A. DNA transcription AND mRNA translation, B. transcription creates RNA AND translation creates polypeptides or proteins, C. RNA polymerase is only used in transcription and ribosomes are only used in translation.
What kind of example of organisms?A living species that possesses all the characteristics of life is often referred to as an organism. These can take the form of a microorganism, insect, bird, plant, or even a mammal. Numerous diverse species of life number in the billions or trillions on our planet Earth.
Which creatures are present in people?Millions of little living things, collectively known as the human microbiota, live inside each and every cell of the body. In the mouth, nose, and skin, bacteria are microscopic organisms.
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Create a map to compare simple diffusion, protein-mediated transport, and vesicular transport across membranes.
By simple diffusion, it will be transferred across the plasma membrane.
Simple diffusion is the process by which molecules penetrate the plasma membrane without the assistance of channels that are present on the membrane's surface. Since the identified molecule was polar, it will not stick when it enters the hydrophobic part of the membrane since this region is non-polar, and it will travel smoothly across that region.Simple diffusion is a process in which a substance crosses a membrane without the aid of an outside agent or middleman, diffusion acts as the force that propels the molecules. In biology, diffusion is the migration of a molecule from a high concentration region to a low concentration region.To know more about membrane
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(PLEASE ANSWER FAST!!!!!!!!!!)start with the sentence "I feel hungry". In the space below draw a cycle diagram to show how your body would respond to this situation.
In a hunger situation, the body releases some hormones such as ghrelin that stimulate the hunger center of the brain, and then the person feels hungry and eats some foods.
What happens to the body in a hunger situation?In a hunger situation, the energy level drops, the body uses stored materials like glycogen or fats, and hormones like ghrelin release and act on the hunger center, causing the person to feel hungry, and then they eat foods.
Hence, in a hunger situation, the body releases some hormones such as ghrelin that stimulate the hunger center of the brain, and then the person feels hungry and eats some foods.
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what parts do ruminants and poultry have in common?
Stomata parts do ruminants and poultry have in common.
What are ruminants?Ruminants are defined as hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that may absorb nutrients from plant-based diet by fermenting it before digestion, primarily through microbial processes, in a specialized stomach.
Monogastric animals, including pigs, fish, and poultry, are more dependent on grains and pulses, which compete for land that could be used to grow food for humans. Ruminant animals, like sheep, cattle, and goats, rely more on forages and grasses that are not suitable for human use.
Thus, stomata parts do ruminants and poultry have in common.
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write an inequality that represents the points that the teams earned.
which property of water is most responsible for plants being able transport water from their roots to their leaves
which property of water is most responsible for plants being able transport water from their roots to their leaves
Water may reach the roots advanced up thanks to capillary action. Water may move all the way up to the branches and leaves with the aid of adhesion and cohesion. Cohesion or a water patch's propensity to" stick" to another.
What about plants?A factory is a living reality with a stem, leaves, and roots that develops in the soil.As with fantastic shops, water each factory as frequently as necessary.Indispensable words flower, shrub, veggie, condiment More factory's contraries.In the area of Planate, multicellular brutes called shops use photosynthesis to produce their own food.There are different types of shops, with meadows, trees, and shrubs serving as popular examples.Natural shops have emblematic and spiritual connotations just like people and creatures do.In general, the term" factory" denotes the presence of the following characteristics: multicellularity, the presence of cellulose- containing cell walls, and the capacity to perform photosynthesis using primary chloroplasts.shops, flowers, and other foliage serve as symbols for studies, passions, and deeds.Every factory has a special significance, and girding yourself with shops that stand for effects you value or want might help you feel more.You may choose décor and presents that are more significant and unique by being apprehensive of factory symbolism.The vine, the columbine, the carnation, and the blowing cross which emerges from an acanthus factory encircled by tendrils are exemplifications of Christological shops.Olive, cedar, cypress, rose, flower, and win are some exemplifications of mariological totems. Saints, particularly recruits and killers, are constantly shown with shops as rates.Learn more about plants here:
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What do all organisms need to survive?
