Motivated reasoning, surrogation, and common measures bias are cognitive or psychological biases that can impact decision-making with the balanced scorecard framework.
How does motivated reasons impact decision making?a) Motivated reasons: Motivated reasons refers to the cognitive process in which individuals selectively interpret information or facts in a way that supports their pre-existing beliefs or desired outcomes. It involves biased reasoning driven by personal motivations or desires, leading to a distortion of information processing.
b) Surrogation: Surrogation is a cognitive bias where individuals rely on easily measurable or available indicators as a substitute for more complex or accurate measures. In the context of the balanced scorecard, surrogation can occur when organizations focus solely on easily quantifiable metrics or proxies without considering their true alignment with the strategic objectives.
c) Common measures bias: Common measures bias refers to the tendency of organizations to use the same set of performance measures across different units or departments, regardless of the differences in their goals and objectives. This bias can lead to a lack of alignment between measures and the specific strategies of each unit, potentially hindering effective decision-making.
d) Strategic initiatives within the balanced scorecard framework: In the balanced scorecard framework, strategic initiatives refer to specific projects, actions, or programs that are undertaken to achieve the strategic objectives defined in the scorecard. These initiatives are designed to address the performance gaps identified through the scorecard's metrics and align with the organization's overall strategy. They can include activities such as process improvements, new product development, employee training, or market expansion efforts.
e) Mission-focused metrics commonly used in the implementation of the balanced scorecard: In the implementation of the balanced scorecard, organizations often use mission-focused metrics to track their progress towards achieving their mission and vision.
These metrics are directly linked to the organization's core purpose and values and provide a measure of its success in fulfilling its mission. Examples of mission-focused metrics can vary depending on the organization's industry and goals but may include customer satisfaction ratings, employee engagement levels, social impact measures, or financial performance indicators aligned with the mission.
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Because of safety considerations, in May 2021 the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) changed its guide- lines for how small commuter airlines must estimate passenger weights. Under the old rule, airlines used 160 pounds as a typical passenger weight (including carry-on luggage) in warm months. A journal reported that an airline con- ducted a study to estimate average passenger plus carry-on weights. They found an average summer weight of 10aß pounds. Suppose that each of these estimates was based on a random sample of 100 passengers and that the sample standard deviations were 15 pounds for the summer weights. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean summer weight (including carry-on luggage) of this airline's pas- sengers. (Show the detailed steps, and round your answer to three decimal places.)
Therefore, the 95% confidence interval for the mean summer weight (including carry-on luggage) of this passengers is (10aß - 2.94, 10aß + 2.94). Hence, the required confidence interval is (10aß - 2.94, 10aß + 2.94).
According to the new rule, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) changed its guidelines for how small commuter airlines must estimate passenger weights, which is due to safety considerations. As per the old rule, airlines used 160 pounds as a typical passenger weight (including carry-on luggage) in warm months.
However, a journal reported that an airline conducted a study to estimate the average passenger plus carry-on weights. They found an average summer weight of 10aß pounds. The airline randomly selected 100 passengers, and the sample standard deviation was found to be 15 pounds for summer weights.
Now, the airline wants to find a 95% confidence interval for the mean summer weight of the airline's passengers (including carry-on luggage).Here, the sample size is 100, and we know the population standard deviation and mean. Therefore, we can use the Z-distribution.
The 95% confidence interval is given as,95% Confidence interval = (¯x - Z(α/2) * σ/√n, ¯x + Z(α/2) * σ/√n)
Where,¯ x = sample mean = 10aßσ = population standard deviation = 15n = sample size = 100Z(α/2) = Z-score for the α/2 level of significance.
The Z(α/2) value can be obtained from the Z-table or calculator.
Z(α/2) = Z(0.025) (from the Z-table)Z(α/2) = 1.96Substituting the given values,95% Confidence interval = (10aß - 1.96 * 15/√100, 10aß + 1.96 * 15/√100)95% Confidence interval = (10aß - 2.94, 10aß + 2.94)
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What is meant by the following statement? You are stuck with a
bond discount, but you can never hope to receive the benefits of a
bond premium.
A bond discount occurs when a bond is purchased for less than its face value. This can happen when interest rates have risen since the bond was issued. A bond premium occurs when a bond is purchased for more than its face value. This can happen when interest rates have fallen since the bond was issued.
The statement "You are stuck with a bond discount, but you can never hope to receive the benefits of a bond premium" means that an investor who buys a bond at a discount will never be able to sell it for more than they paid for it.
This is because the bond will always be worth less than its face value due to the discount. However, an investor who buys a bond at a premium may be able to sell it for more than they paid for it.
This is because the bond will always be worth more than its face value due to the premium.
For example, let's say you buy a bond with a face value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 5%. The bond is currently trading at a discount of $50. This means that you paid $950 for the bond.
When the bond matures, you will receive $1,000 from the issuer. However, you will never be able to sell the bond for more than $950. This is because the bond is always worth less than its face value due to the discount.
Now, let's say you buy a bond with a face value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 5%. The bond is currently trading at a premium of $50. This means that you paid $1,050 for the bond.
When the bond matures, you will receive $1,000 from the issuer. However, you may be able to sell the bond for more than $1,050. This is because the bond is always worth more than its face value due to the premium.
In general, investors prefer to buy bonds at a premium because they can sell them for a profit. However, investors may also be willing to buy bonds at a discount if they believe that interest rates will fall in the future. This is because the bond will then be worth more than its face value.
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Question 1:
Take the case of Morocco and discuss its comparative advantage in producing some specific products.
Use all the concepts discussed in chapter 2 to support your answers; (you can use graphs as well)
Morocco possesses several comparative advantages that contribute to its ability to produce specific products. Comparative advantage refers to a country's ability to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries. In the case of Morocco, some specific products and sectors where it demonstrates comparative advantage are as follows:
Agricultural Products:
Morocco has a favorable climate and suitable agricultural land for producing various agricultural products. It has a comparative advantage in the production of citrus fruits, such as oranges and clementines, due to its Mediterranean climate. The country is one of the largest exporters of citrus fruits globally. Additionally, Morocco is known for its production of other agricultural goods like olives, dates, and vegetables.
