In Pavlov's experiments, the neutral stimulus was the bell, the unconditioned stimulus was the food, and the conditioned stimulus was the salivation that occurred due to the bell.
Define Pavlov's experiments.By accident, classical conditioning was discovered. When Pavlov studied the digestion of dogs, he found that the canines' physical reactions to food evolved over time. At first, the dogs would only slobber when their food was offered to them. But later, before they got their food, they made a little salivation. They were drooling when they heard sounds that were always present before the food arrived, such the sound of an approaching food cart, according to Pavlov.
In order to prove his theory, Pavlov set up an experiment where he rang a bell right before feeding the dogs. At first, the bells had little effect on the dogs.
To know more about Pavlov's experiments, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/4486274
#SPJ4
With the modern understanding of chromosomes, alleles, and the process of gamete formation, what is the physical basis for the law of independent assortment?.
The basis of the law of Independent Assortment developed by Mendel is that alleles on non-homologous chromosomes separate randomly into gametes during meiosis.
Mendel's 2nd law is known as the law of independent assortment. Mendel's 2nd law states that "if individuals differ from one another in two or more pairs of traits, a pair of traits will be inherited independently of another pair of traits."
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses or crosses with two different traits to prove this law.
Example:
Crossing a pea plant with round yellow seeds with a pea plant with wrinkled green seeds will produce 100% F1 offspring with round yellow seeds. From this experience, it was concluded that yellow is dominant over wrinkles and green.F1 crossed with each other to produce plants with round yellow seeds, round green, wrinkled yellow, and wrinkled green with a ratio of 9:3:3:1.The same experiment with other different properties and F2 still shows a ratio of 9:3:3:1.Learn more about Mendel's 2nd law here https://brainly.com/question/25710344
#SPJ4
If the earth was once cold and then warmed again, what caused the warming?
Compared to what you know about the methods of disciplines such as mathematics, the natural sciences (e. G. , biology, chemistry), or the social sciences (e. G. , psychology, sociology), what do you think is unique about the methods used to investigate the humanities? if you have any questions for your peers, feel free to include them as part of your response.
We have elaborated on the methods used to investigate the humanities
Subjects like math, natural sciences, and social sciences all are interrelated and coordinate with each other. As these are intensely evaluated, disciples. The uniqueness of these subjects is their strategies of investigation as a science deals with both qualitative and quantitative phenomena and humanities deals with viewpoints of society and culture. Similarly, the viewpoints of natural science are related to the thinking about the human and population-related wonder that is associated with natural settings. All have their ways of centering on the cause and impact relation. Hence they draw and determine the frame of society, economy, and interaction of ecosystems.
To know more about humanities refer to the link https://brainly.com/question/11655619?referrer=searchResults.
#SPJ4
The methods of investigation for the Humanities are very different from those of other sciences.
In the case of natural sciences, scholars have to study inanimate objects more. Their studies are focused on the why and how of the world around us. They research life processes, and mechanisms of certain objects and why these are the way they are.
Social Sciences/the Humanities are very different in these regards. These focus on the human mind and emotions. While natural sciences talks to us about how bridges are made, social sciences tell us why these are important for us humans and how they help us. It is what is unique in their methods. They observe human behavior and then decide what is to be done.
Learn to know more about Social Sciences on
https://brainly.com/question/28498953?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
Quick help:
A cell enters anaphase before all of its chromosomes have attached to the spindle. This may indicate that the cell is not responding to
(1) internal regulators
(2) mitosis
(3) growth factors
(4) apoptosis
Answer:
(1) internal regularors
A lemur species called aye-ayes have very long, thin middle fingers that allow them to reach into holes in trees and dig out bugs to eat.
scenario with a natural selection element Sea turtle situation
What does "scenario" mean?A description of potential outcomes, or the plot of a play, movie, or other performance. The very worst scenario is worst possible circumstance: In the worst event, the entire shoreline would be submerged.
Describe scenario using an example.We might relocate to the city, for instance. It is most likely that he returns to school this fall. The ideal situation would be if we could complete the task by tomorrow. The worst-case scenario would require us to restart the project from scratch.
To know more about Scenario visit:
https://brainly.com/question/11048346
#SPJ4
g which one of the following bacteria does not belong with the others? a) bordetella b) burkholderia c) neisseria d) acidithiobacillus e) salmonella
Salmonella is the most different out of the bacteria listed. So, option E is the correct answer.