Space
Dirt
Plants
Energy
Answer:
Energy
Explanation:
6) In a recombinant frequency gene mapping experiment, Hfr StrS a+b+c- cells were mated with F- cells of the genotype StrR a-b- c+. Exconjugates were selected on media lacking A (compound required for growth of a- cells) and the genotypes of 1000 colonies that grew on A deficient media were determined with appropriate selective media as indicated below (show work).
Genotype Number of colonies
a+b- c+ 395
a+b- c-
a+b+c+10
a+b+c- 190
a) What is the late marker? b) What is the gene order?
c) What are the map distances between the 3 markers?
Answer:
Explanation:
a) The late marker is c+. This is because the c+ marker is present in the genotype of the F- cells (StrR a-b- c+), but it is not present in any of the genotypes of the 1000 colonies that grew on A-deficient media. This suggests that the c+ marker is the last marker to be transferred during recombination.
b) The gene order is a-b-c+. This is because the a+ marker is present in the genotypes of 495 colonies, the b+ marker is present in the genotypes of 395 colonies, and the c+ marker is present in the genotype of 10 colonies. The order in which these markers are transferred during recombination reflects the order in which they are located on the chromosome.
c) The map distance between the a and b markers is approximately 0.1 centimorgans (cM), and the map distance between the b and c markers is approximately 0.9 cM. This can be calculated using the following formula:
map distance = (number of recombinants / total number of offspring) x 100
For the a and b markers, the number of recombinants is 95 (the number of colonies with the genotype a+b- c+) and the total number of offspring is 1000, so the map distance is:
map distance = (95 / 1000) x 100 = 0.1 cM
For the b and c markers, the number of recombinants is 190 (the number of colonies with the genotype a+b+c-) and the total number of offspring is 1000, so the map distance is:
map distance = (190 / 1000) x 100 = 0.9 cM
Therefore, the map distances between the 3 markers are 0.1 cM (a and b), 0.9 cM (b and c).
Darwin's finches are an example of adaptive radiation, the evolution of an animal or plant group into different types adapted to specialized ways of life. Their common ancestor arrived on the Galapagos about two million years ago. Over time, Darwin's finches have evolved into 15 recognized species differing in body size, beak shape, song and feeding behavior. The picture here shows finches with four different types of beaks.
What statement best represents how one species of finches became many?
A. In order to survive, the finches with different beaks flew to the island with the best food source for each beak type. Over time they evolved into different species.
B. The finches became isolated from one another on different islands. Because each island was different and presented different food sources, those finches with the beak type best fit for each island ecosystem survived to reproduce, over time evolving into different species
C. The finches became isolated from one another on different islands. Because each island was different and presented different food sources, those finches with the beak type best fit for each island ecosystem survived to reproduce, over time evolving into different species
D. The finches became isolated from one another on different islands. Finches developed the beaks that would best help them survive, over time evolving into different species.
Answer:d
Explanation:
which of the following correctly explains a long-distance signaling method animals use to perform cell communication? a) chemical signals travel down a nerve cell and are converted to electrical signals at synapsesb) endocrine cells release hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cellsc) local regulator molecules pass through gap junctions to transmit signals to target cellsd) proteins on a cell's surface recognize and interact with molecules on another cell's surface
A signaling molecule acting on a target cell that is far away from the signaling cell is known as long-distance signaling.
Endocrine signaling is another name for long-distance communication. A hormone is a substance that an endocrine gland secretes that is intended to cause a reaction in a specific cell. The bloodstream is responsible for hormone distribution.Hormones are the chemical messengers that target other cells while travelling through the circulation.The endocrine system uses chemical signals called hormones to transmit information from one area of the body to another. The extracellular environment is where hormones are released from the endocrine cell, but they ultimately reach their target tissues via the bloodstream.The body's chemical messengers are called hormones. They move information and commands from one set of cells to another.
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You need to clean your sidewalk with the hose and a certain amount of pressure is required. What are 2 ways you can increase the pressure coming from the hose?
Answer:
1. Attach a pressure booster to the hose.
2. Increase the water pressure of the water source.
Explanation:
The two ways in which we can increase the pressure which is coming from the hose is to attach a pressure booster to the hose. Increase the water pressure of the water source or container.