Textiles and Apparel:
Morocco has developed a strong textile and apparel industry, which benefits from its comparative advantages in terms of labor and proximity to major markets. The country offers competitive labor costs compared to European counterparts, making it an attractive destination for outsourcing textile and apparel manufacturing. Furthermore, Morocco benefits from preferential trade agreements, such as the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement with the European Union, which provides tariff preferences, facilitating access to the European market.
Phosphates and Chemicals:
Morocco possesses significant reserves of phosphates, a crucial raw material for fertilizer production. It is one of the world's largest exporters of phosphates and derivatives. The country's comparative advantage lies in its abundant phosphate reserves, which provide a low-cost input for the production of fertilizers, contributing to its competitiveness in the global market.
Tourism:
Morocco's geographical location, diverse landscapes, and rich cultural heritage make it an attractive tourist destination. The country offers a unique blend of historical sites, such as the ancient city of Marrakech and the coastal city of Essaouira, as well as natural attractions like the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara Desert. Morocco's comparative advantage in tourism stems from its natural and cultural resources, which enable it to offer a distinct experience to visitors.
Graphically representing comparative advantage:
To demonstrate comparative advantage, we can use production possibility frontiers (PPFs) and opportunity cost analysis. Let's consider a hypothetical scenario where Morocco and another country, Country X, can produce two goods: agricultural products (A) and textiles (T).
Assuming both countries have the same amount of resources, the slope of each country's PPF represents the opportunity cost of producing one good in terms of the other. The country with a flatter slope (lower opportunity cost) has a comparative advantage in the production of that good.
If Morocco has a flatter slope for agricultural products (A) compared to Country X, it implies that Morocco can produce agricultural products at a lower opportunity cost relative to textiles. This indicates Morocco's comparative advantage in agricultural products. Conversely, if Country X has a flatter slope for textiles (T) compared to Morocco, it suggests Country X's comparative advantage in textiles.
By leveraging its comparative advantages, Morocco can specialize in the production of these specific goods and allocate its resources more efficiently. This specialization can lead to increased productivity, export competitiveness, and economic growth.
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Explanation:
If the rightward shift of the IS curve is the result an increase in government spending the increase in the level of output from YO to Y2:
is equal to the increase in government spending. is greater than the increase in government spending is smaller than the increase in government spending.
The increase in the level of output from YO to Y2 resulting from a rightward shift of the IS curve due to an increase in government spending is greater than the increase in government spending itself.
The IS (investment-savings) curve in the IS-LM model shifts to the right as government spending rises. Increased government expenditure boosts aggregate demand, raising output and income levels, which causes this change.
More output was produced between years YO and Y2 than was initially spent by the government. This is true because an increase in government spending has an impact on aggregate demand both directly and indirectly by encouraging more spending in the private sector. The total effect on output is therefore greater than the initial rise in government spending by itself.
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Lablanc Inc. sells a product for $52 per unit. The variable cost is $30 per unit, while fixed costs are $45,012. Determine (a) the break-even point in sales units and (b) the break-even point if the selling price were increased to $61 per unit. a. Break-even point in sales units units b. Break-even point if the selling price were increased to $61 per unit units
a) The break-even point in sales units is 2255 units. b) The break-even point if the selling price were increased to $61 per unit is 1951 units.
To find the break-even point in sales units, we need to calculate the contribution margin per unit. The contribution margin is the difference between the selling price and the variable cost per unit.
Contribution margin = Selling price - Variable cost per unit Contribution margin = $52 - $30Contribution margin = $22Using the contribution margin, we can now calculate the break-even point in sales units.
Break-even point (in sales units) = Fixed costs / Contribution margin Break-even point (in sales units) = $45,012 / $22
Break-even point (in sales units) = 2046.00 units.
The break-even point in sales units is 2046 units. If the selling price were increased to $61 per unit, we need to recalculate the contribution margin per unit.
Contribution margin = Selling price - Variable cost per unit Contribution margin = $61 - $30Contribution margin = $31Using the contribution margin, we can now calculate the break-even point in sales units.
Break-even point (in sales units) = Fixed costs / Contribution margin Break-even point (in sales units) = $45,012 / $31
Break-even point (in sales units) = 1452.00 units.
The break-even point if the selling price were increased to $61 per unit is 1452 units.
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An increase in inflation will cause interest rates to raise,
leading to a decrease in the value of financial assets such as
bonds and stocks
Seleccione una:
Verdadero
Falso
An increase in inflation will cause interest rates to raise, leading to a decrease in the value of financial assets such as bonds and stocks.
Rising interest rates are typically a result of rising inflation, and this can lower the value of financial assets like bonds and stocks. Future fixed interest payments lose buying power as a result of rising inflation. Investors want higher interest rates on freshly issued bonds to make up for this value loss. The prices of existing bonds with lower fixed interest rates decline in attractiveness as interest rates climb. As a result, the value of current bonds drops.
Increasing inflation can impact equities in a number of ways. First, it may raise borrowing rates for businesses, thereby lowering their profitability and deterring investors from buying their shares. The value of a firm's earnings in the future is also diminished by inflation. To account for this inflation risk, investors often discount future cash flows at a greater rate, which can reduce the current value of a company.
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Complete Question:
An increase in inflation will cause interest rates to raise, leading to a decrease in the value of financial assets such as bonds and stocks. True or False
Calculating Instalment Loan Payments, Interest, and Principal [LO2]
a. If Dave had borrowed $300 for one year at an APR of 7 percent, compounded monthly, what would have been his monthly loan payment? Use Exhibit 1B-4.
b. What would have been the breakdown between interest and principal of the fifth payment? Use Exhibit 1B-4. Interest $ Principal $
a. Monthly loan payment: $26.92
b. Insufficient information to determine breakdown.
How to calculate monthly loan payment?a. To calculate the monthly loan payment, we can use the formula for the monthly payment on an installment loan:
Monthly Payment = (Loan Amount * Monthly Interest Rate) / (1 - (1 + Monthly Interest Rate) [tex]^ (-Number of Months)[/tex])
In this case, the loan amount is $300, the APR is 7%, compounded monthly, and the loan term is one year (12 months).
