Large marble chips (calcium carbonate) were reacted with 1M hydrochloric acid at 24 C. The volume of carbon dioxide evolved was measured at regular intervals.

a) Describe one other way of measuring the course of this reaction which does not involve measuring the volume of carbon dioxide given off.

b) Describe how the following would affect the speed of this reaction, ( In each case, assume that all other factors are kept the same.)

i. using 0.05 M hydrochloric acid

ii. using smaller marble chips

iii. carrying out the reaction at 22 C.

The transfer of charges that leads to the formation of the ionic bond in magnesium oxide is shown in the image attached.

The term ionic bond has to do with the bond that could be formed when two atoms come together usually a metal and a nonmetal. In this case, one atom would have to loose electrons and another atom would have to gain the electrons. The atom that looses the electrons is the metal while the atom that gains the electron is the non metal.

From my description, one can make bold to say that the ionic bond just leads to the formation of a compound that is largely an ion pair. The number of electrons that is lost or gained in the formation of the compound is largely in keeping with the formula unit of the compound.

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CIO- acts as the oxidizing agent from the given redox reaction

What is redox reaction?

What are oxidizing agent?

The oxidation state (number) of one of the element in oxidizing agent decreases.

The oxidation state of O atom = -2.

Oxidation state of Cl in ClO- :

x+(-2) = -1

x = +1

Oxidation state of Cl in Cl- = -1

Thus , the oxidation state of Cl decreases from +1 to -1 in the reaction.

So, the CIO- acts as the oxidizing agent.

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Note: The complete question is

You used NaOCl and Nal to generate I2 in situ. You probably noted this visually by observing the formation of a red-brown color as iodine was produced. The redox equation is:

2H+ (aq)+CIO- (aq)+2I− (aq)→Cl− (aq)+I2 (aq)+H2O(l)

What is acting as the oxidizing agent?

The empirical formula of the given substance is CH2O.

A molecular formula is the smallest integer ratio of the atoms of an element in a compound. Therefore, to find the empirical formula, first find the number of moles of each element and then find the molar ratio. Therefore, the mass of carbon is 2.64 g, the mass of hydrogen is 0.444 g, and the mass of oxygen is 3.52 g. So, with the help of this information and the product table in question, the molar mass of carbon is 12.1 g per molar mass of hydrogen is 1.8 g per molar mass of oxygen, i.e. 16 g per mole. Now, let's find the molar ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. As we know, the number of Mohrs is equal to the given mass divided by the molar mass. From this we can find the molar ratio of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is the molar ratio of carbon equal to the mass of carbon divided by the molar mass of carbon.

So solving gives 0.22, and similarly 0.44 for hydrogen. 0.22 for oxygen. Therefore, we can divide the above molar ratio by 0.22. Since this is the smallest number, it is the ratio of 0.22 divided by 0.22, the ratio of 0.44 divided by 0.22, and the ratio of 0.22 divided by 0.22. Therefore, this value equals 1. This value is equal to 1. That is, the molecular formula contains one carbon atom, two hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom.

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The volume of the concentration of Ce3+ is x = 0.010548 mL

What is Cerium?

Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58. Classified as a lanthanide, Cerium is a solid at room temperature.

The initial concentration of Ce4+ = 0.1758 mL

Volume  of the volumetric flask = 30 mL

After , dilution the Ce4+ = 500mL

0.1758 x 30 = x x 500

x = 0.1758 x 30 / 500

x = 0.010548 mL

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One cubic centimeter of 7.15 g/cm³ will contain 9.2 x 10²² Cr atoms.

The density of Cr is 7.15 g/cm³.

It means, one cm³ contains 7.15 grams of Cr.

We know moles are given by,

n = mass/molar mass

n = number of atom/Avogadro number

Molar mass of Cr is 51 g/mol.

So, the number of atoms per cubic centimeter can be found as,

7.15/51 = Number of atom/6.603 x 10²³

Number of atoms = 9.2 x 10²²

So, one cubic centimeter will contain 9.2 x 10²² atoms of Cr.