What is pressure in a hose?Pressure hoses are the heavy-duty hoses which are designed to withstand a certain amount of the pressure. The amount of pressure which they can withstand easily is typically measured in the units of pounds per square inch (PSI). Some pressure hoses have also been found to withstand almost about 1,000 PSI of pressure, whereas others can withstand up to about 3,000 PSI of pressure.
An effective method to increase the pressure which is coming from the hose is using a high-powered nozzle to increase the amount of water output significantly. A person could get one from any hardware store near us. A water pump can be referred to as a sure alternative to a powered nozzle. Installation of the pump into the end of the hose pipe and plug it into a power outlet.
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Determine if the graph shows a proportional relationship.
Yes, it is proportional because the line intersects with the origin.
Yes, it is proportional because the axes are numbered correctly.
No, it is not proportional because the line does not intersect with the origin.
No, it is not proportional because the points do not make a straight line.
Yes, it is proportional because the line intersects with the origin.
what is proportional relationship in graph ?
What are proportional relationships in a graph? A relationship where the ratio between the two variables is constant is called a graph proportional relationship. Consider the association between x and y, for instance.
A straight line graph that travels through the origin will always result from two values that are in direct proportion. The gradient of the graph will be positive if the proportionality constant is positive. The gradient of the graph will be negative if the constant is negative.
On this graph, the origin (0, 0) is represented by the point (0, 0). It is a linear relationship if there is no time, no distance, and we can also see that it is a line. You are dealing with a proportional relationship if it is linear and passes through the origin.
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Match the mitosis phase at left with its best description at right. daughter cells separate [Choose ] DNA replicates [Choose ] chromosomes form [Choose ] chromosomes line up at cell equator [Choose ] sister chromatids separate [Choose ] 2 new nuclear envelopes form [Choose ]
The match is taht daughter cells separate [Cytokineseis ] DNA replicates [S phase ] chromosomes form [prophase ] chromosomes line up at cell equator [metaphase 2 ] sister chromatids separate [anaphase ] 2 new nuclear envelopes form [telophase ].
Daughter Cells and Cytokinesis the very last step withinside the method of mobileular department happens in cytokinesis. This method starts offevolved at some stage in anaphase and ends after telophase in mitosis.
In cytokinesis, the dividing mobileular is cut up into daughter cells with the assist of the spindle apparatus cell biology, mitosis is part of the cell cycle wherein replicated chromosomes are separated into new nuclei. Cell department with the aid of using mitosis offers upward thrust to genetically equal cells wherein the overall range of chromosomes is maintained. Therefore, mitosis is likewise referred to as equational department.
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, why do you think the digestive cavity needs to be the center of the flatworms?
The digestive cavity of flatworms is typically located at the center of the body, and this arrangement has several advantages for the animal. One of the main reasons for this arrangement is that it allows the digestive cavity to be in close proximity to the major organs and tissues of the body, which is important for the efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Having the digestive cavity at the center of the body also allows flatworms to move and change shape easily. This is important for many flatworms, which are highly mobile and need to be able to move quickly and efficiently in order to capture prey and avoid predators. The central location of the digestive cavity allows the flatworm to move and change shape without disrupting the flow of food or the functioning of the digestive organs.
In addition, the central location of the digestive cavity allows flatworms to distribute nutrients and waste products evenly throughout the body. This is important for maintaining a balanced and healthy internal environment, which is essential for the survival and reproduction of the animal.
Overall, the central location of the digestive cavity in flatworms is advantageous because it allows the animal to move and change shape easily, it facilitates the efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients, and it helps to maintain a balanced and healthy internal environment.
a. What proportion of the gametes formed from Parent 1 have the composition b+b? [Choose ] b. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 1 have the composition b [Choose ] > c. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 1 have the composition b+? [Choose ] > d. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 1 have the composition bb? [Choose ] e. What proportion of offspring from cross I will have brown body? [Choose ] f. What proportion of offspring from cross I will have yellow body? [ Choose g. What proportion of the gametes formed from Parent 3 have the composition b+b+? [Choose ] > g. What proportion of the gametes formed from Parent 3 have the composition b+b+? [Choose ] < h. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 3 have the composition b+b? [Choose ] > i. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 3 have the composition b+? [ Choose V j. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 3 have the composition b? [Choose ] j. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 3 have the composition b? [Choose ] k. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 4 have the composition b+? [ Choose l. What proportion of gametes formed from Parent 4 have the composition b? m. What proportion of offspring from cross ll will have brown bofy[ Choose [Choose ]> n. What proportion of offspring from cross Il will have yellow body? [Choose ] < o. What proportion of offspring from cross Il will be trisomic? [Choose ]
The child would be born with twice as many chromosomes as it should. The organism's somatic cells are diploid (2n). This indicates that they have n double chromosomes.