First, we need to calculate the monthly interest rate:
Monthly Interest Rate = Annual Interest Rate / 12 = 7% / 12 = 0.5833%
Now we can substitute the values into the formula:
Monthly Payment = (300 * 0.5833%) / (1 - (1 + 0.5833%) [tex]^ (-12)[/tex])
Using a financial calculator or spreadsheet, we find that the monthly loan payment would be approximately $26.92.
b. To determine the breakdown between interest and principal of the fifth payment, we need to know the remaining balance after the fourth payment. Without this information or the specific terms of the loan, we cannot determine the exact values for interest and principal for the fifth payment.
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HBS case breakfast at the paramount. The Paramount Diner The case describes the Paramount: a 44-seat diner in the Beacon Hill neighbourhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The restaurant is a popular favourite among locals and tourists particularly for brunch on weekends, when queues can stretch down the street. The case study focuses on the restaurant’s unusual seating policy and a recent increase in the popularity of carryout orders. our discussion should consider the following issues in the Paramount dinner case study: a) Where has the idea for carryout orders come from? b) What are the business motivations for adding this type of service? c) What impact will be adding this service have on the restaurant customer experience?
a) The idea for carryout orders at the Paramount diner may have originated from customer demand and market trends.
b) The business motivations for adding carryout orders include increasing revenue and expanding customer reach.
c) Adding carryout service may have both positive and negative impacts on the restaurant customer experience. On one hand, it provides an additional option for customers who are unable to secure a seat, enhancing convenience and customer satisfaction.
a) Customers who are unable to secure a seat may have expressed a desire to still enjoy the restaurant's food, leading the management to consider offering carryout orders as a convenient alternative.
b) By offering carryout service, Paramount can cater to a broader customer base, including those who prefer to dine at home or on the go.
c) It allows loyal customers to enjoy the restaurant's food even when they cannot dine in. However, the increased focus on carryout orders may potentially affect the dine-in experience by diverting resources and attention away from seated customers.
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Company A has 5 employees and needs FBT advice on the following: 1. - Employer provides the employee with a monthly allowance of $250 to cover carparking fees - 2. An employee was provided with an interest free loan between pay periods - 3.An employee took a work vehicle home (van). The employee used the van to move house and take rubbish to the dump- 4. Each month the employees are provided with a food voucher of $250. 5.- At Christmas time the employees are given a gift basket valued at $125 each - 6.The Company decided to pay child school fees for all employers, average cost paid was $4,500 a year. please provide details with the section of law applied to it and with cases in example.
Yearly carparking allowance- FBT may apply under Section 39.
Interest-free loan- FBT applies under Section 7.
particular use of work vehicle- FBT may apply under Section 7.
Yearly food testimonial- FBT applies under Section 37.
Christmas gift handbasket- FBT applies under Section 20.
Payment of child academy freights FBT may apply grounded on the factual cost incurred.
Yearly carparking allowance This may be subject to Fringe Benefits duty( FBT) as a auto parking borderline benefit, governed by Section 39 of the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986. The taxable value can be determined using the marketable parking station or average cost system.
Interest-free loan The interest-free loan given to an hand is considered a borderline benefit under Section 7 of the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986. The taxable value is calculated grounded on the ATO's standard interest rate, with the difference between the standard rate and the factual interest charged being subject to FBT.
particular use of work vehicle If an hand uses a work vehicle( van) for particular purposes beyond work-affiliated trip, it may attract FBT as a auto borderline benefit under Section 7 of the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986. The taxable value depends on the extent of private use.
Yearly food testimonial furnishing workers with food validations is generally distributed as a mess entertainment borderline benefit under Section 37 of the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986. The taxable value is generally grounded on the value of the testimonial.
Christmas gift handbasket Gift baskets given to workers can be classified as property borderline benefits under Section 20 of the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act 1986. The taxable value is determined by the cost of the gift handbasket to the employer.
Payment of child academy freights The employer's payment of workers' child academy freights is subject to FBT as a borderline benefit. The taxable value is grounded on the factual cost incurred by the employer, subject to applicable FBT vittles.
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Pharoah Inc. is publicly traded and uses a calendar year for
financial reporting. The company is authorized to issue 50 million
common shares. At no time has Pharoah issued any potentially
dilutive se
Pharoah Inc. is authorized to issue 50 million common shares, and the company has not issued any potentially dilutive securities as of the moment.
Pharoah Inc. is a publicly traded company that uses the calendar year for financial reporting.
The organization is approved to issue up to 50 million common shares. At no time has the company released any potentially dilutive securities
.Potentially dilutive securities are securities that, when exercised or exchanged, may result in the issuance of common stock, resulting in a reduction in earnings per share or an increase in loss per share. This situation is known as dilution.
Potentially dilutive securities can take various forms, including convertible debt, options, warrants, and other derivative securities. The investor who owns these securities has the option to transform them into shares of common stock in some cases, resulting in dilution.
Potentially dilutive securities are utilized to assess a company's earnings per share fully diluted. Fully diluted earnings per share include all common stock and potentially dilutive securities in circulation.
In summary, Pharoah Inc. is authorized to issue 50 million common shares, and the company has not issued any potentially dilutive securities as of the moment.
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The following data are adapted from the financial statements of
Jim Jim's
Shops, Inc.:
Total Current Assets
$1,050,000
Accumulated Depreciation
2,100,000
Total Liabilities
1,820,000
Preferred Stock
0
Debt Ratio
70%
Current Ratio
1.50
Prepare
Jim'sJim's
condensed balance sheet as of December 31,
20182018.
(Round your answers to the nearest whole dollar.)
Jim's Shops, Inc.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2018
Assets
Total Current Assets
Plant Assets
Less: Accumulated Depreciation
Total Assets
Liabilities
Total Current Liabilities
Long-term Liabilities
Total Liabilities
Stockholders' Equity
Stockholders' Equity
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Jim's Shops, Inc. Balance Sheet
December 31, 2018 AssetsTotal Current Assets: $1,050,000
Liabilities Total Current Liabilities: $700,000 Long-term Liabilities: $1,120,000 Total Liabilities: $1,820,000
Jim's Shops, Inc.
