the couple will have extra digits is 50% or 1/2.
Probability in GeneticsPolydactyl refers to the attribute of having extra digits apart from the 5-digits that we are all used to.
The trait is considered a dominant one. This means that only one dominant allele is required for the trait to manifest itself in individuals.
Let's assume that the dominant polydactyly trait is represented by the allele A. The alternate version of the trait, not having extra digits, will be a.
The man has the trait, Thus, his genotype would be AA or Aa. If he is AA, all his children will have the trait because every one of them will inherit the A allele. But not all his children have the trait. Meaning that the man can only be heterozygous, Aa.
The woman does not have the trait. Thus, she can only be aa.
Aa x aa
Aa Aa aa aa
We already know that Aa individuals will have the polydactyl trait while aa individuals will not.
Probability of their children having polydactyl trait = 1/2 or 50%
Probability of their children not having polydactyl trait = 1/2 or 50%
Thus, at every point in time, irrespective of the number of children they have had and whether they have extra digits or not, the probability of their next child having extra digits is 50% or 1/2.
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The nurse is working with a patient with diagnosed secondary varicose veins. The nurse suspects which patient history is the cause of the varicose veins?.
The nurse suspects which patient history is the cause of the Tibia fracture.
The tibia, sometimes known as the shinbone, is the most commonly broken long bone in the body. A tibial shaft fracture can occur anywhere along the length of the bone between the knee and the ankle.
A large force is usually necessary for this type of fractured leg to occur. Car accidents, for example, frequently result in tibial shaft fractures. Along with the tibia, the smaller bone in the lower leg (fibula) is frequently shattered.
The sort of fracture that develops is determined by the force that breaks the tibia. Bone fragments can be completely aligned (stable fracture) or not (displaced fracture). The skin around the fracture may be unaffected depending on whether it is open or closed (open fracture).
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The _________ regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the sleep/wake cycle.
What is meant by hypothalamus?The brain region known as the hypothalamus is responsible for producing the hormones that regulate body temperature and heart rhythm. Hunger. Mood.
On the underside of the brain is where you'll find the hypothalamus. It is linked by a stalk to the pituitary gland, which it sits above and immediately below the thalamus. This page lists 13 synonyms, antonyms, idioms, and related terms for the word "hypothalamus," including "midbrain," "cerebellum," "medulla," "central nervous system," "Globus pallidus," "hypothalamic," "orexin," and "neurotransmitter."
Functions of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a role in many daily functions, including digestion and hydration, regulation of body temperature and energy levels, learning and memory, and stress management.
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Why is study past climate changes and their impacts such as the impact from the rapid warming event of the perm so important today
Because it enables researchers to examine how climate change has influenced the earth's ecosystem, life on the planet, and the repercussions of the change.
Scientists can plan the future by the climate changes we are currently experiencing by studying past climatic circumstances and their effects. This is why they can examine how it affected living things and how the world reacted and adjusted to them. This approach aids researchers as they search for strategies to better our chances of surviving climate change and slow it down.
As a result, we can say that it allows scientists to look at how climate change has affected the planet's ecosystem, life there, and the effects of the change.
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If you crossed flies heterozygous for the cy allele, what phenotypes would you find in the adult f1 generation?.
If you crossed flies heterozygous for the cy allele, the phenotypes would both wild type and curly wings be present in the F1 generation.
It is 1st filial generation obtained by crossing two different parents. The parents are quite distinct: one is homozygous dominant for both traits, and the other is homozygous recessive for both traits. All such offspring show dominant characteristics for both traits.
The F1 generation refers to the first filial generation.
When you're heterozygous for a specific gene, it means you have two different versions of that gene
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which of the following are derived characteristics of mammals? group of answer choices milk, endothermy, limbs with digits hair, endothermy, milk limbs with digits, milk, vertebrae endothermy, hair, limbs with digits
Hair, endothermy, and milk are derived characteristics of mammals. Thus the correct answer is option (B).
The following traits apply to mammals:
1. They have fur or hair coverings.
2. They have warm blood, which means that no matter the weather outside, their internal body temperature remains consistent.
3. They usually develop inside the uterus and are born alive.
4. The newborns are fed milk made by mammary glands after delivery.
5. Compared to other animal groups, they have brains that are bigger and more sophisticated.
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Filtration is usually the first step in the excretory process. What types of filtration typically occur? Select all that apply.
- Filtration removes blood proteins.
- Filtration removes CO2 from the blood.
- Filtration removes water from the blood.
- Filtration removes substances dissolved in the blood.
- Filtration removes blood cells.
Filtration removes water from the blood.
Filtration removes substances dissolved in the blood
The mass transfer of water and solutes from plasma to the renal tubule, which takes place in the renal corpuscle, is known as filtering. Approximately 20% of the plasma volume that is now going through the glomerulus is filtered. This implies that the kidneys filter around 180 liters of fluid each day.
The proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the renal medulla, and finally the renal cortex are all where the filtrate travels after leaving Bowman's capsule. Filtrate is moved from the loop of Henle into the distal tubule, the collecting duct, and then into the renal medulla for collection.
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Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory includes decreased distance between the z-discs during contraction.
a. True
b. False
True - Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory includes decreased distance between the z-discs during contraction.Z-discs (also known as Z-disk, Z-line, or Z-band) are the smallest functional units in striated muscle and define the lateral borders of sarcomeres.
Actin filaments from nearby sarcomeres that are crosslinked by actinin molecules make up the core of a Z-disc. A sarcomere is defined as the space between two adjacent Z discs or Z lines; this space is shrunk when a muscle contracts. Only thick filaments are present in the H zone, which is the center of the A zone, and it shortens during contraction.
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In dna replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as blank______ for the synthesis of new dna strands.
In DNA replication, the strands on the original molecule are used as ___template___ for the synthesis of new DNA strands.
What is DNA replication?DNA replication is the biological process of creating two identical DNA replicas from the original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all organisms and is the most important part of biological inheritance. This is the process by which genomic DNA is copied into cells. Before a cell can divide, it must first copy (or replicate) its entire genome so that the resulting daughter cells each have their own complete genome. Each DNA molecule contains one strand of the original DNA molecule and one of her newly synthesized (manufactured) strands. Therefore, DNA replication is called semi-conservative.
Cells must replicate their DNA before they divide. This ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of the genome and inherits the genetic trait successfully. DNA replication is an essential process and the basic mechanisms are conserved in all organisms.
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water plays a critical role in human health. five possible body functions of water are listed below. decide which are functions of water and which are not. body functions function of water not a function of water acts to maintain blood volume signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas provides protection for organs and tissues serves as a coenzyme in metabolic reactions carries waste products in the body
Function of Water: - Acts to maintain blood volume - Provides protection for organs and tissues - Serves as a coenzyme in metabolic reactions - Carries waste products in the body Not a Function of Water: - Signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
What are coenzymes?Coenzymes are non-protein molecules that work with enzymes to help create metabolic reactions. Coenzymes are usually vitamins or minerals and serve as carriers for chemical groups as they move through a reaction. Without coenzymes, enzymes would not be able to catalyze metabolic reactions at the rate necessary for life.
What are digestive enzymes?Digestive enzymes are proteins that speed up or catalyze the chemical reactions that break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body for energy and nutrition. These enzymes are produced in the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. Examples of digestive enzymes include amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin.
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Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the ________.
Nearly all stimuli destined for the cerebral cortex must first pass through the thalamus.
The outer layer of the brain is the cerebral cortex. Its surface has many folds, giving it a rumpled look. The folds are made up of many deep grooves called sulci and raised areas called gyri.
The cerebral cortex is made from 4 lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
The main function of the cerebrum is to control the voluntary muscle movements of the body. The cerebral cortex is primarily involved in consciousness.
The thalamus is an egg-fashioned shape withinside the middle of the brain. It is known as the relay station for all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information (auditory, gustatory, visual, and tactile (but not olfactory).
The thalamus is a small structure in the brain just above the brainstem, between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, and has extensive neural connections to both. The principal characteristic of the thalamus is to transmit motor and sensory alerts to the cerebral cortex.
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What are functions of the four macromolecules?
For each function listed, choose the correct macromolecule from the drop-down menu.
Store and transmit genetic information
✔ Nucleic acids
Are primarily used to store energy
Help regulate cell processes
Are used for main source of energy
Lipids give long term energy storage and line cell membranes, carbohydrates give short-term energy, proteins control the chemical reaction in the form of enzymes and help build structures and nucleic acids contain the instructions for DNA and RNA.
What are the four major biomolecules?The four major biomolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and they play differ roles in the cell such as energy storage in the case of carbohydrates.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the four major biomolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Complete question:
What are functions of the four macromolecules?
Carbs give short term energy
Lipids give long term energy storage and line cell membranes
Proteins control the chemical reaction in the form of enzymes and help build structures
Nucleic acid contain the instructions for DNA and RNA
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How does osmosis occur. Explain.
Answer:
Osmosis is the movement of water from areas of high concentrations to lower concentrations across a semi permeable membrane. It occurs over these membranes in cells of the body alllowing water to move into and out of them. Due to this nature the cell membrane is described as being partially (or selectively) permeable. Osmosis is a special kind of diffusion involving water molecules. It occurs when two solutions are separated by a partially permeable membrane.
Explanation:
Answer:
Osmosis occurs when you have membrane with unequal concentrations of water molecules on either side. Water molecules will diffuse across the membrane until equilibrium is reached.
Explanation:
When you consume more energy than burned, the excess energy is stored for later use. A small amount is stored as glycogen, but most is stored as triglycerides in what tissue?.
When you consume more energy than burned, the excess energy is stored for later use. A small amount is stored as glycogen, but most is stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue.