Gametes (egg and sperm cells) are haploid cells, which means they contain n fewer chromosomes than other cells. A diploid zygote (2n) is created when haploid egg cell (n) and haploid sperm cell (n) combine:n + n = 2n
Consequently, the freshly created organism's somatic cells are diploid once more (2n).
Imagine a scenario where the gametes are diploid rather than haploid (n) (2n). A tetraploid zygote (4n) would result from the union of a diploid egg cell (2n) and a diploid sperm cell (2n):2n + 2n = 4n
The offspring will have twice as many chromosomes as they normally would. The result is that the baby would have twice as many chromosomes as it should have if the gametes were not haploid.
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how would urbanization impact the nitrogen cycle
Urbanization has a particularly large effect on the nitrogen (N) cycle, reducing watershed N retention and increasing downstream N export. Excess N export can lead to eutrophication, with associated algal blooms, and periodic hypoxia in freshwater and coastal ecosystems.
Explanation:
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Increased temperatures, elevated CO2 levels, pollution, heavy metal deposition, earthworm activity, and nitrogen deposition are all factors that affect urban regions.
Some plant species' growth has been linked to urbanization. Given that the availability of nitrogen has historically restricted plant growth in many terrestrial environments, this rise in growth may be due to excessive nitrogen deposition.
Nitrogen, a nutrient that has historically been limited in terrestrial ecosystems, can potentially have major effects on soil microbial communities that control the breakdown of organic matter, hence controlling nutrient availability for plants.
Examining the role of the extracellular enzymes that mediate decomposition and nutrient cycling can help us understand changes in these processes.
The nitrogen (N) cycle is significantly impacted by urbanization, which decreases watershed N retention and increases downstream N export.
In freshwater and coastal environments, excessive N export can cause eutrophication, which is accompanied by algal blooms and intermittent hypoxia.
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Attached earlobes are a recessive trait in humans. In the tree below, people
I with attached earlobes are shaded in. Which best describes the person
labeled X in the tree?
A. A male with one recessive allele
B. A female with one recessive allele
C. A male with no recessive alleles
D. A female with no recessive alleles
The correct answer is a male with one recessive allele.
Explanation:As we can see, a homozygous recessive parent and a heterozygous parent are crossed to produce the offspring.
These are the results of such a cross:
r r
R Rr Rr
r rr rr
The results of the cross indicate that the progeny from such a hybrid will either be heterozygous dominant with unattached ear lobes or they will have both recessive alleles with attached ear lobes.
The person labelled X is not shaded, as can be seen from the pedigree, hence it cannot bear the alleles rr. As a result, the individual is heterozygous, carrying both a dominant and a recessive allele.
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A group of plants that are not capable of
interbreeding is called
a.vegetation
b.biome
C. Community
d. a population.
Answer:
A group of plants that are not capable of interbreeding would be known as a species, however that is not one your options.
Explanation:
For plants, another way to describe it would be "hybrid plants" however, that ia also not an option, but if you consider each option, you would end up at the conclusion that the answer is most likely be biome or community but community interbreeding often result in weak offspring.
A group of plants that are not capable of interbreeding would be known as a species.
What is interbreeding?In both biology and philosophy, there is debate over the nature of species. Philosophers and biologists argue over the ontological significance of species, while biologists disagree over the definition of the word "species."
The basic taxonomic units of biological classification are species. Species are used to frame environmental legislation. Even how we view human nature is influenced by how we view different animals.
Numerous species are distinguishable with ease. The nature of species is significantly less evident when we look at the scholarly literature on species. There are more than twenty definitions of "species" provided by biologists.