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2018
Assets
Total Current Assets: $1,050,000
Plant Assets: (To be calculated)
Less: Accumulated Depreciation: $2,100,000
Total Assets: (To be calculated)
Liabilities
Total Current Liabilities: (To be calculated)
Long-term Liabilities: (To be calculated)
Total Liabilities: $1,820,000
Stockholders' Equity
Stockholders' Equity: (To be calculated)
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: (To be calculated)
To complete the balance sheet, we need to calculate the following values:
Plant Assets:
Plant Assets = Total Assets - Total Current Assets - Accumulated Depreciation
Since the information provided doesn't include the total assets, we cannot calculate the plant assets.
Total Assets:
Total Assets = Total Current Assets + Plant Assets
As we cannot determine the plant assets, we cannot calculate the total assets.
Total Current Liabilities:
Total Current Liabilities = Total Current Assets / Current Ratio
Total Current Liabilities = $1,050,000 / 1.50
Total Current Liabilities = $700,000
Long-term Liabilities:
Long-term Liabilities = Total Liabilities - Total Current Liabilities
Long-term Liabilities = $1,820,000 - $700,000
Long-term Liabilities = $1,120,000
Stockholders' Equity:
Stockholders' Equity = Total Assets - Total Liabilities
Since we cannot determine the total assets, we cannot calculate the stockholders' equity.
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity = Total Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity
As we cannot determine the stockholders' equity, we cannot calculate the total liabilities and stockholders' equity.
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Lewis Mumford, one of the prominent historians of technology, once wrote that from late the Neolithic Era (roughly 2000 BCE), "right down to our own day, two technologies have recurrently existed side by side: one authoritarian, the other democratic, the first system-centered, immensely powerful, but inherently unstable, the other man-centered, relatively weak, but resourceful and durable." Langdon Winner uses this as his starting point to discuss the politics of technology and argues that technologies affect the "relative distribution of power, authority, and privilege." In your post for this discussion, please respond to the following questions:
Do you agree or disagree and why? Please give specifics to backup your assertions.
Do you think that artifacts, or technologies, have politics and are some these necessarily democratic or totalitarian?
Can you give any specific examples similar to the ones used by Winner; i.e., the tomato harvester and the bridges built by Robert Moses.
The relationship between technology and politics is complex and multifaceted. While technologies themselves may not possess inherent political qualities, their design, implementation, and use can have significant political implications. The extent to which technologies are democratic or totalitarian depends on how they are deployed and the social contexts in which they operate.
1. Agreement or disagreement with Lewis Mumford and Langdon Winner:
The statement made by Lewis Mumford and further discussed by Langdon Winner suggests that technologies can have political implications and impact the distribution of power, authority, and privilege. This viewpoint emphasizes the relationship between technology and social structures. Whether one agrees or disagrees with this perspective depends on their interpretation of the role and influence of technology in society.
Those who agree may argue that technologies are not neutral but embedded within social, cultural, and economic contexts. They can shape and be shaped by power structures and can reinforce or challenge existing systems of authority and control. They may point to examples like the internet, which has the potential to democratize access to information and communication, but also raises concerns about surveillance and control.
Those who disagree may argue that technologies themselves are neutral tools, and it is the way they are developed, implemented, and regulated that determines their impact on power dynamics. They may emphasize that the political implications of technology arise from human choices and actions, rather than inherent qualities of the technologies themselves.
2. The politics of artifacts/technologies:
The concept that artifacts or technologies have politics suggests that they can embody certain values, ideologies, or power relations. The design, use, and distribution of technologies can influence social relations and the allocation of resources and benefits. Some technologies may facilitate democratic participation, empower individuals, or challenge existing hierarchies, while others may enable surveillance, control, or concentration of power.
It is important to note that the political nature of technologies is not inherent or fixed but emerges from their interaction with social contexts and human agency. Technologies can be appropriated, repurposed, or contested in different ways, leading to diverse outcomes and interpretations.
3. Specific examples:
Langdon Winner's examples of the tomato harvester and the bridges built by Robert Moses are often cited to illustrate the political dimensions of technology.
The tomato harvester exemplifies how the adoption of labor-saving technologies in agriculture can have both positive and negative consequences. While the technology increased productivity and reduced labor requirements, it also led to job displacement and socioeconomic changes in farming communities. The political implications of this technology relate to the distribution of power and resources among different stakeholders.
The bridges built by Robert Moses in New York City are often seen as symbolic of the power dynamics associated with urban planning and infrastructure development. Moses' approach favored the automobile-centric model, resulting in the displacement of communities, segregation, and unequal access to resources. This example highlights how the design and implementation of technological systems can shape social and political realities.
These examples demonstrate that the impact of technologies is shaped by political decisions, social contexts, and power dynamics. They illustrate how technologies can reinforce or challenge existing structures of authority and privilege.
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A firm in a perfectly competitive market has a cost function defined by C = 50+40q+0.5q^2. (Hint: Given this cost function, Marginal Cost = = 40 + q.) Part A: (4 marks) What must the market price be in order for this firm to break even? Part B: (4 marks) Consider a short-run situation where the current market price is $45. (i) What output should the firm produce and what profit/loss does it then make? (2 marks) (ii) Given your answer to Part (i), should this firm continue to produce in the short run? (2 marks)
Part A: To calculate the break-even price, we need to equate total revenue (TR) with total cost (TC), and solve for q where TR = TC. Let's derive the TR and solve it for q.Total Revenue: TR = pqwhere, p is the market price and q is the quantity sold.
Total Cost: TC = C = 50 + 40q + 0.5q^2Thus, Break-Even Quantity is obtained by equating TR = TCp(q) = 50 + 40q + 0.5q^2Substitute the given value of q in this equation. 40 + 0.5q = pHere, the Marginal cost (MC) = 40 + q. Marginal cost is the derivative of the total cost function with respect to the output quantity q.
Break-Even Point: TR = TC45q = 50 + 40q + 0.5q^2Solve for q as a quadratic equation. q = 20Break-even price p = MC = 40 + 20 = $60Part B:(i) To determine profit or loss, we need to compare total revenue with total cost.
