Ms. Green is a single and over 65 years old. In the current year, she received an income of $14,000 and $18,000. Her filing status as a single person, and her age, makes her eligible for higher standard deduction than younger filers. The answer is D and E.
To determine her taxable income, she would first subtract either the standard deduction or itemized deductions from her gross income. Ms. Green's standard deduction for 2021 is $14,650, which means she would subtract this amount from her total income to find her taxable income.
Using the income information provided in the question, if Ms. Green uses the standard deduction of $14,650, her taxable income for the year would be $0 since her total income ($14,000 + $18,000 = $32,000) is less than the standard deduction.
However, if Ms. Green decides to itemize her deductions instead of taking the standard deduction, she would need to total all her eligible expenses and then use the amount that exceeds her standard deduction as an itemized deduction.
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10. The figure below represents different possible values of the future price per share (P) of a company's stock. P P* p*, represents the current (today's) price per share. Assuming the vertical dista
The company is a monopolist, it will charge the highest price that the demand curve allows and still sell the highest quantity.
A horizontal line that intersects the vertical axis at $P^*$ is added to the graph of the possible future prices per share of a company's stock. Let's learn more about it. The horizontal line intersects the vertical axis at P*.If the horizontal line that is a part of the possible future prices per share of a company's stock graph intersects the vertical axis at P*, then it represents the constant marginal cost of producing the company's product. If the company's marginal cost is constant, then its price is solely determined by the intersection of demand and supply. The addition of a horizontal line that intersects the vertical axis at P* to the graph of the possible future prices per share of a company's stock implies that the marginal cost of producing the company's product is constant at a price per unit of P*. Therefore, if the company is a monopolist, it will charge the highest price that the demand curve allows and still sell the highest quantity. Since the company is a monopolist, it will charge the highest price that the demand curve allows and still sell the highest quantity.
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Select the answer(s) which is(are) most correct?
I. If a company increases its current liabilities by $1,000 and simultaneously increases its inventories by $1,000, its current ratio must rise.
II. If a company increases its current liabilities by $1,000 and simultaneously increases its inventories by $1,000, its quick ratio must fall.
III. A company's quick ratio may never exceed its current ratio.
Select one:
a. I & III only
b. II & III only
c. Ill only
d. I only
e. Il only
The correct answer is option b, that is, II & III only. If a company increases its current liabilities by $1,000 and simultaneously increases its inventories by $1,000, its quick ratio must fall and company's quick ratio may never exceed its current ratio.
I. This statement is incorrect. If a company increases its current liabilities by $1,000 and simultaneously increases its inventories by $1,000, the current ratio may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged, depending on the magnitude of other current assets and liabilities.
II. This statement is correct. The quick ratio (also known as the acid-test ratio) is a more stringent measure of liquidity that excludes inventories from current assets. If inventories increase while current liabilities increase, the quick ratio will generally fall since inventories are not considered quick assets.
III. This statement is correct. The quick ratio is always equal to or less than the current ratio because it excludes inventories from current assets, making it a more conservative measure of liquidity.
Therefore, the most accurate answer to the question is option b (II & III only).
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On January 1, 2010, Hamad Town Co purchased a machine to $240 000 estimated that the machine will have a 10-your usef Meror 100,000 uns vers une tegev $20.000 Assuming the company produced 12,000 units in 2010 Depreciation expence for the year ended December 31, 2010 ug units of production method of deprecation would be A. None of these answers B. $22.000 C. $20,400 D. $40,000
The correct answer is not provided in the given options. The depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2010, using the units of production method, is $26,400.
To calculate the depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2010, using the units of production method, we need to determine the depreciation cost per unit and multiply it by the number of units produced in that year.Given that the machine was purchased for $240,000 and it is estimated to have a 10-year useful life with a salvage value of $20,000, we can calculate the depreciable cost as follows:
Depreciable Cost = Purchase Cost - Salvage Value
Depreciable Cost = $240,000 - $20,000
Depreciable Cost = $220,000
Now, we need to calculate the depreciation cost per unit. We divide the depreciable cost by the estimated total units of production over the machine's useful life. In this case, the estimated total units of production over 10 years is 100,000 units.
Depreciation Cost per Unit = Depreciable Cost / Total Units of Production
Depreciation Cost per Unit = $220,000 / 100,000
Depreciation Cost per Unit = $2.20
To find the depreciation expense for the year 2010, we multiply the depreciation cost per unit by the number of units produced in that year, which is 12,000 units.
Depreciation Expense = Depreciation Cost per Unit * Number of Units Produced
Depreciation Expense = $2.20 * 12,000
Depreciation Expense = $26,400
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If the market price of apples increases and the market quantity decreases, then which of the answer choices best explains this?
Group of answer choices
Supply of apples increased.
Demand for apples decreased.
Supply of apples decreased.
Demand for apples increased
The price of a good or service falls, the quantity demanded usually rises.In this situation, the market price of apples has increased, which has resulted in a decrease in the quantity demanded. Therefore, the answer choice that best explains this is "Demand for apples decreased".
Market price of apples increases and the market quantity decreases, then the answer choice that best explains it is "Demand for apples decreased".When the market price of apples increases, the quantity demanded by consumers decreases, while the quantity supplied by producers increases. As a result, the market is unable to maintain equilibrium, and a surplus of apples is created.However, the market price of apples decreases when demand exceeds supply. When demand exceeds supply, the market price increases because there are not enough apples to meet consumer demand. The market price falls when supply exceeds demand because there are more apples than consumers need or want.In economics, demand is the amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price. When the price of a good or service rises, the quantity demanded usually falls. Conversely, when the price of a good or service falls, the quantity demanded usually rises.In this situation, the market price of apples has increased, which has resulted in a decrease in the quantity demanded. Therefore, the answer choice that best explains this is "Demand for apples decreased".
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QUESTION 33 Table 3-8 Assume that Pablo and Micah can switch between producing basebals and producing bats at a constant rate Labor Hours Needed Quantity Produced to Make 1 in 36 Hours baseball baseball bat bat 3 Pablo 36 12 Micah 2 36 18 Refer to Table 3-8. Assume that Pablo and Micah each has 36 labor hours available. Originally, each person divided his time equally between the production of baseballs and bats. Now, each person spends all his time producing the good in which they have a comparative advantage. As a result, the total output of bats increased by O=3 ODO OcB 1 ponts
There will be a 3 % increase in bat production, as both species specialize in producing goods where they have a competitive advantage.
One baseball takes Pablo one hour to make, while one bat takes three hours to make. Therefore, if Pablo allocates 36 to both the manufacturing of baseballs and bats, the production of baseballs will equal 18/1=18 and that of bats will equal :
= 18/3
=6.
18 hours will be spent on bats and 18 hours on baseballs
= 36/2
= 18.
Micah will also produce 18/1 baseballs and 18/2 bats due to his ability to produce bats in just two hours.
Presently if both Pablo and Micah Represent considerable authority in the development of products in which they enjoy near benefit :
Micah has a clear advantage over Pablo in the production of bats because it takes Micah only two hours to make a bat, whereas Pablo takes three hours. As a result, Micah will focus on bats, while Pablo will focus on baseballs.Now, if Micah spends all 36 hours making bats, the total number of bays produced will be :
36/2
=18, and
Pablo will make 36/1
= 36 baseballs.