Therefore, A group of plants that are not capable of interbreeding would be known as a species.
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Data suggests that Baikal seals can sustain much longer dives than emperor penguins. Propose a hypothesis that could explain the evolution of different dive responses in emperor penguins and baikal seals
The suggested hypothesis is that fermentation may be to blame for the rise in lactate levels. Different bacteria with the capacity to utilise a variety of carbohydrate sources create lactic acid through the fermentation process.
What is the use of primary bacteria?The primary bacteria utilised to create lactic acid are lactic acid bacteria, and among these, Lactobacillus spp. have demonstrated intriguing fermentation abilities. Lactic acid fermentation was a consequence of a deficiency in oxygen inside the muscle cells.
This is because oxygen is required by the cell as a terminal electron acceptor in order to make ATP. The cells had to find an alternative way to produce energy since there was no oxygen present. As a byproduct, lactic acid, or lactate, and H+ were produced.
Therefore, The suggested hypothesis is that fermentation may be to blame for the rise in lactate levels.
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Hydrogen bonding among water molecules gives water all of the following important properties, EXCEPT:
A transparent colour falls in no place and do not really have any correlation in oxygen and hydrogen relationship.
What is hydrogen bond?hydrogen bond is a primarily electrostatic force of attraction between ever hydrogenated atom which is covalently bound to a more Electronegativity "donor" or atom or the group.
Hydrogen bonds here in the water provides a lot of the benefits which includes cohesion, releasing heat of formation of when forming, Also because of the fact that water molecules are polar, they form hydrogen molecules are you and give water some of which ranges from high boiling point, are the relative gravity, adhesion ad also cohesion. It is also known that oxygen atom of attracts the electrons more to be im strongly than the hydrogen.
A transparent colour falls in no place and do not really have any correlation in oxygen and hydrogen relationship.
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Answer: The amino acids that compose proteins are universal to all organisms
Explanation:
Which worm has the thinnest body, when measured dorsoventrally (back to belly)? The thickest?
Which worm has the shortest body, when measured anteroposteriorly {head to tail)? The longest?
a. The worm which has the thinnest body, when measured dorsoventrally (back to belly) is the horsehair worms.
b. The worm which has the thickest body is the gippsland earthwormc. The worm with the shortest body when measured anteroposteriorly is greeffiella.d. The worm with the longest body is the bootlace worm when measured from head to tail.What are worms?Worms are a group of invertebrate animals which do not have notochords, let alone backbones. This goes to say that all worms do not have back bones. Some of them are flatworms, round worms, earthworms and so on and so forth. Some worms have segmented bodies while some have unsegmented bodies.
In conclusion, it can therefore be deduced from the explanation given above that worms are invertebrates.
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Assume that the price underestimates the value that society places on the flu vaccine. If firms produce where P = MC, firms will be producing ________ the socially efficient amount of flu vaccine.
a) exactly
b)more than
c)less than
d)sometimes more than and sometimes less than
Firms will be producing less than the socially efficient amount of flu vaccine.
A vaccine is an organic instruction that gives active received immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The protection and effectiveness of vaccines have been broadly studied and validated.
Vaccines help your frame create protective antibodies—proteins that assist it to fight off infections. With the aid of getting vaccinated, you may shield yourself and also keep away from spreading preventable diseases to other human beings in your network.
Vaccines give you immunity to an ailment without you getting sick first. They're made using killed or weakened versions of the disease-causing germ or parts of the germ (called antigens).
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Identify each event as either a sympathetic nervous system response or a hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress
Heart rate rises, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released, blood pressure rises, and respiration increases as a result of the sympathetic nervous system.Cortisol release- Glucose levels rising in the blood- The pituitary gland's activation
What are the nervous system's four primary purposes?The control center of your body is your neurological system.It is controlled by your brain and governs your actions, thoughts, and automatic reactions to your environment.Other bodily functions and systems, including digestion, respiration, and sexual development, are also under its control.
What are the nervous system's functions?Signals are sent from the brain to the rest of the body, such as the internal organs, via the nervous system.Thus, its nervous system's activity regulates a variety of functions, including the capacity to move, breathe, see, and think.1. The nerve cell, or neuron, is the basic building block of the neurological system.