All listed options are gram-negative bacteria. All are known causes of deadly diseases. Bordetella is part of the family of small coccobacilli of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Burkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota which attacks humans. Neisseria is a large genus of bacteria that colonize the mucosal surfaces of many animals. This bacteria is known to spread gonorrhea. Acidithiobacillus is of the Acidithiobacillia in the "Pseudomonadota".
Salmonellosis is found in the intestinal tracts of animals, including birds. Salmonella is usually spread from person to person through shared food, and water. It also spreads through feces.
Learn to know more about Salmonella on
https://brainly.com/question/12926897?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
What happens if a muscle cell has LOTS of myofibrils?
Answer: With a decrease in ATP levels, actin and myosin enter into a fixed and rigid state of adhesion until, under the influence of autolysis and putrefaction, protein ...
Explanation:
Increased numbers of contractile myofibrils are one of the side effects of hypertrophy, which has the overall effect of making the muscle stronger.
What are myofibrils?A myofibril, also called a muscle fibril or sarcostyle, is a fundamental organelle that looks like a rod and is found inside of a muscle cell. Muscle fibres are long, tubular cells that make up skeletal muscles; inside these cells are multiple chains of myofibrils. Muscle fibres are what make up skeletal muscles. The diameter of a single myofibril ranges between one and two micrometres.
Increased numbers of contractile myofibrils are one of the side effects of hypertrophy, which has the overall effect of making the muscle stronger.
Learn more about myofibrils, here:
https://brainly.com/question/5811746
#SPJ2
During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ___________, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from _____________.
Answer:
La matriz
membrana mitocondrial
Explanation:
jane's mother had familial adenomatosis polyposis (fap), a colon cancer syndrome caused by mutations in the apc gene. jane has been diagnosed with colon cancer and analysis of the cancer cells indicates that they have the mutated apc gene. jane's colon cancer is most likely:
A deficiency in the adenomas polyposis coli (APC) gene results in the rare, inherited disorder known as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
What causes cancer to develop in the body?Bacteria that divide uncontrollably & invade adjacent tissues are also what cause cancer. DNA changes are the underlying cause of lung cancer. Most DNA mutations that cause disease actually occur in sections of DNA called genes. Genetic alterations are another name for these modifications.
Which tumors are the deadliest?The most common cause of death is lung and bronchus cancer, which is predicted to claim 130,180 lives this year. When compared to colon cancer, which is the second most common type of cancer death, that is almost three times as many deaths. With 49,830 fatalities, pancreatic cancer is indeed the third deadly malignancy.
To know more about Cancer visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14945792
#SPJ4
what is the importance of the four u nucleotides in the mrna transcript during the process of termination of transcription?
When U binds extremely weakly with A, the four u nucleotide in the mrna transcript play a crucial role in the termination of transcription because this causes the stopped RNA polymerase to separate from the DNA.
What do you mean when you say "nucleotides"?A phosphate as well as a nucleoside make up the chemical molecules known as nucleotides. They function are monomeric units of a deoxyribonucleic acid & ribonucleic acid polymers, which are both crucial macromolecules for all kinds of life on Earth. Nucleotides can be consumed in addition to being synthesized by liver from common nutrients. The nucleobase, a five-carbon sugars (ribose or deoxyribose), or a phosphate group made up of one to three phosphates are the three component molecules that make up a nucleotide. Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine are the four nucleobases found in DNA; uracil is often used in place of thymine in RNA.
What are the 5 major nucleotides and why nucleotides are so important ?The initial letter of each of the five bases found in nucleotides—adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil—is frequently used to denote that base in a nucleotide. RNA contains the letters А, G, C, & T while DNA has the letters A, G, C, & U. Because nucleotides seem to be the basic building block of nucleic acids, which are the molecules that regulate all genetic features, they are crucial to living organisms.
To know more about Nucleotides visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28178584
#SPJ4
Which of the following examples includes only chemical changes that occur in the digestive process?
Question 11 options:
Absorption of nutrients by villi in the small intestines
Recycling of water from dissolved food back into the body
Reaction of saliva, stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic juices with food
Chewing and swallowing food
Answer:
Absorption of nutrients by villi in the small intestines
Reaction of saliva, stomach acid,bile and pancreatic juices with food
Do some research on Thomas Edison Automatic Telegraph.
Thomas Edison's Automatic Telegraph has indents that record message which could be transmitted without needing an operator to several stations.
Did Thomas Edison invent the automatic telegraph?Thomas Edison takes operating a telegraph machine. While Samuel Morse's invention of the telegraph in the 1830s and 1840s make it possible for the first time to interface over long distances, the device had its drawbacks. Edison worked on automatic telegraphs linking 1870 and 1874. He first developed an upgrade perforator with a keyboard similar to that of a typewriter that operated at about 35 words per minute. Edison's inquiry into the telephone and the telegraph led to his invention of the phonograph in 1877.