At P = $45, we need to find the output level (q) that will yield maximum profit to the firm. Since MC = 40 + q, at P = $45, the optimal output level (q) that maximizes profit is 5. Total Cost is TC = C = 50 + 40(5) + 0.5(5^2) = $225Total Revenue is TR = P * q = 45*5 = $225Profit = TR - TC = $0.
Therefore, the firm breaks even.(ii) Yes, the firm should continue to produce in the short run since it covers all the variable costs, and it's better to produce than to shut down as it can cover some part of the fixed costs.
Since, in this scenario, the price equals the average variable cost, the firm can cover all variable costs but cannot cover any fixed cost. Thus, the decision to shut down the production can be taken if the market price falls below the average variable cost which is 45.
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Firm A has a dividend reinvestment plan for its shareholders. Historically, approximately 65 percent of the shareholders will take advantage of the dividend reinvestment plan, and shares are sold at 95 percent of the current market price. The company has declared a cash dividend that will provide $1,000,000 in dividends. If the current market price of the company’s shares is $25.00, how many new shares will the company expect to issue? (Assume that the company can issue partial shares.)
Select one:
a. 27,368.42
b. 40,000.00
c. 14,736.84
d. 42,105.26
The correct option is (d) 42,105.26. The total amount of dividend payable is $1,000,000. If shares are sold at 95% of the current market price, then this means they are sold at $23.75 ($25 x 0.95). If 65% of the shareholders will take advantage of the dividend reinvestment plan, then they will be issued new shares of the company.
To calculate the number of new shares issued, divide the total amount of dividend payable by the selling price of one share:
New shares issued = Total amount of dividend payable / Selling price of one share
New shares issued = $1,000,000 / $23.75,
New shares issued = 42,105.26 shares
Therefore, the company can expect to issue 42,105.26 new shares. The correct option is (d) 42,105.26.
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Ross Hopkins, president of Hopkins Hospitality has developed the tasks, durations, and predecessor relationships in the following table for balding new mo Time (weeks) Immediate Time (wok) m Activity
Ross Hopkins, the President of Hopkins Hospitality, has formulated the tasks, durations, and predecessor relationships for the new balding mo time in the following table. The balding mo time, including the tasks, their duration, and immediate time, is tabulated as follows:
Activity Duration Immediate Time (weeks)A7- B4A12- C3B5- D2C5- E6D4- E2The table mentioned above shows that the new balding mo project comprises five activities. Activity A, B, C, D, and E. Each activity has a duration and an immediate time (weeks) required to finish them.
Activity A has a duration of seven weeks and immediately precedes activity B, which has a duration of four weeks. Activity A and B will take a total of 11 weeks to complete. Activity C follows activity B and has a duration of three weeks.Activity D follows activities B and C. It has a duration of two weeks, and its immediate successor is activity E, which will take six weeks to complete.
However, Activity E has two immediate predecessors - activities C and D.Both activities have to be completed before starting activity E. Activity D will take two weeks to complete and is a predecessor to activity E. Based on these tabulated details, the project will take a total of 12 weeks to complete.All the tasks and their predecessors are defined in the table above. Each task is shown in a sequence, followed by its immediate time and duration.
To finish the project successfully, the team has to follow these sequences, and the tasks should be completed within the mentioned duration, and predecessor relationships must be adhered to.
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An individual reports $200,000 of gross receipts on his personal income tax return. The individual is audited by NYS for income tax purposes. The audit concludes with an assessment alleging that the taxpayer failed to report an additional $55,000 of income. The statute of limitations to assess the taxpayer is:
a. Ten Years
b. Three Years
c. Six Years
d. There is no time limit if a return is not filed
The statute of limitations to assess the taxpayer is Six Years. Thus the correct option is C.
The statute of limitations establishes the time frame in which the taxing authorities may charge a taxpayer with extra taxes. The person allegedly omitted to disclose an extra $55,000 in income despite having declared gross earnings of $200,000 in this case.
The statute of limitations for levying extra taxes in New York State is typically three years from the date the tax return is submitted. The statute of limitations is increased to six years, nevertheless, if a significant amount of revenue is omitted.
Therefore, the appropriate option is C.
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Coronado, Inc. manufactures two products: missile range instruments and space pressure gauges. During April, 50 range instruments and 200 pressure gauges were produced, and overhead costs of $81,470 were estimated. An analysis of estimated overhead costs reveals the following activities. 1. 2 3. Activities Materials handling Machine setups Quality inspections Cost Drivers Number of requisitions Number of setups Number of inspections The cost driver volume for each product was as follows. Cost Drivers Number of requisitions Number of setups Number of inspections Instruments Gauges 420 185 255 320 Total Cost 265 $31,350 28,280 Total 625 1.045 21,840 $81,470 505 520 Determine the overhead rate for each activity. Materials handling Machine setups tA Save for Later $ $ tA Quality inspections $ tA Overhead Rate per requisition per setup per inspection
Overhead Rate per activity can be calculated as follows: Activity Overhead Rate Cost Driver Materials Handling $74.86 Total Cost / Number of Requisitions = $28,280 / 375 Machine Setups $26.90 Total Cost / Number of Setups = $28,280 / 1,045 Quality Inspections $83.92 Total Cost / Number of Inspections = $21,840 / 260 Overhead costs are the indirect costs that are not directly attributable to a product or department.
Overhead is a combination of fixed and variable costs that are shared across different departments or products. A cost driver is an activity or event that causes a change in the cost of an activity or event. Cost drivers are used to allocate costs based on the level of activity in each department or product.
Coronado, Inc. produces two products: missile range instruments and space pressure gauges. The overhead cost of $81,470 was estimated for the manufacturing of both products in April. The cost driver volumes for each product were calculated to allocate overhead costs for each activity.
The overhead rate per activity is calculated based on the cost driver volume for each activity. The overhead rate for materials handling is $74.86 per requisition, for machine setups it is $26.90 per setup, and for quality inspections, it is $83.92 per inspection.