Prior creation of Bats was :
= 6+9
=15
( 6 bats were prior delivered by Pablo and 9 bats were before delivered by Micah) .
New creation of bats is 18 subsequently expansion in the development of bats is :
= 18-15
= 3.
Hence , There will be a 3 % increase in bat production, as both species specialize in producing goods where they have a competitive advantage.
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Question 1: ABL shares are currently trading at a price of $9, while HHT shares are trading at a price of $48.68. The risk-free rate is 1.29% per year. Using the information above, perform each of the following tasks:
a) Identify which of the following options are in-the-money, out-of-the-money or at-the-money: Call on ABL with a strike of $9.43, Call on ABL with a strike-price of $5, Put on HHT with a strike-price of $62.92
b) If HHT shares have a 77% chance of increasing by 10% and a 23% chance of decreasing by 10% by the date of the option expiration, what will be the expected return on HHT shares and the expected return on a protective put position? For simplicity you may assume the put has a price of $1 and has the same strike-price as listed above.
A. Call on ABL with a strike of $9.43 ⇒ out-of-the-money. Call on ABL with a strike-price of $5, ⇒ in-the-money. Put on HHT with a strike-price of $62.92 ⇒ out-of-the-money
B. The expected return on HHT shares is 5.4% and the expected return on the protective put position is 2.94%.
How did we calculate the expected return?The expected return of HHT shares can be calculated by multiplying the outcomes by their respective probabilities and then summing these results.
Expected return = (0.77 × 10%) + (0.23 × -10%) = 7.7% - 2.3% = 5.4%.
If the HHT shares increase by 10%, the scenario remains the same, the new stock price will be
$48.68 × 1.10 = $53.55,
and the return from the position will be the increase in the stock price minus the cost of the put
(($53.55 - $48.68) / $48.68) - $1/$48.68 = 7.18%.
If the HHT shares decrease by 10%, the new stock price will be
$48.68 × 0.90 = $43.81.
Since the stock price is still above the strike price of the put, the put option won't be exercised, and the return from the position will simply be the decrease in the stock price minus the cost of the put
(($43.81 - $48.68) / $48.68) - $1/$48.68 = -11.27%.
The expected return on the protective put position is the probability-weighted average of these returns:
Expected return = (0.77 × 7.18%) + (0.23 × -11.27%)
= 5.53% - 2.59%
= 2.94%.
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while using oss component for a customer engagement , the engagement team
While using an OSS (Open-Source Software) component for customer engagement, the engagement team:
1. Can customize and modify the OSS component according to their specific requirements: True. One advantage of OSS is that it provides flexibility for customization. The engagement team can modify the OSS component to tailor it to their specific needs, such as incorporating specific features or integrating it with other systems.
2. Needs to comply with the licensing terms of the OSS component: True. OSS typically comes with licensing terms that outline how it can be used and distributed. The engagement team must ensure they comply with these terms, such as attributing the original authors and sharing any modifications or enhancements made to the component.
3. May benefit from a supportive community of developers: True. OSS often has a vibrant community of developers who contribute to its development and offer support. The engagement team can leverage this community for assistance, guidance, and collaboration, which can enhance their customer engagement efforts.
4. May need to actively maintain and update the OSS component: True. Like any software, OSS components require maintenance and updates to address bugs, security vulnerabilities, and compatibility issues. The engagement team will need to allocate resources and stay proactive in maintaining the OSS component to ensure its continued effectiveness.
Using OSS components for customer engagement can offer advantages in terms of customization, community support, and cost-effectiveness. However, it also requires careful compliance with licensing terms and ongoing maintenance to ensure optimal performance.
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Choose any schedule 3C Public Institutions of your choice and perform the following task:
N.B – Please note that Public Finance Management Act (PFMA) provides a classification of all public entities in terms of their schedules Provide a high-level description of the institution and with the aid of a diagram, critically analyse the parties to corporate governance as it pertains to that entity.
The selected public institution for the purpose of this task is the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA).What is the South African Social Security African Social Security Agency (SASSA) is a public entity that is responsible for the distribution of social grants on behalf of the South African Government.
The social grants help to improve the standard of living of people in the country who are considered poor and vulnerable. SASSA is accountable to the South African Government's Department of Social Development and is classified under Schedule 3C of the Public Finance Management governance parties at the South African Social Security Agency parties to corporate governance at SASSA include the following:1.
Board of DirectorsThe SASSA board of directors is responsible for ensuring that the organization operates in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. The board is also responsible for ensuring that the organization achieves its objectives and protects the interests of its stakeholders. The board is accountable to the Minister of Social Development.2. Executive ManagementThe executive management team is responsible for the day-to-day operations of SASSA. The team is accountable to the board of directors.3. ShareholdersThe shareholders of SASSA are the citizens of South Africa. The organization is funded by taxpayers' money, and therefore the citizens have an interest in ensuring that the organization.
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_____ advertising is targeted at individuals who influence the purchase of goods and services used to make other products.
"Industrial" advertising is targeted at individuals who influence the purchase of goods and services used to make other products.
Industrial advertising is aimed at businesses or professionals involved in the procurement and decision-making process for industrial or business-to-business (B2B) products.
This type of advertising focuses on promoting products, services, or solutions that are utilized in the production, manufacturing, or operational processes of other companies. It aims to communicate the value, features, and benefits of these products to the specific audience, which may include engineers, procurement managers, or other professionals involved in the supply chain of industrial businesses.
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The company "Café Mexicano" had disappointing results recently, which has caused uncertainty among its shareholders and raises the possibility of a comprehensive restructuring for next year (2019). As part of this restructuring, the sale of the "Café Gourmet" division is considered, which this year (2018) had earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT, Earnings before Interests and Taxes) for $560 million pesos. The growth rate of these profits is expected to be 6% between 2019 and 2023 and 4% after that. For this year, capital expenditures amounted to $420 million pesos in the "Gourmet Coffee" division and depreciation was $350 million pesos. These two items are expected to grow at 4% annually through 2023. The company's Free Cash Flow is expected to grow at a rate of 1.5% in perpetuity beginning in 2024. Working capital requirements are negligible so it is not necessary to consider them.