So we can conclude that The automatic telegraph, which recorded messages by means of a reaction caused by electrical transmissions.
Learn more about Edison here: https://brainly.com/question/26568016
#SPJ1
In the reactions of photosynthesis, simple sugar molecules are manufactured in the.
Manufacture of simple sugar molecules in the reactions of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food performed in the plants, some bacteria and fungi. For this the plants capture the inorganic raw material like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide and convert into sugars like glucose and sucrose, releasing oxygen as the by-product.
Chloroplasts are the green pigment containing cell organelles not present in animals. The chloroplast contains the pigment called chlorophyll that enables the capture of sunlight. It is a double membranous cell organelle containing stacks of thylakoids called grana. Chloroplast also contains is own DNA.
To know more about chloroplast, here
brainly.com/question/11136550
#SPJ4
4. how are receptors and transport proteins similar 5. when a person becomes dehydrated due to loss of fluids and solutes saline solution is infused into the bloodstream by medical personnel why is the saline solution used instead of pure water
Answer: 4. They are similar by their function, receptors act as the receiver and both the sender of information.
Protein channels are needed to transport substances because it accelerates the transport process. Very few substances enter or leave cells without being attached to a transport protein. Different types of substances require different types of proteins to transport them. Protein channels transport water or ions downwards and ATP-powered pumps transport molecules or ions upwards. ATP generates energy to transport the molecules upwards. 5. Pure water would be hypotonic relative to the contents of blood cells and could cause the cells to burst.
Explanation:
______ dna is dna that has been cut and spliced together from multiple organisms.
Recombinant DNA is dna that has been cut and spliced together from multiple organisms.
DNA fragments are broken and recombined during the recombination process to create novel allele combinations. The genetic diversity that results from this recombination process at the gene level reflects variations in the DNA sequences of various organisms.
Recombination happens when two DNA molecules trade genetic material with one another. When homologous chromosomes align in pairs and exchange DNA segments during prophase I of meiosis, one of the most notable instances of recombination occurs.
In living things, at least four varieties of spontaneously occurring recombination have been identified: Site-specific recombination, general or homologous recombination, illicit or nonhomologous recombination, and replicative recombination are the four types of recombination.
Learn more about organisms to visit this link
https://brainly.com/question/12825206
#SPJ4
there is an immediate energetic advantage to muscle in using its own glycogen stores in glycolysis rather than glucose from the bloodstream. why?
Glycogen is broken down by phosphorolysis and this reduces the number of ATP molecules that must be invested in the hexoses stage of glycolysis.
What is Glycogen ?Glycogen is a stored form of glucose composed of many linked glucose molecules. Glucose is the primary source of energy in your body. It is derived from carbohydrates found in certain foods and fluids.Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that acts as an energy storage system in animals, fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure is the primary form of glucose storage in the body.Glycogen is one of two types of energy reserves, the other being triglyceride stores in adipose tissue, which are used for long-term storage. In humans, glycogen is primarily produced and stored in liver and skeletal muscle cells. Glycogen can account for 5-6% of the fresh weight of the liver, and an adult liver weighing 1.5 kg can store approximately 100-120 grammes of glycogen. Glycogen is found in low concentrations in skeletal muscle, and an adult weighing 70 kg stores approximately 400 grammes of glycogen.To learn more about Glycogen refer :
https://brainly.com/question/4303062
#SPJ4
If a is dominant to a and b is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross aabb × aabb?.
A dihybrid heterozygous cross will always have a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for autosomal characteristics. Nine offspring will exhibit both dominating characteristics.
What does phenotypic mean?
An observable characteristic is simply referred to as a "phenotype." Pheno, which has the same root as the term "phenomenon," simply means "observe." It can therefore refer to anything ranging from a common attribute, like size or hair color, to the absence or presence of a disease. It is also a detectable type of an organism.
How is phenotypic determination made?In order to calculate a phenotypic ratio, we look at alleles that are similar to the chosen parents and anticipate how often the offspring would manifest those genes. Most of the time, you are aware of how the alleles express themselves and look.
To know more about phenotype visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28474179
#SPJ4
write any two different between fission and budding
Two differences between fission and budding include:
The method they are done The definition of both types of asexual reproductionWhat is fission and budding ?Fission involves the division of an entire organism into two or more new individuals, while budding involves the growth of a new individual from the parent organism.
