Ribonucleic acid, sometimes known as RNA, is a second nucleic acid that exists in every cell. RNA is a nucleotide polymer, much like DNA.
A nitrogenous base, a sugar with five carbons, and a phosphate group make up each of the nucleotides in RNA. Instead of deoxyribose, ribose serves as the five-carbon sugar in the case of RNA. Unlike deoxyribose, which contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, and guanine at the 2′ carbon, ribose has a hydroxyl group.
They do not, however, contain thymine; rather, they do contain uracil, which is represented by the letter "U." The structure of RNA is a single-stranded molecule, not a double-stranded helix. According to their intended use, molecular biologists have given a variety of RNA types their own names. Transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA.
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As part of his voyage on the beagle, darwin spent about 5 weeks off the coast of ecuador making observations on the?.
As part of his voyage on the beagle, Darwin spent about 5 weeks off the coast of Ecuador making observations on the Galapagos island.
Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist. He gained popularity for his contribution towards evolutionary biology. He put forward the Theory of Evolution. He is most famous for this concept of natural selection.
Galapagos Island are the volcanic islands. These are famous due to the study carried out by the Darwin on the finches that lived over there. He studies these finches and gave the theory of evolution. The location of the island is on each side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean.
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if inside environment is high in solute and outside environment is high in solvent hypo or hypertonic
The concentration of solutes in hypertonic solutions is higher than that of the cell. Water rushes out as a result, causing the cell to shrivel or wrinkle.
What kinds of solutions are hypertonic examples?Blood has a lower amount of solutes particles than hypertonic fluids. 3% Normal Saline (3% NaCl) is an illustration of an IV solution that is hypertonic. The intravascular space has a higher amount of dissolved solutes than the cells when hypertonic fluids are injected.
Which three hypotonic solutions are there?When used as hypotonic intravenous solutions, hypotonic saline solutions, such as 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.25% sodium chloride just without sucrose, 2.5% dextrose solution, etc., are hypotonic with regard to blood serum.
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modifications to chromatin can affect transcriptional activity by changing the accessibility of dna to the transcription machinery. the given descriptions are examples of various processes that may or may not cause remodeling of chromatin. match each description to the effect it has on transcriptional activity caused by chromatin remodeling.
Modifications to chromatin can affect transcriptional activity by changing the accessibility of DNA to the transcription machineryProkaryotic gene regulation:
Chromatin is the complicated genomic DNA with proteins referred to as histones, where every histone-bound DNA molecule is called a chromosome. but, chromatin now not handiest compacts the genome into the nucleus, but is also the mechanism controlling how the genome is examined from cellular to cell.
When the cell isn't dividing, the strands of DNA are known as chromatin and in mitosis after replication, the chromosomes have two chromatids. Chromatin is the indistinguishable mass of DNA molecules whereas chromatids are part of chromosomes connected to it with a centromere.
Chromatin fibers are coiled and condensed to shape chromosomes. Chromatin makes it feasible for some mobile processes to occur such as DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, genetic recombination, and mobile department. humans regularly confuse these three phrases: chromatin, chromosome, and chromatid.
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Basal metabolism is the energy expended to maintain your body at rest. For most people, what percentage of total energy expenditures is used for basal metabolism?.
60 to 75% of total energy expenditures are used for basal metabolism to maintain your body at rest.
The amount of energy used by a person at rest (when fasting and at body temperature equilibrium) as a result of regular cell and organ function within the body is known as the basal metabolic rate. It makes up roughly 60–75% of a person's daily energy expenditure when they have a sedentary job.
Several illnesses linked to significant weight loss, including cancer, sepsis, chronic pulmonary disease, burns, and HIV/AIDS, are associated with sustained increases in basal metabolic rate; however, it is less clear whether these conditions also result in an increase in total energy expenditure.
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What causes the overgrowth of algae and Cyanobacteria in an aquatic environment?
Answer:
Hello! The correct answer should be "Excess phosphorus from the runoff of fertilizer and animal waste that ends up in ponds."
Explanation:
An algal bloom is mostly caused by the presence of large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus present in water. These nutrients are washed away from lands and farms that are heavily riddled with nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers.
Rain acts as an agent by washing these leachable nutrients from the soil into water bodies such as rivers and streams, which eventually end up in large reservoirs such as lakes and oceans.
These nutrients are also deposited into waterways through drainage systems. Due to poor sewage treatment, untreated raw sewage finds its ways into water bodies, and because it is rich in nitrogen compounds such as nitrates and ammonia, it causes algal bloom.