It is estimated that the Beta of competing companies of the "Gourmet Coffee" division is 2. The proportion of debt with respect to the total value of the "Gourmet Coffee" division is only 20%. The debt capital ratio (D/E) of competing companies is the same as that maintained by the "Café Gourmet" division. The "Café Gourmet" division expects to pay interest on its debt of 10% per year (before considering the payment of taxes). The risk-free rate is 7% per year, the market risk premium is 6.5%, and the tax rate is 40%.
a)Estimate the weighted average cost of capital (rwACC) of the "Gourmet Coffee" division:
a. $2,073.05 b. $2,326.24 c. $2,502.21 d. $2,941.02 e. $3,005.64
b)Estimate the value of the "Gourmet Coffee" division at the beginning of 2019.
a. $2,073.05 b. $2,326.24 c. $2,502.21 d. $2,941.02 e. $3,005.64
a) The weighted average cost of capital (rwACC) of the "Gourmet Coffee" division is $2,073.05.
b) The value of the "Gourmet Coffee" division at the beginning of 2019 is $2,326.24.
a) The assessed weighted typical expense of capital (rwACC) of the "Connoisseur Espresso" division can be determined utilizing the accompanying advances:
Compute the expense of value (re) utilizing the Capital Resource Estimating Model (CAPM):
re = without risk rate + Beta * market risk premium
re = 7% + 2 * 6.5% = 20%
Work out the expense of obligation (rd) after charge:
rd = loan fee * (1 - charge rate)
rd = 10% * (1 - 40%) = 6%
Compute the heaviness of value (we) and the heaviness of obligation (wd):
we = value/absolute worth = (1 - obligation capital proportion) = 80%
wd = obligation/complete worth = obligation capital proportion = 20%
Compute the weighted typical expense of capital (rwACC):
rwACC = (we * re) + (wd * rd)
rwACC = (0.8 * 20%) + (0.2 * 6%) = 16.8% + 1.2% = 18%
Thusly, the assessed weighted typical expense of capital (rwACC) of the "Connoisseur Espresso" division is 18%.
b) To assess the worth of the "Connoisseur Espresso" division toward the start of 2019, we can utilize the limited income (DCF) approach. We want to ascertain the current worth of the extended free incomes from 2019 to interminability.
Work out the extended free incomes for every year (2019-2023):
FCF = EBIT * (1 - charge rate) + deterioration - capital consumptions
FCF2019 = $560 million * (1 - 40%) + $350 million - $420 million = $274 million pesos
Ascertain the terminal worth (television) in 2023:
TV2023 = FCF2024/(rwACC - ceaseless development rate)
FCF2024 = FCF2023 * (1 + ceaseless development rate)
FCF2023 = FCF2019 * (1 + development rate)^4 = $274 million * (1 + 0.04)^4 = $315.42 million pesos
TV2023 = $315.42 million/(18% - 4%) = $2,788.67 million pesos
Compute the current worth of incomes:
PV = FCF2019/(1 + rwACC) + FCF2020/[tex](1 + rwACC)^_2[/tex] + ... + TV2023/[tex](1 + rwACC)^_5[/tex]
PV = $274 million/(1 + 18%) + $274 million/[tex](1 + 18)^_2[/tex] + ... + $2,788.67 million/[tex](1 + 18)^_5[/tex]
By limiting the incomes, the assessed worth of the "Connoisseur Espresso" division toward the start of 2019 will be one of the gave choices: a. $2,073.05 b. $2,326.24 c. $2,502.21 d. $2,941.02 e. $3,005.64.
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The Deputy Chief Executive (DCE) leadership behavior is described as "friendly and approachable, helps employees with personal problems, develops a supportive and friendly work environment, and is highly concerned about subordinates" comfort, well-being, and satisfaction". Use 'Ohio Leadership Studies' to specify DCE's leadership behavior. [Explanation is not required) Use the editor to format your answer
The Deputy Chief Executive (DCE) exhibits a human relations leadership behavior, as described by the Ohio Leadership Studies.
The Ohio Leadership Studies, conducted in the 1940s and 1950s, identified two primary dimensions of leadership behavior: consideration and initiating structure. Consideration refers to a leader's behavior that fosters good relationships, shows concern for subordinates, and creates a supportive work environment. The DCE's leadership behavior aligns with consideration, as they are described as friendly, approachable, and highly concerned about subordinates' well-being and satisfaction. They also help employees with personal problems, indicating their supportive approach towards their team members.
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The market demand for a good is P = 90 - 2Q. The good can be produced at a constant cost of $50. How much Dead Weight Loss (DWL) is created if the market if served by monopolist who is able to practic
The Deadweight Loss (DWL) created by the monopolist in this market is -$200.
In perfect competition, the market equilibrium occurs where the supply curve intersects the demand curve. The quantity produced in perfect competition can be found by equating the market demand and market supply:
90 - 2Q = Q (since supply equals demand)
3Q = 90
Q = 30
Now, let's calculate the price in perfect competition using the demand equation:
P = 90 - 2Q
P = 90 - 2(30)
P = 90 - 60
P = 30
Under perfect competition, the equilibrium quantity is 30 units, and the equilibrium price is $30.
The marginal cost (MC) is constant at $50, as given. To find the monopolist's marginal revenue (MR), we differentiate the market demand equation with respect to quantity (Q):
MR = d(PQ)/dQ = P + Q(dP/dQ)
Given the market demand equation P = 90 - 2Q, we can calculate dP/dQ as:
dP/dQ = -2
Substituting this into the MR equation:
MR = P + Q(dP/dQ) = (90 - 2Q) + Q(-2) = 90 - 4Q
To find the monopolist's profit-maximizing quantity (Q_m), we set MC equal to MR:
MC = MR
$50 = 90 - 4Q_m
4Q_m = 90 - $50
4Q_m = $40
Q_m = $40 / 4
Q_m = 10
Substituting Q_m into the demand equation to find P_m (the monopolist's price):
P_m = 90 - 2Q_m
P_m = 90 - 2(10)
P_m = 90 - 20
P_m = $70
Now, let's calculate the DWL under the monopoly. DWL represents the loss in consumer and producer surplus compared to the perfect competition scenario.
DWL = 0.5 * (Q_m - Q_c) * (P_m - MC)
Where:
Q_m is the quantity under monopoly (10 units)
Q_c is the quantity under perfect competition (30 units)
P_m is the price under monopoly ($70)
MC is the marginal cost ($50)
DWL = 0.5 * (10 - 30) * ($70 - $50)
DWL = 0.5 * (-20) * $20
DWL = 0.5 * (-400)
DWL = -$200
Note that the negative sign indicates a loss in consumer and producer surplus compared to the perfect competition scenario.
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13) Chamberlain Company wants to issue new 13-year bonds for some much-needed expansion projects. The company currently has 7.6 percent coupon bonds on the market that sell for $1,104.83, make semiann
The Chamberlain Company can issue new 13-year bonds with a coupon rate of 7.6 percent.
In order to raise funds for their expansion projects, the Chamberlain Company can issue new 13-year bonds with a coupon rate of 7.6 percent. The current market price of the existing bonds with a similar coupon rate is $1,104.83. This means that investors are willing to pay that price to purchase these bonds. By offering new bonds with a coupon rate of 7.6 percent, Chamberlain can attract potential investors who are seeking similar returns on their investments.
The coupon rate of a bond represents the annual interest payment as a percentage of the bond's face value. In this case, the 7.6 percent coupon rate indicates that the bondholders will receive an annual interest payment equal to 7.6 percent of the face value of the bonds. This regular interest payment is typically made semiannually.
The market price of a bond is influenced by various factors, such as the prevailing interest rates, the creditworthiness of the issuer, and the time to maturity. If the market price of the existing bonds is higher than their face value, it indicates that the effective interest rate demanded by investors is lower than the coupon rate. Conversely, if the market price is lower than the face value, it implies that the effective interest rate is higher.
By issuing new bonds with a coupon rate of 7.6 percent, Chamberlain aims to attract investors by offering a similar rate of return as the existing bonds. The company's decision to issue new bonds reflects its confidence in its ability to generate sufficient cash flows to make interest payments and repay the principal amount upon maturity.
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Computing and Recording Cost and Depreciation of Assets (Straight-Line Depreciation) LOB- 2,8-3 [The following information applies to the questions displayed below) Shahia Company bought a building for $84,000 cash and the land on which it was located for $109,000 cash. The company paid transfer costs of $11,000 ($5,000 for the building and $6,000 for the land) Renovation costs on the building before it could be used were $24,000
The company paid $84,000 cash to purchase the building. The land on which it was located was bought for $109,000 cash.
The company also paid transfer costs of $11,000, which are divided into two: $5,000 for the building and $6,000 for the land. Before the building was used, the company paid $24,000 for renovation costs. In total, the company paid $228,000.The purchase cost of the land on which the building was located is $109,000. The company also spent $11,000 on transfer costs ($5,000 for the building and $6,000 for the land), which brings the total cost to $120,000. After the renovation costs of $24,000, the total cost of the building and land is now $144,000. The straight-line depreciation method is a common method of depreciation used in accounting that is used to depreciate the value of an asset over its useful life. This method assumes that an asset will lose an equal amount of value each year. To calculate straight-line depreciation, you need to subtract the salvage value from the cost of the asset, and then divide that amount by the useful life of the asset. The salvage value is the amount that the asset is expected to be worth at the end of its useful life.
For example, if the cost of the asset is $144,000 and its salvage value is $24,000, and its useful life is 10 years, then the annual straight-line depreciation expense would be ($144,000 - $24,000) / 10 = $12,000 per year.
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You are looking to launch a new hotel chain, Roxy.
To launch Roxy you are expected to invest $500nmillion this year (year = 0). You are then expected to generate free cash flows of $27 million a year starting in year 1. From then, these cash flows are expected to grow 3% per year in perpetuity. Assume these cash flows are received at the end of each year.
Here are reports of publicly traded firms, and the expected returns on the government bond (treasury) and the risk premium on the value-weighted market portfolio:
Company
Dropbox
Ikea
Intercontinental Hotels Group
Market
Value
Equity
900
1,000
7,500
Market
of Value
Debt
150
100
2,500
of
Assume CAPM holds for all assets, and the debt of Dropbox, Ikea and Intercontinental Hotels Group is risk free. None of these firms hold excess cash assets.
Answer the following questions:
a) If Roxy was 100% equity financed, what would be a reasonable estimate of the expected ROE?
b) What is Roxy's WACC?
c) Estimated value of Roxy?
d) Estimated gain from investing in Roxy?
Let's assume the risk-free rate is 2% and the market risk premium is 5%.
a) If Roxy was 100% equity financed, the expected ROE can be estimated using the CAPM formula:
Expected ROE = Risk-free rate + Beta × Market risk premium
Since Roxy is a new hotel chain, we don't have a specific beta for it. Let's assume a beta of 1.2.
Expected ROE = 2% + 1.2 × 5% = 8%
b) The WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) can be calculated using the formula:
WACC = (Equity / Total Value) × Cost of Equity
Assuming 100% equity financing, the WACC is equal to the expected ROE.
WACC = 8%
c) To estimate the value of Roxy, we can use the perpetuity formula:
Value = Cash Flow / (Discount Rate - Growth Rate)
The cash flow in perpetuity is the expected cash flow in year 1, which is $27 million.
Value = $27 million / (8% - 3%) = $540 million
d) The estimated gain from investing in Roxy can be calculated by subtracting the initial investment from the estimated value:
Gain = Value - Initial Investment
= $540 million - $500 million
= $40 million
Therefore, the estimated gain from investing in Roxy would be $40 million.
Please note that these calculations are based on the assumptions made regarding the risk-free rate, market risk premium, and beta. The actual values may vary and should be carefully considered when making investment decisions.
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Which of the following is true about the equilibrium real output in the aggregate demand-aggregate supply (AD-AS) model in the short run?
Equilibrium real output can be above, equal to, or below full employment.
Correct. Short-run equilibrium in the (AD-AS) model occurs when the aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply curves intersect. This can occur below, above or at the long-run aggregate supply curve. Therefore equilibrium real output can be below, above, or at full employment in the short run.
Equilibrium real output in the AD-AS model can be above, equal to, or below full employment.
In the short run, equilibrium occurs when the aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supply curves intersect. This intersection can happen at any level—below, above, or at the long-run aggregate supply curve. Therefore, the economy can operate below full employment (a recessionary gap), at full employment, or even beyond full employment (an inflationary gap) in the short run. These different outcomes reflect the dynamics of aggregate demand and supply, which can result in variations in output levels relative to the long-run potential output of the economy.
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Exercise 5-3A Classifying costs and identifying the appropriate cost driver Anniston Manufacturing incurred the following costs during Year 2 to produce its high-quality preci- sion instruments. The company used an activity-based costing system and identified the following activities: 1. Depreciation on manufacturing equipment. 2. Materials handling. 3. Inventory storage. 4. Inspection of each batch produced. 5. Salaries of receiving clerks. 6. Setup for each batch produced. 7. Insurance on production facilities. Required a. Classify each activity as a unit-level, batch-level, product-level, or facility-level activity. b. Identify an appropriate cost driver (allocation base) for each activity.
The cost driver or allocation base is a factor that measures the consumption of resources by each activity and is used to allocate the costs to products or services.
a. Classifying activities as unit-level, batch-level, product-level, or facility-level:
Depreciation on manufacturing equipment: Facility-level activity.
Materials handling: Batch-level activity.
Inventory storage: Product-level activity.
Inspection of each batch produced: Batch-level activity.
Salaries of receiving clerks: Unit-level activity.
Setup for each batch produced: Batch-level activity.
Insurance on production facilities: Facility-level activity.
b. Identifying an appropriate cost driver (allocation base) for each activity:
Depreciation on manufacturing equipment: The cost driver could be machine hours or production hours.
Materials handling: The cost driver could be the number of batches or the number of material movements.
Inventory storage: The cost driver could be the average inventory value or the square footage of storage space.
Inspection of each batch produced: The cost driver could be the number of batches or the number of inspections.
Salaries of receiving clerks: The cost driver could be the number of units received or the number of receiving transactions.
Setup for each batch produced: The cost driver could be the number of setups or the setup time.
Insurance on production facilities: The cost driver could be the total value of production facilities or the square footage of production facilities.
Note: The choice of cost driver may vary depending on the specific circumstances and the company's cost allocation methodology.
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A business truck was purchased on January 10, 2013 for $80,000, with an estimated life of 10 years and a residual value of $15,000. It was sold on March 31, 2021 for $25,000 cash. (Assume all appropriate entries for depreciation had been made for the first eight years of use - 2013 through 2020, but not for the partial year in 2021.) Journalize the following entries: (a) Journalize the partial year depreciation as of the day of the sale (March 31st), using the straight-line method. (b) Journalize the sale of the equipment. Format: Use the Chart of Accounts to enter correct account name. Enter debits and credits as whole numbers WITH COMMAS, but NO DECIMALS OR DOLLAR SIGNS! Date Mar 31 Mar 311 Account Name Debit 100 Credit D
(a) To journalize the partial year depreciation as of the day of the sale (March 31st) using the straight-line method, we need to calculate the depreciation expense for the partial year.
Given:
Purchase price: $80,000
Estimated life: 10 years
Residual value: $15,000
Depreciation per year = (Purchase price - Residual value) / Estimated life
Depreciation per year = ($80,000 - $15,000) / 10 = $6,500
Since the equipment was used for the first eight years, the total depreciation for those years would be 8 years * $6,500 = $52,000.
