In contrast to positive ssRNA viruses such as coronaviruses and polioviruses, the genome of retroviruses must first integrate into the host's genome before transcription.
What do you mean by single-stranded RNA?Over one-third of all known virus genera are positive-sense RNA viruses. This covers numerous viruses on official lists of possible bioterrorism agents as well as significant infections. In all phases of viral infection, including entry and replication, these viruses employ host factors. Perhaps more significantly, +ssRNA viruses can co-opt host components to modify the host's defenses and gene expression.
A +ssRNA virus' genomic RNA, which is also a messenger RNA, only contains the genes required for the infectious cycle. Its packing is thought to be an adaptation to tolerate mutations and depends on a number of different segments.
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How are plants and animals(including us) dependent on each other in terms of respiration & gas exchange?explain using details of how photosynthesis and aerobic cellular respiration work together in order to maintain balance.
Animals breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide during the respiration process. In contrast, plants use this carbon dioxide gas to make food and release oxygen into the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?
Green plants and certain other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis. Light energy is gathered and utilized during photosynthesis in green plants to change water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen- and energy-rich organic molecules.
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Food glucose is converted into energy during an aerobic respiration, a biological process that takes place with the presence of oxygen. the following is the chemical formula for aerobic respiration:Oxygen 6(O2) + Carbon 6(CO2) + Water 6 (H2O) + Energy = Glucose (C6H12O6) (ATP)The chemical equation above states that energy is released by breaking glucose molecules with the aid of oxygen gas. As the by-products or final products of the chemical reaction, energy, water molecules, and carbon dioxide gas are released.The breakdown of the glucose molecule releases 2900 kJ of energy, which is then used to create ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, molecules that the body uses for a variety of functions.All multicellular organisms, including animals, plants, and other living things, engage in an aerobic respiration process.The stomata, which are located in the epidermis of a plant's leaves and stem, allow oxygen gas to enter plant cells during the respiration process in plants. All green plants produce their food and release energy through the process of photosynthesis.Thus, we can conclude that animals and plants cooperate to exchange gases in the atmosphere.
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In a body of water, a fish remains at a constant depth while motionless. In the same body of water, a person sinks while motionless. Why? more than one answer may be true.
Fish remains at constant depth while person sinks when motionless because person has higher density than water, more volume than fish, more mass than the fish, fish displaces less water, fish has lower density and volume that is all the options A, B, C, D, E, F and G are correct.
Density of a body may be defined as the ratio of Mass per unit volume of the substance. If a body is more dense then it has higher probability of sinking. if we see the relation between Density, Mass and Volume then Mass is directly related to density and volume is inversely related. Mass of the person is more than fish so the density of person will be more than the fish. Also, the volume of person is more than the fish. Now, the volume of water is more than the person, so the density of water is less than the person. This proves than person will sink in water. Fishes have gills and special type of air bladder within their body which helps them to stay and swim underwater even when they are motionless.
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Complete Question:
In a body of water, a fish remains at a constant depth while motionless. In the same body of water, a person sinks while motionless. Why? More than one answer may be true. Group of answer choices
A. The person has higher density than the water.
B. The fish displaces less water than the person.
C. The fish has a lower density than a person.
D. The fish has less volume than the water it displaces.
E. The person has more mass than the fish.
F. The fish has lower density than the water.
G. The person has more volume than the fish.
If a scientist is monitoring cytokinesis in a cell, then the scientist must be witnessing(1 point).
Anaphase must be being observed if a scientist is keeping track of cytokinesis in a cell.
What precisely is cytokinesis?Through a procedure known as cytokinesis, a cell physically divides into two daughter cells. In mammalian cells, it takes place concurrently with the nuclear division processes known as mitosis and meiosis.
What does meiosis' anaphase entail?Homologous chromosomal separation triggers the start of anaphase I. Nucleoli reappearance and reformation of the nuclear envelope. The centrosomes begin to detach, the chromosomes coil up, and the nuclear membrane begins to degrade. Sister chromatids align with the cell's equator, and spindle fibers grow as a result.
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Blood type is a good example of
O multiple alleles © a polygenic trait
environmental influence on gene
expression
© a sex-linked trait
Answer:
Multiple alleles
Explanation:
An example of multiple alleles is the ABO blood group system in humans. Human gene I (isohaemagglutinin) exists in three allelic forms: Iᴬ, Iᴮ, and i. Iᴬ and Iᴮ produce type A and type B whereas i which is a recessive allele does not produce antigen. Therefore, blood type exists as four possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, & O.
Question 1(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(03.08 MC)
A scientist trying to amplify the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from a sample of jellyfish DNA would primarily use which technology to separate the GFP gene from the rest of the DNA?
Polymerase chain reaction
Gel electrophoresis
Artificial selection
Genetic engineering
Artificial selection is the approach used by a scientist trying to amplify the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from a sample of jellyfish DNA to separate the GFP gene from the rest of the DNA.