Water pollution, particularly the discharge of poorly treated or untreated industrial waste into waterways, leads to the release of raw toxic waste into water systems. Since it contains nutrients and compounds such as nitrogen, lead, and phosphorus, the outcome is the dense growth of algae.
How are the dna replication products visualized during the sanger method of dna sequencing?.
The DNA replication products visualized during the sanger method of DNA sequencing are observed in which nucleotides are added.
Sanger sequencing is based on the process of DNA replication. A scientist creates a copy of his DNA strand. Then observe which nucleotides have been added. This way you can see the sequence of nucleotides. A laser excites the fluorescent labels in each band and a computer detects the resulting light.
Sanger sequencing produces extension products of various lengths ending in dideoxynucleotides at the 3' ends. Extension products are separated by capillary electrophoresis or CE. Molecules are injected by an electric current into a long glass capillary filled with gel polymer. Selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerases during in vitro DNA replication.
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This is often done using a denaturing polyacrylamide urea gel, with four reactions each run in one of the four lanes (lanes A, T, G, C). The DNA bands are then visualized by autoradiography or UV light and the DNA sequence can be read directly from the X-ray film or gel image.
In automated Sanger sequencing, a computer sequentially reads each band on a capillary gel and uses fluorescence to determine the identity of each terminal d dNTP. In essence, a laser excites the fluorescent labels in each band and a computer detects the resulting emitted light.
Sanger sequencing produces extension products of variable length that terminate in dideoxy nucleotides at the 3' ends. Extension products are separated by capillary electrophoresis or CE. Molecules are injected by an electric current into a long glass capillary filled with gel polymer.
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most adolescents function at which of kohlberg's levels of morality?
Answer: Conventional morality
Explanation: is the second stage of moral development, and is characterized by an acceptance of social rules concerning right and wrong. At the conventional level (most adolescents and adults), we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models.
this question is about the importance of the fact that restriction recognition sites engineered to be in the mcs should be found nowhere else in the plasmid. if a particular type of restriction recognition site were found in the mcs and one other place in the plasmid, how many pieces would be formed if the plasmid were cut with that restriction enzyme? after those pieces were cut apart and were floating around in the buffer, how many possible ways would there be to ligate those pieces back together? why would it cause problems if we tried do directional cloning if one of the restriction enzymes used cut the plasmid in more than one place
If we do directional cloning of one of the restrictions enzymes used to cut the plasmid in more than one place, then it may cause mutation in the DNA and would lead to various problems in the genetic makeup of the organism.
Restriction enzymes are proteins that cuts the DNA at a particular site. Restriction enzymes are of two types -
Exonucleases: Restrictions exonucleases, such as exonuclease I, exonuclease II, etc., are largely responsible for hydrolyzing the terminal nucleotides from the end of DNA or RNA molecules in either a 5′ to 3′ or 3′ to 5′ direction.Endonuclease: Restrictions endonucleases identify certain base sequences within DNA or RNA molecules and catalyze the breakdown of internal phosphodiester bonds with enzymes like EcoRI, Hind III, and BamHI.The enzymes where they cut the DNA is known as recognition site. DNA molecules contain recognition site that are particular (4–8 base pair long) nucleotide sequences that are recognized by restriction enzymes.
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in what phase does the cell begin to split the cytoplasm and daughter cells first become visible in mitosis?
Where is new lithosphere created
A divergent boundary
B convergent boundary
C transform boundary
the minor planet center (mpc) collects data from observatories around the world to calculate orbits of asteroids
Minor Planet Center (MPC) is an international organization responsible for collecting observations of asteroids, comets, and other small bodies in the solar system.
MPC is responsible for the classification of minor bodies in the solar system minor planets like comets , and natural satellites. Asteroids are also sometimes called minor planets they have rocky surface they are also early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.
Minor planets are small celestial bodies within the solar system that are orbiting the sun. They are generally smaller than the eight major planets but larger than meteoroids present in the solar system .
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The backbone of DNA and RNA i compoed of. DNA i double tranded due to interaction between adenine cytoine guanine and thymine which are. Uracil i a
The backbone of DNA and RNA is composed of sugar and phosphate.
DNA is double stranded due to interactions between adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, which are nitrogenous bases.
Uracil is a nitrogenous base that is only used with RNA.
The backbone of DNA and RNA is composed of sugar and phosphate groups. The sugar is the 3' end, and the phosphate is the 5' end of each nucleotide in the DNA. In DNA, sugar is called deoxyribose, which is a cyclic pentose (5-carbon sugar). In RNA, sugar is a ribose.