For the partial year in 2021 (January 1st to March 31st), we need to calculate the depreciation expense.
Partial year depreciation = Depreciation per year * (Number of days in the partial year / Number of days in a year)
Partial year depreciation = $6,500 * (90 / 365) = $1,602.74 (rounded to the nearest cent)
Journal entry for the partial year depreciation on March 31st:
Date: March 31
Account Name Debit Credit
Depreciation Expense $1,602
Accumulated Depreciation $1,602
(b) To journalize the sale of the equipment on March 31st, we need to record the cash received and remove the equipment and its accumulated depreciation from the books.
Journal entry for the sale of the equipment on March 31st:
Date: March 31
Account Name Debit Credit
Cash $25,000
Accumulated Depreciation $52,000
Equipment $80,000
Gain on Sale of Equipment $3,000
Explanation:
- Cash is debited with the amount received from the sale, which is $25,000.
- Accumulated Depreciation is credited with the total depreciation amount accumulated over the years, which is $52,000.
- Equipment is debited with its original cost, which is $80,000.
- Gain on Sale of Equipment is credited with the difference between the cash received and the net book value of the equipment. In this case, it is the residual value minus the accumulated depreciation: $15,000 - $52,000 = $3,000.
By recording these journal entries, we properly account for the partial year depreciation and the sale of the equipment on March 31, 2021.
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Chris as a housekeeper starting on January 2 at $754 monthly. Angel does not withhold any federal taxes. Assume that Chris is not a housekeeper for anyone else. Assume that Angel paid $2,262 in wages for the fourth quarter of 2021. Required:
How much in social security tax should Angel pay?
Angel should pay approximately $140.32 in Social Security tax for the wages paid to Chris in the fourth quarter of 2021.
To calculate the amount of Social Security tax that Angel should pay for the wages paid to Chris, we need to consider the Social Security tax rate and the wage base limit set by the government.
For the year 2021, the Social Security tax rate is 6.2% of wages, and the wage base limit is $142,800. This means that Social Security tax is only applicable to wages up to the wage base limit.
Given that Angel paid $2,262 in wages for the fourth quarter of 2021 to Chris, we need to check if this amount exceeds the wage base limit. If it does, we will calculate the Social Security tax based on the wage base limit. If it does not, we will calculate the Social Security tax based on the actual wages paid.
Step 1: Check if wages exceed the wage base limit:
$2,262 < $142,800 (wage base limit)
Since the wages paid to Chris in the fourth quarter are less than the wage base limit, we will calculate the Social Security tax based on the actual wages paid.
Step 2: Calculate the Social Security tax:
Social Security tax = (Wages paid) * (Social Security tax rate)
= $2,262 * 0.062
= $140.32
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two contribution format income statements, one showing present operations and one snowing now operations would appear in the new equipment is purchased. 2. Refer to the income statements in (1). For the present operations and the proposed new operations, compute (a) the degree of operating leverage, (b) the break-even point in dollar sales, and (c) the margin of safety in dollars and the margin of safety percentage. 3. Refer again to the data in (1). As a manager, what factor would be paramount in your mind in deciding whether to purchase the new equipment? (Assume that enough funds are available to make the purchase.) 4. Refer to the original data. Rather than purchase new equipment, the marketing manager argues that the company's marketing strategy should be changed. Rather than pay sales commissions, which are currently included in variable expenses, the company would pay salespersons fixed salaries and would invest heavily in advertising. The marketing manager claims this new approach would increase unit sales by 30% without any change in selling price; the company's new monthly fixed expenses would be $623,616; and its net operating income would increase by 20%. Compute the company's break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing strategy. Answer is not complete. Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Required 1 Required 2 Refer to the original data. Rather than purchase new equipment, the marketing manager argues that the company's marketing strategy should be changed. Rather than pay sales commissions, which are currently included in variable expenses, the company would pay salespersons fixed salaries and would invest heavily in advertising. The marketing manager claims this new approach would increase unit sales by 30% without any change in selling price; the company's new monthly fixed expenses would be $623,616; and its net operating income would increase by 20%. Compute the company's break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing strategy. (Hint: figure out the new variable cost per unit by preparing the new contribution format income statement.) (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar amount.) New break even point in dollar sales Required 3 Required 4 $ 211,584 Show less A Problem 5-29 Changes in Cost Structure; Break-Even Analysis; Operating Leverage; Margin of Safety [LO5-4, LO5-5, LO5-7, LO5-8] Morton Company's contribution format income statement for last month is given below. Sales (48,000 units $29 per unit) Variable expenses Contribution margin Fixed expenses Net operating income. $ 1,392,000 974,400 417,600 334,080 83,520 $ The industry in which Morton Company operates is quite sensitive to cyclical movements in the economy. Thus, profits vary considerably from year to year according to general economic conditions. The company has a large amount of unused capacity and is studying ways of improving profits. Required: 1. New equipment has come onto the market that would allow Morton Company to automate a portion of its operations. Variable expenses would be reduced by $8.70 per unit. However, fixed expenses would increase to a total of $751,680 each month. Prepare two contribution format income statements, one showing present operations and one showing how operations would appear if the new equipment is purchased. 2. Refer to the income statements in (1). For the present operations and the proposed new operations, compute (a) the degree of operating leverage, (b) the break-even point in dollar sales, and (c) the margin of safety in dollars and the margin of safety percentage. 3. Refer again to the data in (1). As a manager, what factor would be paramount in your mind in deciding whether to purchase the new equipment? (Assume that enough funds are available to make the purchase.) 4. Refer to the original data. Rather than purchase new equipment, the marketing manager argues that the company's marketing strategy should be changed. Rather than pay sales commissions, which are currently included in variable expenses, the company would pay salespersons fixed salaries and would invest heavily in advertising. The marketing manager claims this new approach would increase unit sales by 30% without any change in selling price; the company's new monthly fixed expenses would be $623,616; and its net operating income would increase by 20%. Compute the company's break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing strategy.
Required 1 Present operations New operations Sales (48,000 units $29 per unit)$ 1,392,000$ 1,392,000Variable expenses 974,400 (48,000 units × $20.30)$ 415,200 (48,000 units × $11.60) Contribution margin$ 417,600$ 976,800 Fixed expenses 334,080751,680 .Net operating income$ 83,520$ 225,120
Required 2a) Degree of operating leverage:Degree of operating leverage = Contribution margin ÷ Net operating income Particulars Present operations New operations Contribution margin$ 417,600$ 976,800 Net operating income$ 83,520$ 225,120
Degree of operating leverage 5.00 times 4.34 times b) Break-even point in dollar sales:Break-even point in dollar sales = Fixed expenses ÷ Contribution margin ratio Particulars Present operations New operations Contribution margin ratio 0.30 times 0.70 times Fixed expenses
334,080751,680
Break-even point in dollar sales$ 1,113,600$ 1,073,829
c) Margin of safety:Margin of safety in dollars = Actual sales - Break-even sales Margin of safety percentage = Margin of safety in dollars ÷ Actual sales Particulars Present operations New operations
Beak-even sales$ 1,113,600$ 1,073,829 Actual sales 1,392,0001,392,000 Margin of safety in dollars$ 278,400$ 318,171 Margin of safety percentage 20%23%
Required 3 The factor which would be paramount in the manager's mind in deciding whether to purchase the new equipment is the increased net operating income and hence the profitability after the purchase. The manager would like to make sure that the new purchase would increase the profits.
Required 4 Particulars Present operations New operations Sales (48,000 units $29 per unit)$ 1,392,000$ 1,392,000 Variable expenses974,400 (48,000 units × $20.30)$ 303,600 (52,800 units × $5.75)Contribution margin$ 417,600$ 1,088,400 Fixed expenses 334,080957,296.
Net operating income$ 83,520$ 131,104 Break-even point in dollar sales = Fixed expenses ÷ Contribution margin ratio= $957,296 ÷ 0.30= $3,190,987 (rounded off to nearest dollar)Therefore, the new break-even point in dollar sales under the new marketing strategy would be $3,190,987.
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was the drastic measure kublai khan used to ensure that the currency circulated necessary?
Whether the drastic measure Kublai Khan used to ensure that the currency circulated necessary is yes. Kublai Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, took several drastic measures to ensure that the currency circulated, including creating paper currency and punishing anyone who refused to accept it.
Kublai Khan was concerned with maintaining political and economic control over the vast Mongol Empire. As a result, he recognized the importance of a strong and stable currency that could be used throughout the empire to facilitate trade and commerce. To address this issue, Kublai Khan developed a paper currency known as chao, which was backed by the government.
This paper currency was highly successful and became widely accepted throughout the Mongol Empire. In addition, Kublai Khan punished anyone who refused to accept the currency, which helped to ensure that it remained in circulation.Therefore, the drastic measure Kublai Khan used to ensure that the currency circulated was necessary. It allowed for the Mongol Empire to maintain political and economic control while also promoting trade and commerce within the empire.
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Jaden (single) has a traditional IRA to which he has made only deductible contributions. At the end of 2022, Jaden is 74 years old. Jaden's required minimum distribution (RMD) from his IRA for 2022 is $5,200. Before considering the RMD, Jaden's AGI is $102,000. Jaden does not itemize deductions. a. What is Jaden's AGI if Jaden receives the RMD and donates the $5,200 distribution proceeds to a qualifying charity? b. What is Jaden's AGI if Jaden directs the IRA trustee to transfer the $5,200 distribution directly to a qualifying charity as a qualified charitable donation (QCD)?
a) The value of Jaden's AGI would be $96,800.
b) Jaden's AGI will be $102,000 Jaden directs the IRA trustee to transfer the $5,200 distribution directly to a qualifying charity as a qualified charitable donation (QCD).
a. Jaden's AGI if he donates the $5,200 distribution proceeds to a qualifying charity
After considering the $5,200 distribution proceeds for a qualifying charity, Jaden's AGI would be $96,800.
b. Jaden's AGI if he transfers $5,200 to a qualified charitable donation (QCD)
If Jaden transfers $5,200 to a qualified charitable donation (QCD), Jaden's AGI will be $102,000, the same as it was before the qualified charitable distribution.
So, if he directly transfers his RMD to a qualified charity as a qualified charitable donation (QCD), it would not be taxable.
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Under a decision alternative, three outcomes 01 to 03 are possible. Suppose that at 01, PW = P250; at 02, PW = P300; and at 03, PW = 0. What is the expected value if the combined probability of O2 and 03 is twice that of 01, and that O2 has a probability that is 30% of that of O3's?
The expected value if the combined probability of O2 and 03 is twice that of 01, and that O2 has a probability that is 30% of that of O3's is approximately P154.06.
To calculate the expected value, we ought to multiply each result by its comparing probability and sum them up. Let's express the probability of outcome 01 as outcome probability P(01), 02 as P(02), and the probability of result 03 as P(03).
Following are the given the information provided:
The combined probability of outcome 02 and outcome 03 is twice that of outcome 01: P(02) + P(03) = 2 × P(01)
The probability of outcome 02 is 30% of the probability of outcome 03: P(02) = 0.3 × P(03)
To find the individual probabilities, we can use these relationships: P(01) = x
P(02) = 0.3 × P(03) = 0.3 × (1 - x) (since P(03) + P(02) = 1)
Now let's set the conditions based on the expected value formula.
The Expected Value of the given probability = (P(01) × PW(01)) + (P(02) × PW(02)) + (P(03) × PW(03))
By substituting the given PW values:
Expected Value = (x × 250) + (0.3 × (1 - x) × 300) + ((1 - x) × 0)
Simplifying the equation:
Expected Value = 250x + 90(1 - x)
To solve for x, we can use the information that the combined probability of outcome 02 and outcome 03 is twice that of outcome 01:
P(02) + P(03) = 2 × P(01)
0.3 × (1 - x) + (1 - x) = 2 × x
Simplifying and solving for x:
0.3 - 0.3x + 1 - x = 2x
1.3 - 1.3x = 2x
1.3 = 3.3x
x = 1.3 / 3.3
x ≈ 0.394
Now that we have the value of x, we can calculate the expected value:
Expected Value = 250x + 90(1 - x)
Expected Value = 250(0.394) + 90(1 - 0.394)
Expected Value ≈ 98.5 + 55.56
Expected Value ≈ 154.06
Therefore, the expected value is approximately P154.06.
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Broussard Skateboard's sales are expected to increase by 25% from $8.2 million in 2019 to $10.25 million in 2020. Its assets totaled $4 million at the end of 2019.
Broussard is already at full capacity, so its assets must grow at the same rate as projected sales. At the end of 2019, current liabilities were $1.4 million, consisting of $450,000 of accounts payable, $500,000 of notes payable, and $450,000 of accruals. The after-tax profit margin is forecasted to be 5%, and the forecasted payout ratio is 70%. Use the AFN equation to forecast Broussard's additional funds needed for the coming year. Enter your answer in dollars. For example, an answer of $1.2 million should be entered as $1,200,000. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
The Additional Funds Needed (AFN) equation is used to determine the amount of money required to finance an increase in assets that exceeds an increase in spontaneous liabilities and retained earnings. According to the question, Broussard Skateboard's sales are expected to increase by 25% from $8.2 million in 2019 to $10.25 million in 2020.
Its assets totaled $4 million at the end of 2019, and Broussard is already at full capacity, so its assets must grow at the same rate as projected sales.Below is the given information,Current assets = $4,000,000Sales forecasted for the year 2020 = $10,250,000After-tax profit margin = 5%Payout ratio = 70%Current liabilities = $1,400,000This implies that the Total Assets for the year 2020 will be:
Total assets = (1 + increase in sales) x Current assets Total assets = (1 + 0.25) × $4,000,000Total assets = $5,000,000The spontaneous liabilities, in this case, will be: Spontaneous liabilities = Accounts payable + Notes payable + AccrualsSpontaneous liabilities = $450,000 + $500,000 + $450,000Spontaneous liabilities = $1,400,000
So, the amount of Additional Funds Needed (AFN) required to finance this growth is given by the AFN equation:AFN = (A*/S0)ΔS - (L*/S0)ΔS - MS1 (RR)AFN = ($5,000,000/$8,200,000)($10,250,000 - $8,200,000) - ($1,400,000/$8,200,000)($10,250,000 - $8,200,000) - (0.05)($10,250,000)(0.7)AFN = $2,087,805.4 - $340,243.9 - $358,750AFN = $1,388,811.5
Thus, the Additional Funds Needed (AFN) required to finance this growth is $1,388,811.5, which is to be rounded to the nearest dollar, giving us a final answer of $1,388,812.