Artificial selection refers to the human recognition of desirable qualities in plants and animals as well as the actions taken to strengthen and maintain such traits in succeeding generations. Artificial selection operates in a similar manner to natural selection, with the exception that in natural selection, these judgments are made by nature without human intervention.
In an evolutionary process known as artificial selection, humans actively choose which traits in organisms to preserve in their offspring or selectively breed from one generation to the next. For thousands of years, people have artificially selected plants and animals.
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suppose a person who is homozygous for no ear lobes reproduces with a person who is homozygous for ear lobes. what percentage of their offspring will have the ee genotype?
50% of the progeny is going to have the Ee genotype after both people mate.
Let us take the genotype for having no ear lobes be e.
Similarly, the genotype for having ear lobes is going to be E.
This means that whoever is homozygous for no ear lobes will have the genotype ee.
Whoever is homozygous for ear lobes will have the EE genotype.
After a person with the ee genotype mates with a person having the EE genotype, their offspring will have the genotypes - (EE, Ee, Ee, ee)
From this, we can conclude that 50% of the progeny is going to have the Ee genotype.
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true or false If a space ship traveling at 1000 miles per hour enters an area free of gravitational forces, its engine must run at some minimum level in order to maintain the ships velocity.
Answer:
false
Explanation:
trust me G
What is the main energy conversion during digestion? a Electrical Energy to Radiant Energy b Chemical Energy to Chemical Energy c Thermal ( Heat ) Energy to Positive Energy d Chemical Energy to Thermal Energy
The main energy conversion which is established during the digestion of food substances is:
chemical energy to thermal and mechanical energy.
The correct answer choice is option e.
How chemical energy involved during digestion of food substances?Digestion can simply be defined as the process whereby food substances are being broken down into simple particles so it can be easily digested and absorbed by the body system.
However, the food we eat or consume consists majorly of chemical energy which after its consumption can simply be converted into different forms such as thermal energy and then to mechanical energy.
In conclusion, it can be deduced that when we digest food substances, the chemical energy in it is converted to other energy forms.
Complete question:
What is the main energy conversion during digestion?
a. Electrical Energy to Radiant Energy
b. Chemical Energy to Chemical Energy
c. Thermal ( Heat ) Energy to Positive Energy
d. Chemical Energy to Thermal Energy
e. chemical energy to thermal and mechanical energy.
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The calvin cycle can best be described as the ______________________ reactions of photosynthesis.
The Calvin cycle can be described as the nonlight-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The photosynthesis process that involves three crucial steps and is light-independent is known as the Calvin cycle. Since the required energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are byproducts of light-dependent reactions, the Calvin cycle is indirectly dependent on the light even though it is not directly dependent on it. Light is not necessary for the dark reaction of photosynthesis. Both light and dark reactions happen during the day.
It doesn't necessarily mean that a dark reaction takes place at night because it only needs the byproducts of a light reaction, such as ATP and NADPH. The general objective of light-dependent reactions is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. In order to power the assembly of sugar molecules, the Calvin cycle will use this chemical energy.
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a protozoan called trypanosoma brucei, carried by the tsetse fly, causes african sleeping sickness. one variable surface glycoprotein (vsg), or surface coat protein, dominates the trypanosome surface. the trypanosome genome encodes over 1000 different versions of vsgs. all of the cells in an initial infection feature the same vsg coat on their surfaces, and the immune system readily recognizes this protein as foreign. however, an individual trypanosome cell in the broader population will switch and randomly begin expressing a different variant of the vsg coat. all the descendants of that cell will have the new and different protein on their surface. as the population with the second vsg coat increases, an individual cell will then switch to a third vsg coat, and so on. how does expressing a different vsg allow t. brucei to evade the immune system?
VSG can allow t. brucei to evade the immune system in two different ways:
Preventing immune system (innate/acquired) components from accessing invariant proteins on its surface and protecting parasites in the blood from complement system elimination.
Defenses of the host escaping
The innate system (low specificity) and the adaptive response are the two immune response mechanisms available to mammals (antigen-specific).
Avoiding a natural reaction
The initial line of defense against trypanosomes for animals is their innate immune system. Two serum human complexes known as trypanosome lytic factor, which contain apolipoprotein L1 and are endocytosed by the haptoglobinhemoglobin parasite surface receptor, can kill T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Both parasites produce certain proteins that offer them resilience to avoid being destroyed by APOL1.
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chronological transitions help the listener understand the time relationship between the first main point and the one that follows.
Chronological order is also utilized in speech as explaining a technique or demonstrating a way to do something. a method of speech enterprise in which the primary factors follow a directional sample.
Chronological order is the order in which the events occurred, from first to last. that is the very best sample to write and observe. example: It was regarded as a normal day when she was given up that morning, however, Lynda was approximately to embark at the worst. day of her existence.