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The amount of heat to absorb is 6261 J

The heat capacity is the amount of heat expressed usually in Joules or calories needed to change the system by 1 degree Celsius

Here the calculation for heat is

Heat required to raise the temprature of ice form -20°C to 0°C

Then the formula for specific heat is used to calculate the amount of heat

Q = c×m×ΔT

Where Q = heat exchanged by a body

m = mass of the body

c = specific heat

ΔT = change in temprature

Then the given data is

m = 10g

Specific heat of the ice = 2.1

ΔT =  0°C - (-20°C) = 20°C

Then substituting the value

Q = 10g× 2.1× 20°C

Q = 420 J

Heat required to convert 0°C ice to 0°C water

The heat Q necessary to melt a substances depend on its mass m and this called latent heat of fusion of each substances

Q = m×ΔH fusion

Heat required to raise the temprature of water from 0°C to 60°C

m = 10g

Specific heat of water = 4.18

ΔT = 60°C -(- 0°C) = 60°C

Then substituting

Q = 10g×4.18×60°C

Q = 2508 J

Then Q total = 420J+3333J+2508J

Q total = 6261 J

The amount of heat to absorb is  6261 J

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The following are :

(a) compound

(b) compound

(c) mixture

(d) mixture

In first one is red atom is bonded with one white atom and all the given are the same so this is an compound. in the second one the one red atom bonded with two white atom and all are the same this means this is also compound. the third one is one is bonded with same atom but it also have another atom bonded with same atom so this is a mixture. this kis exact same case in the  fourth one there mixture.

Thus, The following are :

(a) compound

(b) compound

(c) mixture

(d) mixture

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The number of moles of atoms in each of the following is :

1) 0.5 mol

2) 2.9 mol

3) 1.49 mol

4) 1.9 mol

1) 3.01 × 10²³ atoms of zinc

3.01 × 10²³ atoms of zinc =  (3.01 × 10²³) / (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                          = 0.5 mol

2) 1.806 × 10²⁴ atoms of Ba

1.806 × 10²⁴ atoms of Ba = (1.806 × 10²⁴ ) / (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                         = 2.9 mol

3) 9.03 × 10²³ atoms of S

9.03 × 10²³ atoms of S =  9.03 × 10²³ /  (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                       = 1.49 mol

4) 1.204 × 10²⁴ atoms of Na

1.204 × 10²⁴ atoms of Na =  1.204 × 10²⁴ / (6.022  × 10²³) moles

                                          = 1.9 mol

Thus, The number of moles of atoms in each of the following is :

1) 0.5 mol

2) 2.9 mol

3) 1.49 mol

4) 1.9 mol

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Answer: The Answer is Steel

Explanation:

When comparing HClO and HBrO, HClO is a stronger acid than HBrO because it has more electronegative atoms.

When comparing H₂SO₄ and H₂SO₃, H₂SO₄ is a stronger acid because it has more oxygen atoms. As we know that the higher number of oxygen atoms in oxyacids increases the acidic strength of the acid.

When comparing HClO₂ and HClO, HClO₂ is a stronger acid because it has more oxygen atoms. As we know that the higher number of oxygen atoms in oxyacids, Increases the acidic strength of the acid.

When comparing HCLO and HBrO, HClO is a stronger acid because it has more electronegative atoms. As we know that the electronegativity of chlorine is higher than that of bromine.

When comparing CCl₃COOH and CH₃COOH, CCl₃COOH is a stronger acid because it has more electronegative atoms. As we know that the electronegativity of chlorine is higher than that of oxygen.

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The transition n 2=∞ to n 1=2 emits radiation of the lowest wavelength. This transition corresponds to the maximum energy of emitted radiation.

What is emitted radiation?

When the excited electron transitions back to a lower electron orbital, emission takes place. The radiation that is emitted is known as luminescence. At energies equal to or lower than the energy corresponding to the absorbed radiation, luminescence can be seen. Following initial absorption, one of two pathways can lead to emission.

It is equal to the ionization energy and corresponds to the energy required when an electron is completely removed from the ground state of the hydrogen atom.

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Learn Lewis dot structure and lone pair.

What is lewis structure?

The valence shell electrons of a molecule are depicted in a highly condensed manner in a Lewis structure. It serves as a visual representation of the electron arrangements around specific atoms in molecules. Electrons are represented as "dots" or "lines" when two atoms are bonded together.