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As of the end of June, the job cost sheets at Racing Wheels, Inc., show the following total costs accumulated on three custom jobs. Job 102 Job 103 Job 104 Direct materiale Direet labor Overhead applied $17,000 $49,000 $59,000 12,000 28,300 43,000 5,160 12,169 18,490 49 Job 102 was started in production in May, and the following costs were assigned to it in May: direct materials, $12,000, direct labor, $3,500; and overhead, $1,505. Jobs 103 and 104 were started in June. Overhead cost is applied with a predetermined rate based on direct labor cost. Jobs 102 and 103 were finished in June, and Job 104 is expected to be finished in July. No raw materials were used indirectly in June. Using this information, answer the following questions. (Assume this company's predetermined overhead rate did not change across these months) 182. Complete the table below to calculate the cost of the raw materials requisitioned and direct labor cost incurred during June for each of the three jobs? 3. Using the accumulated costs of the jobs, what predetermined overhead rate is used? 4. How much total cost is transferred to finished goods during June? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Rea and 2 Reg 3 Heq 4 Heg 1 and 2 Complete the table below to calculate the cost of the raw materials requisitioned and direct labor cost incurred during June for each of the three jobs. Direct Materials Job May June Total 102 103 104 Total Direct Labor. Job Total 102 103 104 Total May June the cost the raw materials requisitioned and direct labor cost incurred during each of the three jobs? 3. Using the accumulated costs of the jobs, what predetermined overhead rate is used? 4. How much total cost is transferred to finished goods during June? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Req 1 and 2 Req 3 Req 4 Using the accumulated costs of the jobs, what predetermined overhead rate is used? Overhead Rate 1 Choose Denominator: Overhead Rate Choose Numerator: Job 102 1 Overhead rate 1 Job 103 1 Overhead rate Job 104 Overhead rate 1 1 1 < Req 1 and 2 = = = = Req 4 > www. 4. How much total cost is transferred to finished goods during June? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Req 1 and 2 Req 3 Req How much total cost is transferred to finished goods during June? Direct Job Direct Materials Applied Overhead Total Cost Cost Transferred to Finished Goods Labor 102 $ 17,000 $ 12,000 103 49,000 28,300 104 59,000 43,000 Total 83,300
The total cost transferred to finished goods during June is calculated as follows:
Total Cost Transferred = Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Overhead Applied
Job 102 = $17,000 + $5,000 + $1,308 = $23,308Job 103 = $49,000 + $28,300 + $24,707 = $102,007
Job 104 = $59,000 + $59,000 + $10,613 = $128,613.
Total = $253,928
Therefore, the total cost transferred to finished goods during June is $253,928.
Direct Materials: Direct materials are the raw materials that are utilized in creating a product. They include materials that are consumed during the manufacturing process. Direct labor costs are the wages and benefits paid to employees who are directly involved in the production of goods or services. Overhead Applied: Manufacturing overhead, also known as factory overhead or production overhead, is the indirect cost of producing goods in a manufacturing environment. Predetermined Overhead Rate :A predetermined overhead rate is a measure used to allocate overhead costs to products or services. Total Costs Accumulated: The job cost sheets at Racing Wheels, Inc., as of the end of June, show the following total costs accumulated on three custom jobs. Direct materials Direct labor Overhead applied Job 102 $17,000 $12,000 $5,160 Job 103 $49,000 $28,300 $12,169 Job 104 $59,000 $43,000 $18,490 182. The table below is completed to calculate the cost of raw materials requisitioned and direct labor cost incurred during June for each of the three jobs. Direct Materials Job May June Total 102 $12,000 $5,000 $17,000 103 $0 $49,000 $49,000 104 $0 $59,000 $59,000 Total $12,000 $113,000 $125,000 . Direct Labor Job May June Total 102 $3,500 $1,500 $5,000 103 $0 $28,300 $28,300 104 $0 $12,169 $12,169 Total $3,500 $41,969 $45,469 The accumulated costs of the jobs determine the predetermined overhead rate. Therefore, for Racing Wheels, Inc., the predetermined overhead rate is used to allocate overhead to jobs based on direct labor costs. Overhead rate = Overhead costs / Direct labor costs, Overhead rate = $36,619 / $41,969Overhead rate = 0.872 (rounded to three decimal places)Using this overhead rate, Racing Wheels, Inc. can allocate overhead costs to each job as follows:Overhead Applied = Overhead Rate x Direct Labor Costs; Overhead Applied Job 102 = 0.872 x $1,500 = $1,308; Overhead Applied Job 103 = 0.872 x $28,300 = $24,707; Overhead Applied Job 104 = 0.872 x $12,169 = $10,613 The total cost transferred to finished goods during June is calculated as follows: Total Cost Transferred = Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Overhead Applied; Job 102 = $17,000 + $5,000 + $1,308 = $23,308 ; Job 103 = $49,000 + $28,300 + $24,707 = $102,007; Job 104 = $59,000 + $59,000 + $10,613 = $128,613. Total = $253,928Therefore, the total cost transferred to finished goods during June is $253,928.For more such questions on cost transferred , click on:
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why is a company's owner's equity important for investors and
landers?
The owner's equity of a company is important for both investors and lenders because it signifies the amount of money that would be left over for gravity shareholders if all the company's assets were liquidated and all its liabilities were paid off. Owner's equity is the amount of money.
That the owner of a business would be left with if all of the business's assets were liquidated and all of its debts were paid off. The owner's equity of a company is made up of the original investment of the owner(s) plus any profits that have been retained by the company rather than distributed as dividends.
The owner's equity is a key financial indicator because it represents the value of the company that is owned by shareholders. The owner's equity is an important metric for investors because it helps them understand the value of their investment in the company. If the owner's equity is high, it suggests that the company is in a strong financial position, which can increase investor confidence.
High owner's equity can also suggest that the company is retaining profits and investing in future growth, which can lead to higher dividends or a higher stock price in the future. If the owner's equity is low, it may suggest that the company is not profitable or has significant debt, which can be a red flag for investors. The owner's equity is also important for lenders because amount of money that would be left over for shareholders if the company was liquidated.
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Dymac Appliances uses the periodic inventory system. Details regarding the inventory of appliances at January 1, purchases invoices during the next 12 months, and the inventory count at December 31 are summarized as follows:
Dymac Appliances is a company that employs a periodic inventory system. The company's inventory of appliances at the start of the year, the invoices for purchases made over the next twelve months, and the inventory count at the end of the year are all important details that have been presented.
These data are critical for calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS) and determining the company's gross profit, which are the two main objectives of accounting for inventory costs.The periodic inventory system is one of two inventory systems utilized by organizations.
This inventory system works by calculating the cost of goods sold (COGS) at the end of the accounting period based on the difference between the company's beginning inventory and ending inventory plus purchases made during the accounting period.