Fission occurs through the division of the entire organism into two or more parts, which then grow into new individuals, while budding occurs through the outgrowth of a small portion of the parent organism.
Find out more on fission and budding at https://brainly.com/question/28927477
#SPJ1
among the biological influences on learning, drift is the tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors that interfere with learning.
A. true
B. false
True. the biological influences on learning, drift is the tendency of animals to revert to natural behaviors that interfere with learning.
Instinctual drift is the tendency of some trained animals to revert again to instinctual behaviors. In other phrases, they will behave according to evolutionary contingencies, as opposed to the operant contingencies in their training. these behaviors are frequently needless, and rarely useful.
Instinctual drift, alternately called instinctual float, is the tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automated behavior that interferes with learned behavior from operant conditioning.
Operant conditioning, additionally called instrumental conditioning, is a form of associative getting to know in which the effects of behavior change the possibility of the conduct's incidence. fine reinforcement is reinforcing a stimulus following a behavior so that the conduct is much more likely to arise again.
Learn more about Instinctual drift here:-https://brainly.com/question/14719562
#SPJ1
according to piaget, when children understand that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape they enter____stage.
In the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget, children learn that despite changes in a substance's shape, its volume remains constant.
What takes place in Piaget's preoperational stage?the stage before operations (2–7 years) Children continue to develop abstract thought processes and build on object permanence during this stage. They are thus capable of thinking about things that are not physically present, such as past events.
What would be an illustration of the formal operational stage?A child who needs to draw something or use objects is still in the concrete operational stage, as opposed to a child who can reason out the solution in their head.
To know more about concrete operational stage visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/27395429
#SPJ4
7. Which one of the following would be considered a vestigial structure?
(a) remnants of the tailbone in humans (b) a bird beak that is specialized to extract nectar
from flowers (c) the similarity in structure of bones in two different organisms
(d) the similarity in function between a bird wing and a butterfly wing.
Answer:
The answer would be (a) Remnants of the tailbone in humans.
Explanation:
Vestigial structures are cells, tissues, and/or organs that have no apparent function.
edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because multiple choice the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine. blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces. the blood vessels become more permeable to ions. sodium is retained in the body. prevquestion 16 of 25 total
When there is a significant protein deficiency in the diet, blood protein levels drop, and fluid moves to the tissues, resulting in edema.
What is Edema?Edema is swelling brought on by extra fluid that gets caught in your body's tissues. Although edema can occur anywhere in the body, it is frequently brought on by congestive heart failure or a vein blockage in the leg.
Edema can be brought on by pregnancy, infections, adverse drug reactions, and a variety of other medical disorders. Your body's small blood vessels may leak fluid into nearby tissues, leading to edema. The accumulating extra fluid causes the tissue to expand. Anywhere in the body might be a possible place.
Edema comes in different forms. Peripheral edema affects the hands, arms, legs, feet, and ankles. Pulmonary edema is the result of an accumulation of extra fluid in the lungs, which makes breathing challenging. Cerebral edema, this affects the brain. A major side effect of diabetic retinopathy is macular edema.
Edema treatment consists of the following elements:
Treatment of the underlying condition (if feasible), a diet low in salt and sodium, and usually the use of a medication known as a diuretic to eliminate surplus fluid are all advised. Wearing compression stockings and elevating the legs are other recommendations. Dropping blood protein levels cause a shift of fluid to the tissues.
To know more about Edema, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/28538048
#SPJ4
What best describes this mutation and its effect on the protein that the gene produces?
A. It is a missense mutation that changes exactly one amino acid.
OB. It is a nonsense mutation that has no effect on the protein.
OC. It is a frameshift mutation that changes many amino acids.
OD. It is a frameshift mutation that changes exactly one amino acid.
It is a missense mutation that changes exactly one amino acid. best describes this mutation and its effect on the protein that the gene produces.
A missense mutation is a DNA alteration that causes the protein produced to encode a different amino acid at a specific location. Some missense mutations change how the resulting protein functions.
A missense mutation is a change in the DNA that causes a different amino acid to be included in the protein's structure. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the four nucleotides that make up DNA's two strands on a molecular level (i.e., A, C, G, and T, respectively).
RNA polymerase, an enzyme, converts DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) before it can be translated into a protein.
To learn more about Missense mutation visit: https://brainly.com/question/12198517
#SPJ1
The site within a chromosome where dna replication begins is known as the of replication.
At specific sites, referred to as origins, wherever DNA replication starts, the double helix of DNA unwinds.