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How do serotonin and dopamine affect mood differently? or perhaps how do dopamine and serotonin affect one another?
Answer:
Serotonin and dopamine are considered the "happy hormones". This helps boost happy moods and emotions.
Explanation:
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Tyra created a chart that compared DNA and RNA for her science class. Tyra made a mistake while she was creating her chart. Which best identifies the mistake Tyra made?
Answer:The RNA remains in the nucleus and that dna leave the nucleus is the one that is incorrect
Rna is called the messenger dna because after it creates a copy it leave the nucleus and goes to the ribosome to make proteins while dna stays in the nucleus
Label the following diagrams of stratified and columnar epithelium to better understand the body's epithelial barriers. Not all labels are used.
It is an uncommon column-shaped epithelium that can be found on the throat, anus, lobar ducts, and conjunctiva. Multiple layers of epithelial cells make up stratified columnar epithelium.
It frequently occurs between simple columnar epithelia and squamous epithelia.It has numerous layers of cells, with columnar cells making up the apical layer and cuboidal or columnar cells making up the lower layer.When compared to other epithelial tissues, stratified columnar epithelial tissues are rare. The following parts of the human body contain it. With many layers of epithelial cells, the primary purpose of stratified columnar epithelium is to protect underlying structures. They also carry out secretion.To know more about stratified columnar epithelium
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Which statement best describes the physical features of mountain regions?
A.
Mountain regions are geographic areas that receive little rain and can be very dry.
B.
Mountain regions are geographic areas that have high elevations.
C.
Mountain regions are geographic areas like oceans and lakes.
D.
Mountain regions are geographic areas that are not much higher than sea level.
SUBMIT
T/F: Polypeptides inside the ER are usually smaller than polypeptides synthesized from the same mRNA that have not entered the ER.
true
It is accurate to say that peptides inside the ER are typically smaller than polypeptides made from the same mRNA outside of the ER.
What are the uses of polypeptides?Since polypeptides (macromolecules made of amino acids) are essential components of molecules created for use in gene therapy or medication administration, they have been the focus of extensive research.
A polypeptide: is it a protein?Each one of these acids is joined to its neighbors through a covalently peptide bond to form a lengthy chain that makes up a protein. Consequently, polypeptides is another name for proteins. A distinct amino acid sequence that is identical from one monomer to the next makes up each form of protein.
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Consider the fossil features described below. Which best indicates that a fossilized ape is a hominin? a. Curved finger bones. b. A short, broad pelvis. c. A femur with a short neck. d. A skull with a large sagittal crest. e. A funnel-shaped ribcage.
d. A skull with a large sagittal crest indicates that a fossilized ape is a hominin.
A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, and human beings (excludes orangutans). A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: chimpanzees and human beings. 'Hominin' is a time period given to human beings and all of our extinct bipedal ancestors – the ones ancestors who walked upright on feet. 'Hominid' is the time period given to all cutting-edge and extinct remarkable apes, consisting of human beings, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and all their instantaneously ancestors.
Thus, option d is correct.
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Four types of cell with chloroplasts
Plant cells, parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells and chlorenchyma cell contains chloroplasts.
What are the functions of chloroplasts?A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Moreover, chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield. As such, chloroplasts are responsible for the biosynthesis of active compounds.
There are two distinct regions present inside a chloroplast known as the grana and stroma. Grana are made up of stacks of disc-shaped structures known as thylakoids or lamellae.
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scientists developed a set of guidelines to address the safety of dna technology. which of the following is one of the adopted safety measures?
Recombinant DNA experiments involve genetically damaged microorganisms that are unable to thrive outside of the lab.
What is done in biology labs?Apply the scientific process, making testable hypotheses based on observations and facts, and so on. Analyze how abiotic factors affect enzymatic activity. Investigate the processes of photosynthetic, mitotic, and meiosis in cells. Determine inheritance patterns using Mendelian genetics.
What do biological tools entail?In the context of a Legacy Program, "Biological Tools" refers to (a) strains of bacteria and plasmid created in a lab, (b) biochemical reagent (containing protein and substrate), (c) cellular and molecular biology reagents, and (d) transcription plasmids and protein from TPAT.
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