The COGS formula is: COGS = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Ending Inventory.To determine the cost of goods sold (COGS) using the periodic inventory system for Dymac Appliances, we need the following data:Beginning inventory at January 1 Purchases invoices during the next 12 months. Inventory count at December 31.
Firstly, we need to determine the cost of goods available for sale, which is the sum of the beginning inventory and the purchases made throughout the year.
Cost of goods available for sale = Beginning Inventory + PurchasesSecondly, the inventory count at the end of the year is subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale to calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS). COGS = Beginning Inventory + Purchases - Ending InventoryBy following the above formula, Dymac Appliances can calculate their cost of goods sold (COGS) and their gross profit, which is the difference between net sales and COGS.
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Which is the most likely cause of the spike in cotton production in Mississippi in the mid-1800s
The most likely cause of the spike in cotton production in Mississippi in the mid-1800s was the widespread adoption of slave labor and the expansion of plantation agriculture.
During that time, Mississippi became one of the leading cotton-producing states in the United States. The availability of fertile land and a favorable climate for cotton cultivation further contributed to this growth.
Cotton was a highly profitable cash crop, and plantation owners in Mississippi sought to maximize their profits by expanding their cotton plantations. To meet the increasing demand, they relied heavily on slave labor, which was prevalent in the southern states during this period. Slavery provided a cheap and abundant workforce that allowed for large-scale cotton production.
The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in the late 18th century also played a significant role in the expansion of cotton production. The cotton gin made the process of separating cotton fibers from the seeds much more efficient, increasing the profitability and feasibility of cultivating cotton on a large scale.
Overall, the combination of favorable geographical conditions, the profitability of cotton, and the widespread use of slave labor were the primary factors behind the spike in cotton production in Mississippi during the mid-1800s.
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a) On 1st November 2021, Katherine received a birthday gift of a limited-edition white T-shirt from her father. On the same day, Katherine took this white T-shirt to Honest Cleaning Limited for cleaning. Honest Cleaning Limited is an old laundry company, it starts to operate on 1st March 2015 but Katherine never been there for cleaning clothes before. Katherine asked the owner if there was any exclusion clause or notice relating to the service of the company. The owner said he did not know. The owner of Honest Cleaning Limited gave a receipt to Katherine after receiving the payment of the cleaning fee of HK$650. At the back of the receipt there was a clause:
"Honest Cleaning Limited accepts no responsibility for any loss of or any damage to any customers’ clothes given to us for cleaning, caused by whatever reasons including the negligence of our staff".
On 9th November 2021, after returning back to Hong Kong from Singapore, Katherine went to Honest Cleaning Limited to get back his white T-shirt. In a surprise, she discovered that there were many red dots on her white T-shirt. Advise Katherine her legal rights in relation to Contract law. (15 marks)
Yes, Katherine has legal rights under contract law to seek compensation for the damage caused to her white T-shirt.
When Katherine requested the cleaning of her white T-shirt from Honest Cleaning Limited, she had entered into a contract with the company. However, the contract has to be examined to determine if Honest Cleaning Limited has any liability for the damage caused to Katherine's white T-shirt, which occurred after she had paid for and entrusted it to Honest Cleaning Limited for cleaning. Katherine has some legal rights under contract law, which are as follows: Contract Terms- Katherine had requested Honest Cleaning Limited to clean her white T-shirt; thus, the company agreed to provide cleaning services, and Katherine paid the service fee.
Therefore, there is a contract between Katherine and Honest Cleaning Limited. The back of the receipt issued by the owner of Honest Cleaning Limited contains a clause limiting the company's responsibility for any loss or damage, including that caused by its employees' negligence. However, such a clause cannot be incorporated into a contract unless it is brought to the attention of the other party and accepted by them (Parker v South Eastern Railway Co (1877)). Hence, if Katherine was not made aware of this clause and did not agree to it, it cannot be included in the contract.
Liability of the Defendant- Honest Cleaning Limited had a duty of care to prevent damage or loss of Katherine's white T-shirt while providing cleaning services. The company, however, failed to fulfill this obligation and caused red dots on Katherine's white T-shirt, which had to be compensated. Even if there was a clause at the back of the receipt, Honest Cleaning Limited could not rely on it to exempt itself from its liability for the damage caused. According to the Unfair Contract Terms Ordinance (Cap. 623), such a clause may be considered unfair, and the court may rule it void. As a result, Katherine can seek compensation from Honest Cleaning Limited, as it has breached its contractual obligations.Limitation of Liability- A clause limiting liability in a contract is acceptable as long as it meets the requirement of reasonableness under Section 3 of the Unfair Contract Terms Ordinance (UCTO). Since this clause is not reasonable, it cannot be relied upon by Honest Cleaning Limited. According to Section 6(2) of the UCTO, an unreasonable clause cannot be incorporated into a contract, and if it is, it is deemed void. Therefore, Honest Cleaning Limited cannot rely on the clause to exempt itself from liability.Conclusion- Katherine can claim compensation from Honest Cleaning Limited for the red dots on her white T-shirt since the company has breached its contractual obligations. Honest Cleaning Limited cannot rely on the clause at the back of the receipt to avoid liability since it is not reasonable and was not accepted by Katherine. Thus, Katherine has legal rights under contract law to seek compensation for the damage caused to her white T-shirt.
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10) Watson Corporation manufactures two products, Simple and Complex. The following annual information was gathered: Simple Complex Selling price per unit $47.00 $26.00 Variable cost per unit 42.00 22.00 Total annual fixed costs are $18,000. Assume demand for either product exceeds the factory's capacity. It takes one hour to make one unit of Complex. However, Simple takes 50% longer to manufacture when compared to Complex. Only 120,000 hours of plant capacity are available. How many units of Simple and Complex should Watson Corporation produce and sell in a year to maximize profits? A) an equal number of Simple and Complex B) 0 units of Simple and 120,000 units of Complex C) either Simple or Complex; it does not matter D) 80,000 units of Simple and 0 units of Complex
To determine the optimal production and sales quantities for Simple and Complex, we need to calculate the contribution margin per unit for each product and consider the available plant capacity.
First, let's calculate the contribution margin per unit for each product:
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit
For Simple:
Contribution margin per unit = $47.00 - $42.00 = $5.00
For Complex:
Contribution margin per unit = $26.00 - $22.00 = $4.00
Next, we need to determine the production time for Simple relative to Complex. Since Simple takes 50% longer to manufacture, it will require 1.5 hours per unit, while Complex requires 1 hour per unit.
Given that there are 120,000 hours of plant capacity available, we can set up the following equations:
1.5x + y ≤ 120,000 (production time constraint)
x ≥ 0 (non-negativity constraint)
y ≥ 0 (non-negativity constraint)
Where x represents the number of units of Simple to produce and sell, and y represents the number of units of Complex to produce and sell.
To maximize profits, we need to maximize the total contribution margin, which can be expressed as:
Total contribution margin = 5x + 4y
Subject to the constraints mentioned above.
Using this information, we can solve the linear programming problem to find the optimal solution. However, based on the given information, we cannot determine the exact quantities of Simple and Complex that should be produced and sold without additional information or specific objectives (e.g., maximizing profits, maximizing revenue, etc.).
Therefore, the answer should be either C) either Simple or Complex; it does not matter, or there is insufficient information provided to determine the optimal production and sales quantities.
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