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explain two ways that multinational companies (mnc) can do to
minimize the impact of exchange rate swings on their froeign
projects
Multinational companies (MNC) can take various measures to minimize the impact of exchange rate swings on their foreign projects. Here are two ways that they can do so:
1. Currency hedging: Multinational companies can use currency hedging to protect themselves against adverse exchange rate fluctuations. This involves entering into financial contracts that are designed to offset the impact of currency movements.
For instance, if a US-based MNC is worried about the exchange rate of the euro declining and impacting its project in France, it could enter into a currency forward contract that will allow it to purchase euros at a fixed exchange rate in the future. This will protect the company from unfavorable movements in the exchange rate, allowing it to better plan and execute its project.
2. Local Financing: Multinational companies can reduce their exposure to exchange rate risk by borrowing funds locally in the foreign country. This means that they would finance their foreign projects in the currency of the host country rather than in their home currency.
This strategy reduces the risk of exchange rate fluctuations since the company will be repaying its loans in the same currency it borrowed in.
If the exchange rate of the foreign currency increases, the MNC can use the profits generated by the project to pay back the loans in the local currency without incurring foreign exchange losses. This reduces the risk of exchange rate fluctuations and lowers the company's overall exposure to foreign exchange risk.
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proper posting
The following information is for Oriole Company: 1 Cash balance per bank, July 31, $6,038, 2. July bank service charge not recorded by the depositor, $27. 3 The bank erroneously charged another compan
This is a summary of the bank reconciliation for Oriole Company as of July 31. The cash balance per bank statement was $6,038. However, there were some adjustments that needed to be made to reflect the true cash balance. First, the bank charged a service fee of $27 that was not recorded by Oriole Company. This reduced the cash balance by $27. Second, the bank made an error and deducted another company's check of $1,200 from Oriole Company's account. This decreased the cash balance by $1,200. Therefore, the adjusted cash balance per bank was $7,265.
About bankBank is an intermediary financial institution that is generally established with the authority to accept deposits, lend money, and issue promissory notes. The word bank comes from the Italian banca which means a place where money is exchanged.
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Velocity Automobiles Inc. has recently launched a sedan with a biometric vehicle access lock. This feature provides better anti-theft protection than the current locks being offered by other sedans in its class. As a result, the demand for this model is higher than the others. In the context of a promotional strategy, the unique feature of the sedan exemplifies _____.
a.
a touch point
b.
brand harmonization
c.
a competitive advantage
d.
product parity
In the context of a promotional strategy, the unique feature of the sedan exemplifies product parity.Product parity is when there is little or no difference between two or more products, services, or brands.
It refers to a state where competing goods or services have no significant advantage over each other. There are different reasons why there may be product parity, including quality, price, and features.A unique feature of the sedan can be seen as an example of product parity because it differentiates the car from other brands in the same class. It means that it sets it apart from its competitors, even if just for the one unique feature. The car offers something extra or different to potential customers that other brands do not have, and it is expected to influence their purchasing decision positively. The unique feature makes it the preferred choice, leading to an increase in demand compared to others in its class. Hence, the sedan with the biometric vehicle access lock has a competitive advantage over its competitors due to its unique feature, and this feature can be considered as a selling point in the promotional strategy.For such more question on biometric
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prepare a line graph of these data/ do the data to be staionary or nonstationary
To prepare a line graph of the data, please provide the specific data points or values that need to be plotted.
To create a line graph, we need a set of data points representing the variables of interest. These data points are typically plotted on a graph with a horizontal axis representing the independent variable (e.g., time) and a vertical axis representing the dependent variable (e.g., quantity, temperature, etc.).
Without the specific data points, it is not possible to create a line graph. Please provide the data points or values you would like to graph, and I'll be happy to assist you further.
Regarding the stationarity of the data, it cannot be determined without the actual data. Stationarity refers to a statistical property of time series data, where the mean, variance, and autocovariance remain constant over time. Determining whether the data is stationary or nonstationary requires analyzing the properties of the data series, such as examining trends, seasonality, and statistical tests for stationarity.
To prepare a line graph, please provide the data points or values to be plotted. Additionally, without the data, it is not possible to determine whether the data is stationary or nonstationary.
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Sheridan Ltd. incurs these expenditures in purchasing a truck: invoice price $44,560; installation of a trailer hitch $1,100; one-year accident insurance policy $827; motor vehicle licence $155; painting and lettering $820. What is the cost of the truck?
If invoice price $44,560, installation of a trailer hitch $1,100, one-year accident insurance policy $827, the cost of the truck for Sheridan Ltd. is $47,462.
The cost of the truck can be determined by adding up all the expenditures incurred in its purchase. In this case, Sheridan Ltd. has several expenditures related to the truck purchase:
Invoice price: $44,560
Installation of a trailer hitch: $1,100
One-year accident insurance policy: $827
Motor vehicle license: $155
Painting and lettering: $820
To calculate the cost of the truck, we simply add up all these expenditures:
Cost of the truck = Invoice price + Trailer hitch installation + Accident insurance + Motor vehicle license + Painting and lettering
Cost of the truck = $44,560 + $1,100 + $827 + $155 + $820
Cost of the truck = $47,462
By summing up all the expenses associated with purchasing the truck, we can determine the total cost incurred by Sheridan Ltd. This includes the initial invoice price of the truck, as well as additional expenses such as installation, insurance, license, and any other costs involved in preparing the truck for use.
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Tomato sauce and spaghetti noodles are complementary goods. A decrease in the price of tomatoes will a. decrease consumer surplus in the market for tomato sauce and increase producer surplus in the market for spaghetti noodles. b. increase consumer surplus in the market for tomato sauce and decrease producer surplus in the market for spaghetti noodles. c. increase consumer surplus in the market for tomato sauce and increase producer surplus in the market for spaghetti noodles. d. decrease consumer surplus in the market for tomato sauce and decrease producer surplus in the market for spaghetti noodles.
Answer: c. increase consumer surplus in the market for tomato sauce and increase producer surplus in the market for spaghetti noodles.
Explanation:
A complementary good is the one which can be used only with another good. For example a CD can only run in a CD player or any other suitable device so the sales of CD is dependent upon the availability of device used to pay it. Other examples are tennis ball and tennis racket, mobile phone and sim cards, and others.
According to the given situation the decrease in price of tomato will be an advantage to the consumers as they will be able to purchase them with an affordable price and can produce tomato sauce this will promote the production of spaghetti noodles as tomato sauce is consumed along with spaghetti noodles this way the tomato sauce and spaghetti noodles are complementary goods for each other. The sales and production of one good will affect the sales and production of another.
You make $18.50 per hour and work 40 hours
per week. You are paid once per month, and
pay 30% in taxes and deductions.
1. How much do you make per month after
taxes and deductions?
2. How much do you make per year after taxes
and deductions?
Answer:
Net earning per month = $2,072
Net earning per year = $26,936
Explanation:
Given:
Amount earn per hour = $18.50
Number of hour in a week = 40 hours
Taxes and deduction = 30% = 0.3
Find:
Net earning per month
Net earning per year
Computation:
Net earning per month = [Amount earn per hour][Number of hour in a week][Number of week in a month][1-Taxes and deduction]
Net earning per month = [18.50][40][4][1-03]
Net earning per month = $2,072
Net earning per year = [Amount earn per hour][Number of hour in a week][Number of week in a year][1-Taxes and deduction]
Net earning per year = [18.50][40][52][1-0.3]
Net earning per year = $26,936
Scenario and General Fund budgetary journal entries
The scenario: Croton City maintains four governmental-type funds: a General Fund, a Library Special Revenue Fund, a Capital Projects Fund, and a Debt Service Fund.
Croton City started its calendar year 2019 with the following General Fund balances (all numbers are in thousands of dollars).
Debits Credits
Cash $1,800
Property taxes receivable 800
Salaries payable $700
Deferred property tax revenues 300
Unassigned fund balance -
1,600
Totals
$2,600
$2,600
Croton has adopted the following budgetary and accounting policies:
Encumbrance accounting is used only for the acquisition of supplies and for the award of contracts for construction and construction-related activities. Open encumbrances lapse at the end of the year, but are considered in developing the next year's budget.
Because final income tax returns are not required to be filed until April 15 of the year following the end of a calendar year, "available" for income taxes is defined as taxes expected to be collected within 120 days after the end of the calendar year.
Croton allows its employees to accumulate unused vacation days and to receive cash for up to 30 days of unused vacation leave at retirement. Such payments are charged to the department’s appropriation for salaries.
All revenues received by the library from fines, donations, and fundraising events are credited to Revenues—miscellaneous.
General Fund budgetary journal entries: Prepare journal entries to record the following budgetary transactions applicable to the General Fund. Also, prepare an appropriations ledger for the Public safety supplies appropriation. (Because you will need to prepare trial balances for each of the funds for Part D of this problem, it is suggested that you post the opening trial balance and the journal entries to general ledger T accounts.)
Revenues—property taxes $9,000
Revenues—personal income taxes 5,000
Revenues—intergovernmental 1,000
Revenues—recreation fees 600
Appropriations:
Public safety salaries 7,000
Public safety supplies 500
Public works salaries 5,000
Parks salaries 2,300
Transfer to Library Fund 100
Transfer to Debt Service Fund 1,200
The Croton council adopted the following General Fund budget for 2019:
Croton's Public Safety Department placed two purchase orders against its supplies appropriation, one for $300 for firearms and one for $150 for uniforms.
The firearms were received, with an invoice for $330. The purchase order allowed shipment of 10 percent over the amount ordered, so the invoice was approved.
The invoice for firearms was paid.
The Croton Cats won the World Series. To provide more funds for crowd control at the parade, the council increased the Public safety salaries appropriation by $100.
NOTE: Not all of the journal entry rows are needed to record the budget in Ref. 1. Select "No entry" as your answer and leave the Debit and Credit answers blank (zero) for any rows that are not needed.
Budgetary journal entries: Record revenues and appropriations for the General Fund.
Prepare appropriations ledger for Public safety supplies and record transfers to other funds.
The provided scenario presents the budgetary transactions for Croton City's General Fund. Budgetary journal entries:
a) To record property tax revenue:
Debit: Revenues—property taxes $9,000
Credit: Estimated Revenues Control $9,000
b) To record personal income tax revenue:
Debit: Revenues—personal income taxes $5,000
Credit: Estimated Revenues Control $5,000
c) To record intergovernmental revenue:
Debit: Revenues—intergovernmental $1,000
Credit: Estimated Revenues Control $1,000
d) To record recreation fee revenue:
Debit: Revenues—recreation fees $600
Credit: Estimated Revenues Control $600
e) To record appropriations:
Debit: Public safety salaries $7,000
Debit: Public safety supplies $500
Debit: Public works salaries $5,000
Debit: Parks salaries $2,300
Credit: Appropriations Control $14,800
f) To record transfers:
Debit: Transfer Out—Library Fund $100
Debit: Transfer Out—Debt Service Fund $1,200
Credit: Other Financing Sources—Transfers In $1,300
These journal entries and ledger entries help maintain accurate records of budgeted revenues, appropriations, and expenditures, ensuring effective financial management for Croton City's General Fund.
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Which of the following could be considered a well known financial indicator for educational development? O All of the above are correct O Government educational expenditures as a percentage of GDP O Educational expenditures as a total percentage of total government expenditures O Government expenditure per pupil at different levels of the educational system
Government educational expenditures as a percentage of GDP could be considered a well-known financial indicator for educational development. This is the correct option.
Educational expenditure is the amount of money spent on education in a nation. The government uses different metrics to determine the progress of educational development in a region. These metrics are considered to be financial indicators for educational development.
Some of the examples of these metrics are mentioned below:
Government expenditure per pupil at different levels of the educational system.
Educational expenditures as a total percentage of total government expenditures.Government educational expenditures as a percentage of GDP.
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Which of the following best describes the concept of materiality in respect to auditing?
Select one:
a. A matter or issue is material if its omission or misstatement would reasonably influence the decision(s) of any addressee of the auditors' report.
b. A matter or issue is material if the auditor and directors both decide further work needs to be completed in the area under examination.
c. A matter or issue is only matter if it changes the audit report.
d. A matter or issue is material only if it affects the directors emoluments (i.e., salary, benefits
The concept of materiality in respect to auditing is best described as a matter or issue being material if its omission or misstatement would reasonably influence the decision(s) of any addressee of the auditor's report. The correct answer is a.
This means that auditors must ensure that the information in the financial statements is accurate and complete so that the users of those financial statements can make informed decisions. In order to do this, auditors use the concept of materiality to help them determine which items are important enough to be included in their audit work.
Materiality is an important concept in auditing because it helps auditors determine which items are important enough to be included in their audit work. It also helps auditors determine the appropriate level of detail to include in their audit work.
Auditors use materiality to help them focus their audit work on the most important items and to help them determine the appropriate level of detail to include in their audit work. If an item is considered material, the auditor will likely perform more detailed audit work on that item than on items that are not considered material.
In general, the concept of materiality helps auditors ensure that they are providing users of the financial statements with accurate and complete information that is relevant to their decision-making. Therefore, The correct answer is a.
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Inspiration came to brothers Shep and Ian Murray, then in their 20s, when they started meeting for lunch and complaining about how they disliked their desk jobs and the business suits and ties that went with them. They decided to go into business for themselves and settled on a product they knew nothing about: neckties. If they sold enough ties, they reasoned, they could stop wearing them.
Today, more than 15 years later, Connecticut-based Vineyard Vines has grown into a multimillion-dollar business. Those familiar with the firm's success credit the Murrays' understanding of their customers' needs and their determination to make customers happy. The brothers say they're interested in dressing people not merely to go to work but rather to "take some fun to work." Their company sells clothes, but also a carefree lifestyle image that many people want to adopt.
For instance, one of Shep and Ian's first decisions, when they quit their jobs and began selling ties out of their cars, was to create whimsical designs that reflected the happy summers they spent on Martha's Vineyard while growing up. Thus was born the sporty vacation theme that runs through all their bright pastel designs, featuring lobster pots, sailboats, whales, crabs, and sports paraphernalia such as tennis racquets, golf balls, and hockey sticks. Customers who would rather be sailing, swimming, golfing, or fishing are quickly drawn to these lighthearted images and the lifestyle they conjure up.
1. By understanding its customers' needs, which marketing management philosophy is Vineyard Vines utilizing?
a. Sales orientation
b. Production orientation
c. Societal marketing orientation
d. Market orientation
2. Vineyard Vines recently partnered with First Insight to utilize online social engagement tools to gather sentiment analysis and real-time data from its customers. Using the information gathered, Vineyard Vines will be able to quickly make product and pricing decisions, which will allow it to improve sales and margins online and in brick-and-mortar locations. This is an example of _______.
a. customer relationship management (CRM)
b. employee empowerment
c. customer satisfaction
d. customer value
3. When asked about lessons they have learned from starting their own business, Shep and Ian shared this: "…it's essential to empower the people around you—your team, customers, partners, vendors—believing in them 100%." This statement best reflects _______.
a. tools the organization uses to achieve its goals
b. those to whom the product is directed
c. the firm's business
d. the organization's focus
1. By understanding its customers' needs, Vineyard Vines is utilizing market orientation.
2. This is an example of customer relationship management (CRM) as Vineyard Vines will be able to quickly make product and pricing decisions.
3. This statement best reflects the organization's focus.
The right answers are d, a and d.
Finding out what customers want and need, and creating products and services to meet those needs, is a top focus in the "market orientation" business philosophy. Market-oriented companies prioritise customer feedback and demand when conducting research and development (R&D) for new products.
A system called customer relationship management (CRM) is used to manage all interactions and connections among the clients of your business. The obvious objective is to strengthen the connections for business. CRM programmes assist businesses in maintaining contact with clients, streamlining procedures, and boosting revenue.
The correct answers are options d, a and d.
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9. The person who smokes cigarettes cannot possibly be thinking in terms of costs and benefits because it has been proven that cigarette smoking increases one's chances of getting lung cancer. Do you agree or disagree with the part of the statement that reads "the person who smokes cigarettes cannot possibly be thinking in terms of costs and benefits"? Explain your answer.
Explanation:
I disagree with the part of the statement that says "those who smoke cannot be thinking about costs and benefits" because although the phrase is correct in the logical and scientific context about the harm of smoking, it is also correct to state that the statement is liable to different interpretations according to each individual.
Therefore, I do not agree with this statement due to the fact that each person has a different concept of benefits and costs, for an individual to smoke, even though it is harmful to health, it is compensable for the sensation of pleasure it causes.
Project A and B are mutually exclusive. Project A has a 5 year life and project B has a 7 year life. The cost of capital for both projects is 10%. The NPV of project A is $13.72 million while the NPV of Project B is $20 million. What is the Equivalent Annual Annuity for Project B?
Main answer:The equivalent annual annuity (EAA) is the uniform annual cash flow that would produce the same net present value (NPV) as the existing investment. The calculation of EAA is quite easy, since it entails dividing the NPV by the present value factor of an annuity. NPV (Net present value) is the total sum of cash flows in the future and present reduced by the opportunity cost (cost of capital).
The cost of capital is used as the discount rate. The EAA of Project B is $3.07 million.Explanation:Given: NPV of Project A is $13.72 million and NPV of Project B is $20 million. The cost of capital for both projects is 10%. The life of project A is 5 years, and that of project B is 7 years.NPV = present value of cash inflows - present value of cash outflowsThe NPV of project A is given as:NPVA = $13.72 millionThe NPV of project B is given as:NPVB = $20 millionTo calculate the EAA of project B,
we can use the following formula:EAA = NPV / Present value factor of annuityEAA = NPV / [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r]where r = cost of capital, and n = life of the project.The present value factor of annuity can be calculated as:(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / rwhere r = 10%, and n = 7 yearsPresent value factor of annuity = (1 - (1 + 0.1)^-7) / 0.1 = 4.8689Using this, we can calculate the EAA of project B:EAA = $20 million / 4.8689 = $3.07 millionTherefore, the equivalent annual annuity for Project B is $3.07 million.
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