The nitrogen bases interact with each other. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases, adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine.
Uracil is a nitrogen base found only in the arm and is a pyrimidine that replaces the thymine base.
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compared to c3 plants, c4 plants group of answer choices do not use rubisco for carbon fixation can continue to fix co2 even at lower co2 concentrations and higher oxygen concentrations make a four-carbon compound, oxaloacetate, which is then delivered to the citric acid cycle in mitochondria have higher rates of photorespiration
Compared to c3 plants, c4 plants can continue to fix [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] even at relatively low [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] concentrations and high oxygen concentrations.
C4 plants get their name from the first product of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] fixation, oxaloacetate, which is formed by the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by PEP carboxylase. The oxaloacetate is converted to other C4 acids (malate or aspartate) before being transported to the bundle sheath. Maize, sugarcane, pearl millet, sorghum, switchgrass, corn, and other C4 plants are examples.
C4 plants have the following characteristics: The distinction between light-dependent and light-independent processes. Carbon fixation (the process of using [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] to produce organic compounds) occurs in mesophyll cells. The Calvin cycle takes place in bundle sheath cells. The Hatch-Slack pathway is another name for the C4 pathway. It is one of three photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways discovered in plants.
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in the lab 10 experiment, what was the logic in choosing staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli as the test organisms?
The possible logic is that one is Gram-positive and one is Gram-negative.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most significant germs that harm humans. It is a Gram-positive bacteria. It is the main contributor to skin and soft tissue infections such as cellulitis, furuncles, and abscesses (boils). S. aureus can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections, even though most staph infections are not serious. The coliform bacterium Escherichia coli sometimes referred to as E. coli, belongs to the genus Escherichia and is typically found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded creatures. It is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacteria.
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Which group of plants are responsible for pollen production during the allergy season?
Answer:
There are trees, grasses and weeds
Explanation:
Which terms best describe the class of questions that insel and young were addressing when they studied the effect of antidiuretic hormone on monogamous voles by experimentally increasing the number of receptors in the brain?.
Proximate, mechanistic terms best describe the class of questions that Insel and young were addressing when they studied the effect of antidiuretic hormone.
The occurrence that is nearest to or directly accountable for the impact observed is known as the proximate cause. On the other hand, the "actual" cause of an event is sometimes seen as a more significant ultimate cause (also known as a distal cause).
The physiology of behavior is the mechanism. This was referred to as "causation" by Tinbergen. These are the mechanical explanations for the operation of particular physiological traits in animals and how those traits affect behavior. Identifying the hormones and neurotransmitters that affect behavior is one way to do this.
The study of ontogeny examines how behavior changes throughout an animal's lifetime. The word "innate" does not mean "taught," but rather "naturally occurring."
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Translation occurs
and transcription occurs
A. outside the cell; inside the cell
B. outside the nucleus; inside the nucleus
C. inside the cell; outside the cell
D. inside the nucleus; outside the nucleus
Answer:
B. outside the nucleus; inside the nucleus
Explanation:
First, let's understand what Translation and Transcription is.
*I can go more indepth if asked. *
Translation: - Converting the codons in the mRNA molecule into amino acids.
Transcription: - Converting DNA sequences or codons into RNA sequences or codons.
Now, since transcription takes the DNA and converts it into RNA.
Transcription would have to take place where DNA is.
DNA occurs in the nucleus because of DNA replication.
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Translation is when it takes the mRNA(messenger RNA) converted from the DNA into the cytoplasm for the ribosomes to read the genetic information.
Where is the ribosome?
Ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, outside of the nucleus.
Therefore, it is B.
Hope that helped :)
Answer:
B. outside the nucleus; inside the nucleus
Explanation:
at the replisome of prokaryotic replication a. two molecules of polymerase iii are dedicated to lagging strand synthesis while one is dedicated to leading strand synthesis b. none of these c. there are multiple copies of dna polymerase i d. there are only two dna polymerase iii molecules
For prokaryotes, bidirectional replication requires two replisomes for each dividing nucleoid (region containing genetic material but not a nucleus).
Explain about the bidirectional replication?Changes made to one copy of a table are duplicated to a second copy, and changes made to the second copy are repeated back to the first copy, in a process known as bidirectional replication.
DNA replication that is bidirectional occurs in organisms from all of the major kingdoms. DNA is replicated in two directions simultaneously during bidirectional replication, resulting in a leading strand (where replication happens more quickly) and a trailing strand (with slower replication).