After meals, extra calories are stored as glycogen and triglycerides. While fat is primarily stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue, carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen primarily in skeletal muscles or the liver. When insulin levels are high, more glucose is transported to the liver to be converted into triglycerides, and fat cells retain their stored fat so it won't be used as fuel.
Glycogen is created from carbs and then stored in muscles, where it provides energy when needed. Additionally, glycogen is kept in the liver as a reserve that is released into the bloodstream when blood glucose levels drop too low. Triglycerides are how dietary fats are retained in muscles.
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A parent that is heterozygous for a trait is crossed with a parent that is homozygous dominant for the trait, as shown in the Punnett square.
Which genotype belongs in space B?
PP
Pp
ppp
Ppp
Answer:
Pp
Explanation:)
This model shows a strand of dna. Identify how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the dna.
The nitrogen bases in DNA serve as a code for the order of amino acids that make up proteins, demonstrating that the DNA contains information describing the characteristics of an organism.
How does DNA carry information for describing an organism's characteristics?DNA stores genetic information in a linear arrangement of nucleotides. The two complementary strands of nucleotides in each DNA molecule are held together to form a double helix by a hydrogen bond between the G-C and A-T base pairs.
What part of DNA influences an organism's traits?Gene. a section of the DNA molecule (a series of nucleotides) responsible for encoding a certain protein and determining an individual's phenotypic characteristics. The fundamental building block of heredity in a living thing is a gene.
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suppose you are a young adult with a passion for helping the planet, but you are undecided about your future career path. based on the data in the chart, which of the following green careers is projected to have the most job opportunities up to 2026?
Green careers are projected to have the most job opportunities until 2026, namely environmental technicians.
Earth's existing climate has undergone many changes and in recent decades scientists have concluded that the planet Earth is experiencing global warming.
So it is necessary to reduce the level of carbon in the atmosphere by trying to find environmentally friendly energy producers. With so many technical workers in the environmental field, it is hoped that it can help improve the quality of recycling, waste disposal, public health, and water and air pollution control.
In addition, there are also workers who make solar panels. The most pronounced benefit of panels and solar energy is being able to save on expenses. In addition, solar energy can contribute to reducing global warming.
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How about a gas regulated at the cell,organ,and body system level?Give an example of cellular level and body system level .
A gas regulated at the cell, organ, and body system level is what the respiratory system is there to do.
Air for this gas exchange process is provided to the alveoli via pulmonary ventilation. Gases pass through the membranes at the respiratory membrane, where the alveolar and capillary walls converge, with oxygen entering the bloodstream and carbon dioxide leaving.
Red blood cells pick up oxygen molecules and move back to the heart. The body can replenish oxygen and expel carbon dioxide through gas exchange.
The red blood cell, which is found circulating in the bloodstream, is an illustration of an independent cell. It serves to transport oxygen throughout the body and serves as an illustration of cellular-level organization.
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For the red onion skin experiment, in what cellular structure is red onion pigment stored and you were observing shrinkage?.
There are no chloroplasts in onions since they do not photosynthesize. The central vacuole houses the purple pigment (anthocyanin) that gives red onions their distinctive color, making it simple to identify.
What is Plasmolysis?The goal of this experiment is to better understand plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in red onion cells by observing water transport into and out of cells. Plasmolysis takes place when the environment of epidermal red onion cells is changed by the addition of concentrated sucrose solution, which has less water potential than onion cells. Deplasmolysis is the name given to the process if it is reversed. By putting pure water in the onion cells' exterior environment, deplasmolysis can be seen. The protoplast inside the cell enlarges to its original size during deplasmolysis as water is absorbed into the cells. The mechanisms in different plant cells can be compared using these observations.
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If you forgot to include primers in your pcr reaction do you think that your target dna would be amplified?.
NO if forgot to include primers in pcr (polymerase chain reaction) reaction it wont work
Polymerase chain reaction is based on harnessing the ability of a DNA polymerase to synthesize a new DNA strand complementary to a provided template strand. DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to an already existing 3'-OH group, so a primer that can add the first nucleotide is required. The main components of a PCR reaction are Taq polymerase, primers, template DNA, and nucleotides (DNA building blocks). The components are assembled in a tube along with the necessary cofactors for the enzyme and undergo repeated heating and cooling cycles that allow DNA synthesis.
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the frequency of crossing over between any two linked genes will be which of the following? a. proportional to the distance between them b. higher if they are recessive c. higher if they are dominant d. the same as if they were not linked
Any two connected genes will cross over more frequently in proportion to their distance from one another.
What is the highest frequency of recombination between two genes in terms of percentage?Therefore, the maximum recombination frequency that can be seen is 50%, which is a sign of either loci on distinct chromosomes or loci that are far distant from one another on the same chromosome.
Is recombination always 50% of the time?The frequency of recombination is particularly low when genes on a chromosome are near to one another. Recombination occurs 50% of the time when genes are spread out across two or more chromosomes.
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