What is lone pair?

Valence electron pairs known as lone pairs are those that are exclusive to one atom. They are not involved in the synthesis of covalent bonds. An example is the two lone pairs on the oxygen atom in the water molecule. Another illustration is the lone pair on the nitrogen atom of the ammonia molecule.

Four of the seven valence electrons in bromine are occupied if there are two lone pairs. Thus, three chlorine atoms can form covalent connections with the remaining three.

Therefore, three chlorine atoms can form covalent connections with the remaining three.

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Answer:

9 for the first one

19 for the second

20 for the third

13 for the fourth

9 for the fifth

Glycerol (molar mass= 92.09g/mol) has an enthalpy of combustion of -1654 kJ/mol. The mass of glycerol is needed  is

Q water = mc ΔT

             = 500 × 4.184 × ( 100 - 20)

             = 167.36 kJ

Q glycerol = 167360 J = n ΔH

167360 = n × ( 1654)

n = 0.101 mol

mass = moles × molar mass

        = 0.101 × 92.09

        = 9.3 g

Thus, Glycerol (molar mass= 92.09g/mol) has an enthalpy of combustion of -1654 kJ/mol.  mass of glycerol is needed to raise the temp of 500 g water from 20 °C to 100 °C is 9.3 g.

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Final pressure in the flasks containing N2 and Co after the stopcock is opened is 1.57 atm

mole in flask A

Volume (V) = 4L

Pressure (P) = 2atm

Temperature (T) = STP = 273K

Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol

Number of mole (n) =?

n = PV/RT

n = (2 × 4) / (0.0821 × 273)

n = 0.357 mole

mole in flask B

Volume (V) = 10L

Pressure (P) = 1.4atm

Temperature (T) = STP = 273K

Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol

Number of mole (n) =?

n = PV/RT

n = (1.4 × 10) / (0.0821 × 273)

n = 0.625 mole

determining the final pressure

Total volume (V) = 4 + 10 = 14 L

Total mole (n) = 0.357 + 0.625 = 0.982

Temperature (T) = STP = 273 K

Gas constant (R) = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol

Pressure (P) =?

P = nRT/V

P = (0.982 × 0.0821 x 273) / 14

P = 1.57 atm

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Evidence did you see that indicated the liquid from copper II sulfate pentahydrate was water is color change to adding water to anhydrous copper II sulfate

Copper II sulphate also known as copper sulphate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuSO₄ and when liquid from copper II sulfate pentahydrate was water then the color change from pale blue to white and change back to blue when water is added and the color change on adding water to anhydrous copper II sulphate has been used as test for the presence of water in a liquid

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The concentration of the gas in the solution will double.

What is Henry's law?
Henry's law, a gas law, states that, when the temperature is held constant, the volume of fuel that is dissolved inside a liquid seems to be directly proportional to the fraction of the that gas above the liquid. Henry's law constant (often abbreviated as "kH") is the proportionality constant for this relationship.

According to Henry's law, the solubility of any gas is directly related to its partial pressure, so if we change the partial pressure, the concentration will change as well.

Given that the partial pressure is doubled in this case, the concentration will also double.

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The gas having higher pressure at room temperature, is P = 6.11 atm.

What is the ideal gas law?

The general gas equation, often known as the ideal gas law, is the equation of state for a hypothetical ideal gas. It has a number of limitations, but it provides a decent approximation of the behavior of numerous gases under various circumstances.

According to the ideal gas equation,

PV =nRT

For O₂,

Number of moles of oxygen gas = 5.00 g /32 g/mol = 0.156 moles

P =?

V = 5 L

n =  0.156 moles

T = 25 + 273 = 298 K

R = 0.082 atmLK-1mol-1

P = nRT/V

P =  0.156 moles × 0.082 atmLK-1mol-1 × 298 K/5 L

P = 0.76 atm

For He,

Number of moles of He = 5/4 g/mol = 1.25 moles

P =?

V = 5 L

n = 1.25 moles

T = 25 + 273 = 298 K

R = 0.082 atmLK-1mol-1

P = nRT/V

P =1.25 moles × 0.082 atmLK-1mol-1 × 298 K/5 L

P = 6.11 atm

Hence the gas having higher pressure at room temperature is He.
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11111111111111111111111111

We can conclude that each carbon atom in acetylene shares one pair of electrons with the hydrogen atom and three pairs with the other carbon atom.

A chemical bond is a long-lasting attraction between atoms or ions that allows molecules and crystals to form. Ionic bonds are formed by the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions, whereas covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons.

Each carbon atom in acetylene shares one pair of electrons with the hydrogen atom and three pairs with the other carbon atom.

The carbon atom contains four electrons. It requires four electrons to become stable in its outermost shell. Two carbon atoms covalently bond three pairs of electrons with each other in acetylene, and the remaining pair covalently bonds with two hydrogen atoms.

As a result of the carbon and hydrogen atoms becoming more stable, we can conclude that in acetylene, each carbon atom shares one pair of electrons with the hydrogen atom and three pairs with the other carbon atom.

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The pertinent hydrolysis reactions of the ions in the salt solutions are as follows:

- For the Na+ ion, the hydrolysis reaction is:

- For the Cl- ion, the hydrolysis reaction is:

- For the SO42- ion, the hydrolysis reaction is:

The measured pH values for the individual salt solutions are as follows:

The pH values measured for the individual salt solutions are reasonable. The measured pH values agree with the prediction.

The measured pH values agree with the predictions because the measured pH values are within the range of the expected pH values for each salt.

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In lab we applied the conservation of energy to a system to allow us to equate the initial energy to the final energy. Here the initial energy become stored in the system. It is due the reason that:

The force of gravity does work on the mass when it is displaced some height when the pendulum is displaced by some angle theta.

Work done by the gravitational force is W = mgh , it is known as potential energy of the body.

When, body displaced some height then work done by the gravitational force store as energy in the system.

So, the force of gravity does work on the mass, when it is displaced some height .

What do you mean by force of gravity ?

“Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”

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The thermal conductivity of a substance affects its ability to heat or be heated by its surroundings because the higher the thermal conductivity of a substance, the more easily it can be heated or heat others.

Thermal conductivity of a substance refers to the ability of a substance to allow heat energy to easily flow through it.

The higher the thermal conductivity of a substance, the more easily it can be heated or heat its surroundings.

The thermal conductivity of a substance varies according to the nature of the substance. Metals generally have high thermal conductivities whereas non-metals usually have low thermal conductivity.

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Magnesium hydroxide lessens the amount of acid in the stomach and increases the amount of water in the intestines, which may cause bowel movements.

Children and adults who experience periodic constipation can be treated temporarily with magnesium hydroxide. Saline laxatives, which include magnesium hydroxide, are a group of medicines. It works by inducing the retain water. Constipation may persist if this medicine is used excessively or for an extended period of time, leading to dependence on laxatives. Dehydration, persistent diarrhea, and mineral imbalances may also be brought on by excessive use. Tell your doctor if your symptoms continue or get worse. An over-the-counter medication called "Milk of Magnesia," or magnesium hydroxide, is used to treat upset stomach, occasional constipation, and heartburn. It is not meant for ongoing use. For this medicine , there are liquid and chewable forms of the medication. regulating mood and reducing stress.

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CH2 is  the empirical formula.

The simplest whole number ratio of each kind of atom in the compound serves as its empirical formula. It may be calculated using information on the mass of each component in a compound or the composition's percentage.

The number of atoms that make up a single molecule of a substance is specified by both the empirical formula and the molecular formula. Even if it doesn't usually happen, the empirical formula and molecular formula of a molecule may one day match. You must first ascertain the relative masses of the individual components in order to construct the empirical formula. Either mass data given in grams or composition% can be used.

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Elasticity  is the property of a material to not change shape when squeezed.

Elasticity of the material is the property of a material that regain its shape after the material is stretched or compressed. This is an elastic force. whenever the material is compressed or we stretched it then the force called elastic force act on it. when the material is more stretched or more compressed than the more elastic force act on it. when we stretched the material its shape changes and when we leave it it will regain its shape.

Thus, Elasticity  is the property of a material to not change shape when squeezed.

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The heat capacity of the sample should be is 62.358J/K.

Calculation:-

Heat Capacity of 5 mole

5 x ( [tex]\frac{3}{2}[/tex] Kв x NA )

= 5 x ( [tex]\frac{3}{2}[/tex] R)

[tex]\frac{15}{2} R[/tex]

= [tex]\frac{15}{2}[/tex] x 8.3144

= 62.358J/K

Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a given amount of matter by 1 degree Celsius. The heat capacity of a particular substance is a broad property as it depends on its size or quantity. The unit of heat capacity is Joule/Kelvin or Joule/Celsius.

Heat capacity or specific heat is the amount of heat required per unit mass to raise the temperature by 1°C. Specific heat capacity helps determine the processing temperature and amount of heat required for processing and helps distinguish between two polymer composites. The heat capacity of a substance is defined as the amount of thermal energy produced or released when the temperature of a unit mass of the substance changes by 1 °C.

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Mole fraction of nh3 in the solution is 11.33%.

What is mole?
The International System of Units uses the mole (symbol: mol) as the unit of substance amount (SI). How so many elementary entities of a particular substance are present in an object or sample is determined by the quantity of that substance. There are precisely 6.02214076×10^23 elementary entities in a mole.

NH3(g) + H2O(l) = NH4OH (aq)

The molar mass of NH3 is 17.031 g/mol.

The NH3:NH4OH mole ratio is 1: 1.

Mol of NH3 = 15 g/(17.031 g/mol) = 0.88 mol, which produces (1/1) x 0.88 mol of NH4OH = 0.88 mol of NH4OH/250 g of water.

The mass of the solution is calculated as 15g + 250 g = 265 g.

Given that the density of NH4OH is 0.974 g/mL, the resulting solution contains 0.88 mol of NH4OH/265 g: 0.974 g/mL or 0.88 mol/272.0739mL.

Then, mol of NH4OH in 100mL solution = (100mL/272.0739mL) x 0.88 mol = 0.3234 mol of NH4OH/100mL solution...

……. [A]

The molar mass of NH4OH is 35.04 g/mol.

As a result, the mass of NH4OH = 0.3234 mol x 35.04 g/mol = 11.33 g of NH4OH/100mL or 11.33% (m/v).

As stated in [A], one mol of NH4OH equals 0.3234mol/100mL solution or (1000mL/100mL) x 0.3234 mol equals 3.234 mol NH4OH/L or 3.234 M.

Because NH4OH is a monoprotic base, molarity equals normality, so the resulting solution's normality = 3.234 N rounded up to 3.23 N.

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Answer:

p-e-n

1- Na=11-11-12

2-Cl=17-17-29

3-Mg=12-12-12

4-O=8-8-8

Explanation:

chlorine is Cl

The PEN value for sodium, chlorine, magnesium, and oxygen is (11,11,12),(17,17,18),(12,12,12), (8,8,8) respectively

The atomic number(Z) is equal to the number of protons to equal to number of electrons.

The number of neutrons is equal to atomic mass minus the atomic number

n=A-Z

For Na, Z=11, p=e=11

The number of neutrons is 23-11=12

For Cl, Z=17, e=17

The number of neutrons is A-Z=35-17=18

For magnesium, Z=12, A=24

The number of neutrons is 24-12=12

For O, Z=8, p=e=8

The number of neutrons is 16-8=8

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The water reacts with the Grignard reagent and destroys it. So it is necessary to exclude water in each stage of the production of a product with the Grignard reaction.

Consequently, water ought to be excluded from the reaction as plenty as possible i.e. by means of the usage of anhydrous solvents, etc. c. The addition of hydrochloric acid is essential to quench the leftover Grignard reagent and to transform the magnesium alcoholate into the alcohol.

Water or alcohols could protonate and for that reason destroy the Grignard reagent, due to the fact the Grignard carbon is tremendously nucleophilic. this would form a hydrocarbon.

Grignard reagents react swiftly with acidic hydrogen atoms in molecules consisting of alcohol and water. whilst a Grignard reagent reacts with water, a proton replaces the halogen, and the product is an alkane. The Grignard reagent, therefore, affords a pathway for converting a haloalkane to an alkane in steps.

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