The replicating process moves in two directions during bidirectional synthesis. Only one replication fork forms in unidirectional replication. Two replication forks form in bidirectional replication. Only one end of the replication eye moves or grows during unidirectional replication.
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What type of inheritance results when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between both homozygotes?.
The type of inheritance that results when the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the two homozygotes is called incomplete dominance.
What is incomplete dominance?
Incomplete dominance is an intermediate form of inheritance in which one allele for a particular trait is not fully expressed over its partner's allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the physical trait expressed is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles. Incomplete dominance occurs in the inheritance of polygenic traits such as eye color and skin color.
For example, incomplete dominance was seen in cross-pollination experiments between red and white snapdragon plants. In this monohybrid cross, the allele that produces red (R) is not fully expressed above the allele that produces white (r). The resulting offspring are all pink.
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Why is photosynthesis an important process to plants? What does this process do for all plants?
Photosynthesis is an important process for plants because it allows plants to convert sunlight into energy for them to use. Essentially, plants use photosynthesis to generate "food" for themselves.
In a body of water, a fish remains at a constant depth while motionless. In the same body of water, a person sinks while motionless. Why? more than one answer may be true.
A fish can float at a fixed depth because its body is denser than the water it is travelling through.
The body of a fish is crammed with organs, including a swim bladder that is gas-filled. The swim bladder of a fish aids in regulating its swimming depth and buoyancy. A person will sink if they stay in the water because their body weight is less dense than water. Since water makes up the majority of our bodies, we can float in it. However, when we stop moving, the water pushes against us, and we start to float.
A person has a higher density than a fish because the latter moves less water than the former due to its greater mass and volume. Additionally, a person weighs more than a fish.
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Can someone please check my work
Answer:
Your answers are correct.
Which statement below best summarizes how G Protein Coupled Receptors function?
Group of answer choices
a. Ligand binding to the associated G protein will initiate the conversion of energy from GTP to GDP, thus activating the GPCR leading to a cellular response
b. Ligand binding to GPCR will activate an associated enzyme allowing for amplification of the signal leading to a cellular response
c. Ligand binding to the intracellular side of the GPCR will activate the associated G protein causing GTP to be converted to GDP thus allowing for amplification of the signal and a cellular response
d. Ligand binding to the extracellular side of the GPCR will inactivate the associated G protein causing GDP to be converted to GTP thus allowing for amplification of the signal and a cellular response
The statement below which best summarizes how G Protein coupled receptors function is that Ligand binding to the intracellular side of the GPCR will activate the associated G protein causing GTP to be converted to GDP thus allowing for amplification of the signal and a cellular response and is denoted as option C.
What is Ligand?This is referred to as an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
G Protein coupled receptors function by the signal present on the outside of the cell leads to a change on the inside of the cell via the ligand binding in which the associated G protein is activated causing GTP to be converted to GDP.
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put the events of the cell cycle into chronological order. begin at the top with the events of the g1 phase.
1. chromosomes are replicated
2. Cell makes proteins for chromosome sorting and cell division
3. Cell grows and commits to divide
4. Cell completes mitosis and cytokinesis
Put the events of the cell cycle into chronological order. begin at the top with the events of the g1 phase. Cell makes proteins for chromosome sorting and cell division.
Chronological order is the order in which the activities befell, from first to final. this is the easiest pattern to put in writing and to comply with. example: It seemed like an everyday day whilst she got up that morning, however Lynda became about to embark at the worst. day of her life.
The equal is going for dates while you're putting things in chronological order – they may be organized from the latest and maximum recent one to the oldest one. think of it like taking place (or descending) a fixed of stairs - when you do so that you begin from a high vicinity and end up at a lower one.
With out a strong sense of chronology–of when activities occurred and in what temporal order–it's far impossible for college students to observe relationships amongst those occasions or to explain ancient causality. Chronology presents the intellectual scaffolding for organizing historic idea.
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Environmentalists are hoping to protect endangered organisms by calling for a reduction in the use of pesticides. With fewer pesticides in use, environmentalists argue that fewer endangered species would become extinct, and the loss of these organisms could be prevented. What impact would the loss of and endangered species have on the environment?.
Environmental Impacts
With a hierarchy of prey and predators that control population growth, ecosystems are carefully balanced. Species that become extinct are removed from the food chain. Animals that consumed the recently extinct species must discover alternative food sources or risk going hungry.
The populations of other plants or animals may suffer as a result. Additionally, if a predator goes extinct, the population of its prey may increase, tipping the balance of nearby ecosystems.
Effects on People
Humans and endangered creatures must coexist in the same ecosystem. That implies that human existence will change if a species' population is declining. For instance, when the American bison population started to decline, people who depended on its meat or fur for warmth or trade suffered and had to turn to alternative sources of nutrition and revenue.
Economic Repercussions
The endangered honey bee is an illustration of how the economy is dependent on specific species. Bee numbers have decreased significantly in recent years, by more than 60% in the United States since 1947.
Bees pollinate a wide variety of plant species, including those that make up a large portion of the average person's diet. The U.S. Department of Agriculture values bee pollination highly, valuing it at billions of dollars annually to the economy.
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Contrast the methods that parasitic, saprophytic and mutualistic fungi use to obtain food
Parasitic fungi obtain food by living on or inside other organisms, which they feed on and often harm.
What is nutrient?Nutrients are substances that are essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of living organisms.
Parasitic fungi feed on and often harm other organisms by living on or inside them. They have specialised structures that allow them to enter the host organism's tissues and absorb nutrients directly from them.
Saprophytic fungi feed by decomposing dead organic matter such as fallen leaves or dead animals. They produce enzymes that degrade organic matter into simpler compounds that they can absorb and use for energy.
Mutualistic fungi get their food from other organisms through mutually beneficial relationships.
Thus, parasitic fungi obtain their food by living on or inside other organisms, saprophytic fungi break down dead organic matter to obtain nutrients, and mutualistic fungi form mutually beneficial relationships with other organisms to obtain food.
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Where do the atp and nadph produced during the light-dependent reactions go when the process is complete?.
The ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions reach the stroma of the chloroplast for the light-independent reactions to be accomplished.
The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are the reactions that trap the sunlight energy and convert it into usable forms of energy i.e., ATP and NADPH. This is done by the excitation of electrons and passing it through a series of transporters.
Light-independent reactions are those that use the products of light-dependent reactions in order to synthesize food for the plant in the form of sugars like glucose or sucrose. The first process of light-independent reaction is Calvin cycle.
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A test cross was performed on a pea plant to determine its genotype. The offspring from the test cross were 50 percent green, round seeds and 50 percent green, wrinkled seeds, What is the genotype of the pea plant in question?
Answer: The pea plant is heterozygous.
Explanation:
Since a test cross is performed on a subject that's displaying a dominant trait, you must cross it with a subject that has two recessive alleles. If all of the offspring are the same, then the genotype of the parent is two dominant alleles, because when doing a test cross, you'd have one dominant and one recessive allele for each offspring.
When you have a parent that is heterozygous, their dominant allele will pair with each recessive allele of the homozygous recessive plant and then the recessive allele of the parent will pair with each recessive allele of the homozygous recessive plant, thus giving you a 50/50 or 1:1 ratio. So if the genotype was signified as G, the pea plant would have the genotype Gg.
the proteins that bind to the promoter region of a eukaryotic gene to facilitate binding of rna polymerase are called
Transcription factors are the proteins that bind to the promoter region of a eukaryotic gene to facilitate binding of RAN polymerase.
What are transcription factors?
In molecular biology, transcription factors are classified as the proteins which are responsible for the transcription of DNA into RNA.
These factors consists of a large number of protein molecules that begin and regulate the rate of gene transcription.
In general, transcription factors are mostly associated with the regulation of gene expression, and also responsible for controlling the extent and degree to which genes are expected to be expressed.
Simply put, these proteins combine with particular DNA sequences and control the process during which DNA are transcribed into mRNA.
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1. a (n)blank inhibitor has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate.target 1 of 6 2. a (n)blank inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.target 2 of 6 3. usually, a(n) blank inhibitor forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity.target 3 of 6 4. the competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the blank on the enzyme.target 4 of 6 5. when the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the blank is distorted.target 5 of 6 6. enzyme inhibitors disrupt normal interactions between an enzyme and its blank.target 6 of 6
1. Competitive inhibitor
2. Noncompetitive inhibitor
3. Irreversible inhibitor
4. Active site on the enzyme.
5. Bonded to the enzyme
6. Enzyme and its substrate.
What are inhibitors?A clotting factor concentrate-induced immune response known as an inhibitor renders conventional replacement therapy ineffective.
Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for an enzyme's active site on a physical and structural level; they can be defeated by the addition of more substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors prevent enzyme activity by attaching elsewhere and altering the enzyme's structure rather than vying for the active site. Irreversible inhibitors form covalent connections with the enzyme's active site to attach there directly, altering the enzyme's structure and rendering it irreversibly inactive. The majority of medicines are some sort of enzyme inhibitor.
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