What transpires when DNA replication occurs?Through process of DNA replication, the double DNA molecule is reproduced to produce two identical genetic molecules. Replication is a vital process because every when a cell divides, the two additional clones must share the very same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell.
What part of the cell does DNA replication occur in?DNA replication occurs in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and the nucleoid sections of prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, which have a nucleus and organelles that are bound to membranes, include animal and plant cells. Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in their nuclei.
To know more about DNA replication visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16464230
#SPJ4
Breaking the side bonds of the _____ makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.
Breaking the side bonds of the cotex makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.
Immediately below the cuticle layer, in the middle layer of such hair. Human hair has extraordinary strength as well as elasticity thanks to the cortex. The natural wave pattern of such hair can be altered by severing the side connections of the cortex.
These polypeptide chains are joined together by side bonds including disulfide, hydrogen, as well as salt bonds. The side connections that hold the hair strands in place give hair its elasticity and strength. A hydrogen bond seems to be a type of physical side connection that is easily destroyed by water or heat.
To know more about cortex.
https://brainly.com/question/12993641
#SPJ4
1. how does being a generalist help a species become established in a new habitat as an invasive species?
A generalist specie is more likely to continue to exist in a changing environment, because they may be capable of live in lots of exclusive locations, however additionally they tend to be greater adaptable to disturbances, that means that they are able to without problems adapt to any change of their environment.
A key characteristic of generalist species is that they have got a higher benefit of surviving in habitat this is changing.. they're capable of continue to exist due to the fact they have a massive variety of sources which permits them to conform to a extensive variety of environmental situations and weight-reduction plan as well.
Finally, a generalist education and revel in might also require less time than specialists. that is as it focuses greater on a top level view of different regions and less on in-depth analyses. then again, specialists tend first of all better salaries and are generally enormously sought out inside their domain.
Learn more about generalist specie here:
https://brainly.com/question/19486783
#SPJ4
what are the two principal factors that lead to microevolution?
The two principal factors that lead to microevolution are migration and natural selection.
What is microevolution?
Microevolution is the gradual shift in allele frequencies within a population. Four separate processes—mutation, natural and artificial selection, gene flow, and genetic drift—are responsible for this shift.
As the primary mechanism for microevolution, you can turn to Charles Darwin's foundational theory of natural selection. Alleles that result in advantageous adaptations are handed on to subsequent generations because the likelihood that individuals with those features will live long enough to reproduce is increased. As a result, undesirable adaptations gradually disappear from the gene pool and are bred out of the population. When compared to earlier generations, variations in allele frequency become more obvious over time.
The genetic features that are present in a population can change at any time due to migration, or the movement of people into or out of that group. Other organisms relocate seasonally or in reaction to unanticipated environmental pressures, similar to how northern birds migrate south during the winter. Different alleles are introduced into the new host group through immigration, or the movement of an individual into a population.
To know more about microevolution, click on the following link
https://brainly.com/question/1386312
#SPJ4
6. As long as these pores are open, there will be an opportunity for a free exchange of gases between the
external atmosphere and the internal atmosphere of the leaf. Which gases will pass through the
stomata? In which direction will they be moving?
The guard cells get sluggish (swollen with water). The stomata are opened, allowing water loss (and gas exchange).
What is the role of stomata exchange of gases?The plant's potassium pumps stop working in the dark, and potassium ions diffuse back out of the guard cells, causing the plant to become less turgid and the stomata to close.
The majority of the gases that plants require come from their leaves. In plants, stomata serve as the primary sites for gas exchange.
Therefore, These pores, which are often on the underside of the leaf, allow the gases to pass into the intercellular spaces of the leaf.
Learn more about stomata here:
https://brainly.com/question/27780594
#SPJ1
which technology has been commonly utilized by scientists to manipulate heritable information by producing large amounts of identical recombinant dna molecules? gel electrophoresis gene cloning artificial selection restrictive enzyme analysis
The technology that has been commonly utilized by scientists to manipulate heritable information by producing large amounts of identical recombinant DNA molecules is gene cloning.
Gene cloning is the process by which we insert a section of DNA into a cell and then let the cell undergo mitosis, creating copies of that genetic information. Gene cloning is different from organism cloning, which uses an organism's DNA to produce a genetically identical organism because it only produces cells, not an entire organism.
Cloning of any DNA fragment involves four steps in the traditional restriction enzyme digestion and ligation cloning protocols: isolation of the desired DNA (or target DNA ), ligation, transfection, or transformation.
Learn more about gene cloning here:
https://brainly.com/question/16305434
#SPJ4
2 ways of reforesting the U.S
Answer: donate money to team tree, even-aged stands
Explanation: