If the rate paid to retire a bond is larger than the carrying quantity of bonds, the company recognizes a loss on retirement.
But if the charge paid is less than the carrying quantity of the bonds at retirement, the provider archives a reap on retirement of bonds.
What happens when a agency retires a bond?The retirement of bonds refers to the repurchase of bonds from buyers that had been until now issued. The issuer retires bonds at the scheduled maturity date of the instruments. Or, if the bonds are callable, the provider has the choice to repurchase the bonds earlier; this is some other form of retirement.
Early retirements of debt may additionally appear due to the fact a organisation has generated adequate cash reserves from operations, and the company desires to quit paying pastime on great debt.
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We delegate authority and jurisdiction to our regional managers in each nation Facility organizing.
The division of work and assignment of decision-making authority to a person who answers to a leader or manager is referred to as delegation of authority. It is an organizational technique in which a management assigns each employee a portion of their own workload.
You can't—and shouldn't—do everything yourself as a leader, therefore delegation is crucial. Your staff will be more empowered by delegation, and it will also foster trust and professional growth. Additionally, it teaches leaders how to choose those who are most qualified to take on particular jobs or projects.
Giving people the reins on decision-making encourages their capacity development and increases their sense of worth to the company.
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calculate earnings per share (eps) under each of the three economic scenarios before any debt is issued. (do not round intermediate calculations and round your answers to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) a-2. calculate the percentage changes in eps when the economy expands or enters a recession. (a negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b-1. calculate earnings per share (eps) under each of the three economic scenarios assuming the company goes through with recapitalization. (do not round intermediate calculations and round your answers to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b-2. given the recapitalization, calculate the percentage changes in eps when the economy expands or enters a recession. (a negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. enter your answers as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
A-1) Calculation of three different economic scenarios' earnings per share (EPS):
Econometric EPS =
A hypothetical scenario (Net Income / Common Stock Shares)
I Standard $4.57 (32,000/7,000)
ii) Growth $5.12 ($35,840/7,000)
iii) Recession $22,400/7,000 = $3.20
I Expansion = 12.04% ($5.12 - $4.57)/$4.57 * 100; b) Recession = -1.00% ($5.12 - $4.57)/$4.57 * 100; c) Balance Sheet Growth = -1.00% ($5.12 - $4.57)/$4.57 * 100;
ii) Recession equals -29.98% ($3.20 - $4.57)/$4.57 multiplied by 100
B-1. Calculation of EPS in three different economic scenarios following recapitalization
Debt interest equals $115,000 x 6%, or $6,900.
EBIT less $6,900 is net income.
1,250 shares of outstanding common stock (7,000 - $115,000/20)
Econometric EPS =
A hypothetical scenario (Net Income / Common Stock Shares)
1. Regular $20.08 ($25,100/1,250)
ii) Growth $23.15 ($28,940/1,250)
Recession (iii) $12.40 ($15,500/1,25
What is earnings per share?The earnings per share (EPS) of a corporation is calculated by dividing its net profit by the total number of outstanding common shares. A popular indicator for determining corporate value is EPS, which shows how much money a firm produces for each share of its stock.
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which of the following best describes a rational consumer? a.) purchases when the cost is greater than the additional benefit b.) wants to make choices that maximize utility c.) has limited wants and needs d.) uses infinite resources to maximize consumption
Rational consumers analyze costs and benefits when making decisions.
What is rational consumer?
When someone acts in their own self-interest and maximizes their utility in order to benefit the most from their purchases, this is seen as rational consumer behavior. As a result, all choices are motivated by self-interest.What is an example of a reasonable consumer?
The decision between two cars is an illustration of a sensible customer. Because Car B is less expensive than Car A, the consumer chooses to buy it. Even though the rational choice theory is clear-cut and logical, it frequently conflicts with actual events.Learn more about Rational consumers
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if a bank has $200 000 of checkable deposits and a required resrve ratio of 20 percent. the bank currently holds 160,000 in reserves. how much of these reserves are excess reserves
$120,000 reserves are excess reserves.
Excess reserves: what are they?Capital reserves stored in excess of what is required by regulators, creditors, or internal controls are known as excess reserves by a bank or financial institution. Excess reserves for commercial banks are compared to standard reserve requirement amounts established by central banking regulators.
The total amount of a bank's deposit that is not disbursed as loans is known as reserves.
There are two categories of necessary reserves.
surplus reserves
The amount of deposits that banks must hold as needed reserves is determined by the central bank.
Deposits x Reserve Requirement = Required Reserves
0.2 x $200,000 = $40000
The discrepancy between reserves and necessary reserves is known as excess reserves.
$160,000 - 40000= $120000.
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the common stock of royal ranch house is selling for $18.11. the firm pays dividends that are expected to grow at a rate of 5.30% indefinitely. your investment horizon is 5 years. what do you estimate the price of royal ranch house stock will be at that time? (round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
The estimated price of the Royal Ranch House stock in 5 years will be $18.60.
What will be the estimated price?A stock is a share that is bought in a public company that gives the stockholders the ownership rights in the company. Stockholders are entitled to receive dividends when it is earned.
The price of the stock is a function of the number of years, current value of the stock and the current price of the stock.
Price of the stock in 5 years = value today x (1 + growth rate)^number of years
Price of the stock in 5 years = $18.11 x (1 + 0.053)^5
Price of the stock in 5 years = 18,11 x (1.0053^5)
Price of the stock in 5 years = $18.60
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what amount should you invest today so you can withdraw $20,000 at the end of each year for five years at 8% compounded annually?
$30,021 in Future Balance
What Is Compound Interest?
The interest on savings that is calculated based on both the initial principal and the interest that has accumulated over previous periods is called compound interest.
It is believed that Italy in the 17th century invented "interest on interest," also known as the power of compound interest.It will grow a sum more quickly than simple interest, which only takes into account the principal.
Money grows rapidly through compounding, and the greater the number of periods of compounding, the greater the compound interest.
The annual interest rate multiplied by the number of compound periods minus one is used to calculate compound interest. The initial principal amount is multiplied by one. The resulting value is then reduced by the total initial loan amount.
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What approach do businesses use to examine the whole chain of activities that contributes to the production of their product?.
Value chain analysis is the approach businesses use to examine the whole chain of activities that contributes to the production of their product.
An extensive investigation of every action a company performs, from sourcing raw materials through producing, distributing, and selling its goods or services, is known as a value chain analysis. This analysis provides business owners and managers with in-depth knowledge of the key profit and expense centers inside their organization. A value chain is the entire spectrum of commercial operations that are carried out to bring a good or service from inception to delivery. These activities include design, production, marketing, and distribution. The value chain for businesses that manufacture items begins with the raw materials used to create the products and includes everything that is done before the product is sold to consumers. Value chain analysis identifies any flaws in these procedures and hastens time to market while reducing costs and increasing quality.Value chain analysis has the power to transform an organization, enhance the goods and services it provides, and strengthen ties with other businesses and their consumers or customers.
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A social media information system (smis) should be designed to gather and analyze social media data because?
a. the SMIS must supplement the data provided by social media platforms in order for the company to properly evaluate its performance.
b. the company can sell the social media data and analysis provided by their SMIS to others, to increase its value proposition and stock prices.
c. otherwise a company must pay outrageous fees to outside or external social media consultants to perform this necessary
A social media information system (SMIS) should be designed to gather and analyze social media data because option A: the SMIS must supplement the data provided by social media platforms in order for the company to properly evaluate its performance.
The company might alter its campaign ideas if the data indicate that a social media campaign is not receiving the necessary attention or degree of involvement. SMIS data about a company's social media activities and audience can be used to enhance business decisions and social media strategies. Therefore, option
The use of information technology to facilitate content sharing among networks of people is referred to as social media. It makes it possible for individuals to create communities of practice, which are networks of people who share a common interest. A social media information system is a type of information system that encourages user networks to share content.
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the adjustable rate mortgage is for 15 years with monthly payments. loan amount is $100,000. during the first 7 years, the annual mortgage rate is 10%, while during the last 8 years, the rate is 7.5%. what is the monthly mortgage payment during the last 8 years (rounded to the nearest dollar)?
The monthly mortgage payment during the last 8 years is $ 833.4. To calculate monthly mortgage $100,000 multiply by rate of annual mortgage divide by 12.
What is mortgage?
When you and a lender enter into a mortgage, the lender is granted the power to seize your property if you are unable to pay back the loan amount plus interest. Mortgage loans are used to either purchase a home or borrow against an existing home's worth.
Advantages of a mortgage
You will continue to legally own the property as long as you use the loan money to support your necessities.Due to the fact that mortgage loans are secured, they are frequently granted.Compared to personal loans, mortgage loans have much lower interest rates.To know more about Mortgage loans, refer:
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which reenuie model emasures the amount of revenue generated by the numnber of items sold by the company
The unit Sales Revenue Model measures the amount of revenue generated by the number of items sold by the company.
A company, also known as co., is a legal designation for a group of people with a particular goal who are either naturally occurring, legally created, or a combination of both. Members of the company collaborate to accomplish clearly stated objectives.
Revenue is the total amount of money made from the sale of products or services related to a business's core operations. Because it appears at the top of the income statement, revenue, also known as gross sales, is frequently called the "top line."
Because of the desire of its employees to create value, a company is known as a company. The Latin word product, which means to lead forth or bring forward, is the origin of the English verb "to produce."
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a perfectly elastic aggregate supply curve represents: a) the productive capacity of an economy at full employment. b) the production decisions of firms only in the very short run. c) the short-run relationship between output and the price level.
A perfectly elastic aggregate supply curve represents the productive capacity of an economy at full employment.
What does elastic aggregation mean?By using a straightforward search query, Elastics Aggregations give you the power to combine your data and perform calculations and statistics (like sums and averages) on it. An aggregate can be thought of as a functional unit that compiles analytical data from a collection of documents.Aggregation of terms. a multi-bucket value source based aggregate with one bucket for each distinct value that is built up dynamically. The field can be a binary, boolean, ip, keyword, or numeric value.A perfectly elastic aggregate supply curve represents the productive capacity of an economy at full employment.To learn more about aggregate refer to:
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according to frederick taylor's scientific management theory, the most important motivator in the workplace is:
According to Frederick Taylor's scientific management theory, an important motivator in the workplace is money.
Scientific management theory studies the workflow in the economy. It aims to enhance labor productivity and economic efficiency. Frederick Winslow Taylor developed this theory in the 1880s and 1890s. It is also known as Taylorism.
This theory connects science with management and economy by introducing logic, synthesis, analysis, work ethics, empiricism, and efficiency of work into industrial management.
Taylor emphasized money as the motivator for the laborers to work efficiently as their work will be rewarded. This theory stresses the relation between the compensation of the worker and their performance.
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what are mnl corporation's tax savings on the grant date (5/1/y1), exercise date (8/15/y5), and sale date (10/1/y6)?.
According to NQ, Plan MNL Corporation tax, as an employer, will receive a tax credit equal to or equal to the employee's recognized income from exercising stock options.
What is corporate income tax?Corporate tax is a tax levied on the profits of corporations. Taxes are paid on a company's taxable income, which is sales minus cost of goods sold (COGS), general and administrative expenses (G&A), sales and marketing, research and development, depreciation, and other operating expenses.Corporate tax is collected by the state as a source of income.Taxes are calculated on your taxable income after deducting your expenses.Currently, the US corporate tax rate is flat at 21%. Prior to Trump's 2017 tax reform, the corporate tax rate was 35%.To avoid double taxation, a company can be registered as an S corporation. corporations do not pay corporate income taxes as income passes to business owners who are taxed through individual tax returns.learn more about corporate income tax
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marston acquired a patent for $100,000. at the end of year 3, the patent had a book value of $60,000. an impairment loss was indicated, and the fair value of the patent was $48,000. the journal entry to record the impairment loss will include:
$12,000 in debit to loss on impairment. The value of a patent depends on the length of either its legal life or its useful life, whichever is shorter; neither can last for more than 40 years.
Regarding the specifics in question,
The cost of the asset is $100,000.
Depreciation over time equals $40,000
So, book value is equal to the purchase price minus accumulated depreciation, which is $100,000 minus $40,000, or $60,000.
Now, this is worth $48,000 in the open market.
Loss of value to be reported as an impairment loss therefore equals $12,000 x ($60,000 - $48,000). Due to the fact that a reduction in value reduces an asset's value, $12,000 will be subtracted from the credit for fixed assets. This will be equivalent to $48,000 in book value.
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now suppose the government gives a $30 subsidy to buyers and imposes a $10 tax on sellers. what is the consumer surplus after the tax and subsidy
The consumer surplus after the tax and subsidy benefit can be identified, whereas the opportunity cost may be harder to identify.
What is subsidy ?A subsidy is a direct or indirect payment to an individual or business, usually in the form of a cash payment from the government or a targeted tax relief. In economic theory, subsidies can be used to offset market failures and externalities and increase economic efficiency.For example, if the government sends financial aid reimbursing him 15% of all medical expenses to a group that pays 15% income tax. Exactly the same subsidy is achieved by granting a health tax credit.Tax subsidies are also called tax incentives. Tax cuts are often viewed as subsidies.The purpose of the subsidy is to support or support key sectors of the economy or national infrastructure. While subsidies can have direct positive effects on industries and companies involved, economists argue that subsidies impede free trade and create market inefficiencies.To learn more about subsidy from the given link :
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on the basis of the budget reports,_____ management analyzes differences between actual and planned results.
On the basis of budget reports ,all of these management analyzes the differences between the actual and planned results.
What is a budget report?A budget report is an internal document used by management to contrast the projected performance figures for a given period with the estimated, budgeted projections. To compare how closely the budgeted performance and the actual performance were during an accounting period, in other words, is the purpose of a budget report. Budgets are financial objectives that are based on estimates and projections for the future, which makes them frequently unreliable and capable of being significantly off from a company's actual financial performance. Managers frequently contrast the actual costs they are incurring with the budgeted costs that were prepared at the beginning of the accounting period.
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the two main reasons that irp may not hold precisely at all time, especially over short periods is: group of answer choices transaction costs and capital controls. transaction costs and inflation rates inflation rates and capital controls inflation rates and interest rates
Transaction costs and capital controls are the two main factors that could cause IRP to not hold precisely at all times, especially over brief periods.
What is transaction costs and capital controls?Any action done by a government, central bank, or other regulatory authority to restrict the movement of foreign capital into and out of the domestic economy is referred to as capital control. Taxes, tariffs, laws, volume restrictions, and market-based forces are a few of these constraints.Domestic governments benefit from a larger pool of domestic savings to support government borrowing by restricting capital outflows. As a result, borrowing costs for both the government and the private sector are reduced.Explicit and implicit capital costs can both be used to analyze a firm's cost of capital. The interest or dividend that the company must pay to the fund suppliers can be used to define the explicit cost of capital of a specific source.To learn more about transaction costs and capital controls refer to:
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while out shopping, kiesha goes to a strip mall where one of her favorite stores is located. as she is parking her car, she receives a notification on her phone from the store offering her 20% off her purchase. this type of message is known as a
This type of message is known as Personal selling where Salespeople can tailor each message to the needs of the customer and supply as much information as required.
Personal selling uses in-person interaction to sell products and services. This type of communication is carried out by sales representatives, who are the personal connection between a buyer and a company or a company’s products or services.
Salespeople utilize their persuasive skills to remind consumers of important details such as product features, service agreements, pricing, specials, and much more in addition to educating potential customers about a company's goods and services. This form of marketing communications tool may be a potent source of consumer feedback in addition to improving client connections.
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Which of the following is an example of bank reserves? a. demand deposits with other banks, b. deposits with the Federal Reserve, c. treasury bonds and bills, or state bonds of the state in which the bank is located but not state bonds of other states.
The b. deposits with the Federal Reserve is an example of bank reserves.
What is deposits?Deposit is a financial term that means money in the bank. A deposit is a transaction in which money is transferred to another party for safekeeping. However, a security deposit can mean that part of the money that is used as security or guarantee for the delivery of the goods.
There are two types of deposits
demand time depositsA check deposit is a traditional bank and savings account. You can withdraw money from the deposit anytime on demand. Time deposits are term deposits that usually pay a fixed interest rate, such as a certificate of deposit (CD). These interest bearing accounts offer higher interest rates than savings accounts. However, fixed deposit accounts require money to be kept in the account for a certain period of time.
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Carlos is a leader who has led his company by closely evaluating performance. Carlos can be best described as.
Carlos can be best described as transactional leader.
What is transactional leadership?
Transactional leadership prioritizes outcomes, follows an organization's current organizational structure, and gauges success using the organization's system of rewards and punishments. Transactional leaders hold official positions of authority and accountability inside an organization.Who is an example of a transactional leader?
One illustration of transactional leadership comes from athletic team coaches. These leaders encourage their followers to play the game in order to win by emphasizing the prize. They instill such a strong sense of dedication in their followers that they are willing to take risks with their own health and safety in order to deliver the outcomes the leader demands.Learn more about transactional leader
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a production cost report for a production department using the weighted-average method accounts for all costs assigned to that department during the period plus costs that were in the department's work in process inventory account at the beginning of the period.
The statement that a production cost report for a production department using the weighted-average method accounts for all costs assigned to that department during the period plus costs that were in the department's work in process inventory account at the beginning of the period is true
Weighted-average method (WAC) is an accounting method used for inventory valuation. It uses a weighted average to establish the amount that goes into COGS and inventory. The weighted average cost method divides the cost of goods available for sale by the number of units available for sale. The production cost report is a document utilized in the process costing system that encapsulates information about the flow of units and costs through the work in process account of a processing department. Hence, a production cost report for a production department using the weighted-average method accounts for all costs assigned to that department during the period plus costs that were in the department's work in process inventory account at the beginning of the period.
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the practice of simultaneously increasing product and service benefits while maintaining or decreasing price is referred to as
The practice of simultaneously increasing product and service benefits while maintaining or decreasing price is referred to as Value-Pricing.
What is value pricing ?When used literally, value-based pricing means setting prices based on what the customer perceives as the benefits of the product rather than on how much it actually cost to develop.For instance, the cost of a painting may be far higher than the cost of the canvas and paints because so much of the cost depends on the painter.Value pricing refers to the practice of businesses setting prices based on what consumers think a product is worth.Products that are exceptional and extremely valued are best suited to benefit from the value pricing strategy.Commoditized goods are not well suited for value pricing.
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big time inc. has an independent, permanent work group that develops and revises codes of ethics, suggests ways the organization can contribute to preserving the environment, and regularly reviews other specific issues and concerns within the organization. this is an example of a group of answer choices
This is an example of Committee
What is Committee?A body of one or more people under the authority of a deliberative assembly is known as a committee or commission. A committee isn't taken into account to be an assembly in and of itself. The assembly typically refers issues to a committee in order to investigate them in greater detail than would be practicable if the assembly were to consider them directly.Contributing to an organization's effective operation is a committee's main duty. The majority of the time, a committee is focused with information sharing and supporting the leadership in making decisions by supplying necessary information.To learn more about Committee refer to:
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Select all of the voter eligibility requirements put into place by states during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
a. gender restrictions
b. literacy tests
c. racial restrictions
d. property ownership
e. ability to pay poll taxes
Select all of the voter eligibility requirements put into place by states during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. d. property ownership
e. ability to pay poll taxes
Voting is a way for a collection, which include a assembly or an citizens, so that you can make a collective choice or specific an opinion generally following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high workplaces through voting.
Residents of an area represented by way of an elected reputable are referred to as "components", and people components who forged a ballot for their selected candidate are known as "voters".
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companies trying to downsize sometimes offer special early retirement benefits known as a(n) blank______ to encourage long-term employees with higher salaries to leave.
Companies trying to downsize sometimes offer special early retirement benefits known as a handshake to encourage long-term employees with higher salaries to leave.
“Employee's” is the singular possessive shape and refers to something that an unmarried worker owns. If there are multiple workers, we consult with them as “personnel,” and we use the plural possessive shape “personnel'” to consult something more than one personnel's own. Employees are at the bottom of a robust and long-jogging enterprise. Employees run the enterprise, irrespective of what level.
This way their strength, dedication and dedication, and their emotional reference to the enterprise can not be judged as property in financial value. An instance of a worker is an income partner at a retail store. Since the employee needs to entire obligations in a detailed manner, which include sporting a call badge and greeting the patron with unique phrasing, the employee is taken into consideration as a worker.
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Omni-channel retailing includes all of the following except ________.
a. boosting online selling options b. cross-shopping on mobile devices c. integrating available shopping channels d. omitting digital selling options e. increasing in-store shopping channels
Option b.) Cross-shopping on mobile is the correct answer. Because omnichannel retail includes all of the following exceptions but omnichannel is neither multi-channel nor cross-channel.
Simply put, multichannel and cross-channel are terms that follow the path to omnichannel. This is good, but not entirely correct. Omnichannel is more than just a marketing concept.
Omnichannel retail experiences include physical stores, app-based options, and online platforms. For example, a clothing brand may sell its products on its website, app tab, and physical stores.
Omnichannel is a term used in e-commerce and retail to describe a business strategy aimed at providing a seamless shopping experience across all channels including in-store, mobile and online.
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if actual output exceeds potential output, the economy: multiple choice is experiencing an inflationary gap. is experiencing a recessionary gap. may be in a long-run equilibrium but is not in a short-run equilibrium. is in neither a short-run nor long-run equilibrium.
If actual output exceeds potential output, the economy is experiencing an inflationary gap.
Hence, option A is correct.
What is potential output and real output?
Actual output can be defined as the growth that has actually happened in real life. Potential output explains how much growth the economy could achieve. Potential output can be seen the size of the labor force, the capital, and the state of technology. It is important for the business cycle—economic expansions and contractions, or recessions
The difference between actual output and potential output is known as the output gap.
Hence, If actual output exceeds potential output, the economy is experiencing an inflationary gap.
Hence, option A is correct.
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The demand curve suggests that an auto manufacturer will sell 20,000 mercedes-benz m-class vehicles when they are priced at $50,800, but when the price is reduced to $45,000, that quantity will increase to 27,000 units. What is the resulting elasticity?.
The demand elasticity will be -3.07 percent of the change in quantity.
The quantity change in percentage will be:
= (27000 - 20000) / 20000 * 100
= 7000 100 = 35 percent
The price will change by:
= (45000 - 50800) / 50800 * 100 = -5800 / 50800 100 = -11 417 percent
As a result, the elasticity will be as follows:
= 35% / -11.417%
= -3.07.
In conclusion, -3.07 is the right choice.
What are the four kinds of flexibility?
Price elasticity, cross elasticity, demand elasticity, and income elasticity are the four types of elasticity.
What are the five demand elasticity indices?
Price elasticity of demand comes in five forms: completely inelastic, inelastic, entirely flexible, versatile, and unitary. Divide the percentage change in price by the percentage change in quantity demanded to get price elasticity of demand.
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An american buys a pair of of shoes manufactured in italy? how do the u. S. National income account treats this transaction ?.
If an American buys a pair of shoes manufactured in Italy, Net exports fall, while GDP is unchanged.
Exports are products and services that are produced in one nation and sold to customers in another. International trade is made up of imports and exports. Selling products and services to another country from one's own country is known as exporting. Purchasing goods from abroad and bringing them into your own country is referred to as importing. The market value of all the finished goods and services that nations produce and sell in a given time period is measured in dollars by their gross domestic product (GDP). This measurement is frequently revised before being regarded as a reliable indicator due to its subjective and complicated nature. Gross domestic product, or GDP, is what it stands for. It is frequently cited in newspapers, on television news, and in government reports.
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Which of the following is the most beneficial aspect of an international joint venture?
A) the international partner receives the entire profit
B) the responsibility of risks is solely taken by the international partner
C) the partner's local contacts and markets will be utilized
D) the entire cost of production will be borne by the local partner
The most beneficial aspect of an international joint venture is when the partner's local contacts and markets will be utilized.
Global joint ventures can be an excellent business strategy. They give businesses access to international markets, technologies, and resources. Companies aiming to expand their product lines into new areas may form joint ventures with partners who can make up for their limitations with complementing strengths.
Nowadays, many businesses want to establish joint ventures as a stepping stone to foreign markets since they facilitate smoother international trade. The international partner offers expertise on the market environment, local laws, and cultural norms.
Joint ventures can be founded for a variety of reasons and in a variety of ways, but partnering with a local company to share legal ownership and pool resources to pursue business opportunities is a typical international structure.
Because joint ventures frequently fail, planning for the future is equally crucial. When a joint venture dissolves, the technology and know-how shared with your local partner could create a formidable rival, especially in nations with lax intellectual property protection. Therefore, it is important to seek legal advice when drafting cross-border joint venture agreements.
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