The rehearsal dinner might be on Friday night time. in a while, we are hoping that many of the visitors will assist to ease the vicinity for the day after today's wedding. explanation: In these sentences, the transition "afterward" highlights a chronology of occasions (first the dinner, then the cleaning).
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PLEASE HELP ASAP ON THE JUSTIFY THE ANSWER NET FREE WATER MOVEMENT PART!!!!
I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST TO BEST ANSWERR!!!!
Explanation:
It's beneficial to cerebral injured
1) osmotic and vasoregulatory - by promoting the flow of excess water from cerebral tissue to the blood via osmosis and decreasing edema in the vascular endothelium of injured tissues, thus lowering vascular resistance and allowing more blood flow;
2) hemodymanic - by effectively expanding plasma volume;
3) immunomodulatory - by preventing leukocytes from becoming activated and adhering to injured neurons and;
4) neurochemical - by counteracting detrimental excitatory amino acids through the normalization of neuronal cell membranes and by restoration of normal electrolyte and neurotransmitter levels in brain cells, and normal cell volumes.
According to the chart given below is It's beneficial to cerebral has been injured and osmotic and vasoregulatory by promoting the flow of excess water from cerebral tissue to the blood via osmosis.
What helps in lowering vascular resistance?Decreasing the edema in the vascular endothelium of the injured tissues, thus the lowering vascular resistance and just allowing more blood flow and hemodymanic by them effectively expanding the plasma volume immunomodulatory by preventing leukocytes from becoming activated state.
Adhering to the injured neurons and the neuro chemical by counteracting detrimental excitatory amino acids through the normalization of the neuronal cell membranes and by the restoration of the normal electrolyte and neurotransmitter levels in brain cells, and normal cell volumes.
Therefore, According to the chart given below is It's beneficial to cerebral has been injured and osmotic and vasoregulatory by promoting the flow of excess water from cerebral tissue to the blood via osmosis.
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In which of these disorders does the build-up of oil, bacteria, and dead skin cells block openings to the sebaceous glands or hair follicles?.
Acne is a skin condition that appears when the oil and dead skin cells in your hair follicles clog them.
Indicate acne.The whiteheads, blackheads, or pimples are the results. Teenagers are most frequently affected by acne, but anyone can get it at any age.
Even with successful treatments, acne can still linger. Another one seems to come out of nowhere just as the first lump or pimple starts to fade.
Depending on how terrible it is, acne can leave skin scars and create emotional distress. Your likelihood of developing these issues will be reduced the earlier you begin therapy.
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A gene that controls betacarotene production has been successfully inserted into a common food crop. Name the technique used to do this. Give the full name, not the abbreviation.
Answer:
The technique that is used in inserting a gene into a crop is genetic modification.
What is genetic modified crop?
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is a living organism whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
Humans have used breeding methods to modify organisms for thousands of years. Over generations, corn, cattle, and even dogs have been selectively bred to have certain desired traits.
The majority of GMO crops grown today were developed to assist farmers in preventing crop and food loss and controlling weeds.
The following are the most common traits found in GMO crops: Resistance to certain harmful insects, and Tolerance to certain weed-controlling herbicides.
Thus, with the help of genetic modification, a gene that controls beta-carotene production can be successfully inserted into a common food crop.
HELP 35 points
Does
nondisjunction during
meiosis produce any
normal gametes? Explain.
Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to properly separate during meiosis. As a result, gametes that have more or fewer chromosomes than typical ones are produced. As a result, the person may grow a trisomic or monosomal syndrome.
Nondisjunction is the name for the meiotic phenomenon of uneven separation. When a haploid gamete with a missing chromosome experiences nondisjunction, the haploid gamete will produce a diploid zygote with only one copy of the missing chromosome from the other parent, a situation known as monosomy.
Nondisjunction can happen during meiosis I or II, with varying outcomes. Two gametes will be produced—one with the missing chromosome and one with two copies—of homologous chromosomes that fail to split during meiosis I.
So, it is safe to conclude that Nondisjunction happens when homologous chromosomes are not properly separated during meiosis.
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A patient suddenly develops a problem in which her mitochondria do not function. Which would you predict?.
The patient suddenly starts to experience mitochondrial dysfunction. Which one do you anticipate? a rise in oxyhemoglobin
What use does oxyhemoglobin serve?
Why is oxyhemoglobin useful?
When referring to hemoglobins (HEMOGLOBINS)
The process by which oxygen in the lungs to a tissue is carried out by hemoglobin. When oxygen is available, the molecule is known as oxyhemoglobin (OHb), whereas when oxygen is absent, the molecule is known as deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (RHb)
What distinguishes oxyhemoglobin from hemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin: the hemoglobin that has been loaded with oxygen, which is the main protein found in red blood cells. A protein molecule called hemoglobin binds to oxygen. With oxygen, hemoglobin creates an erratic, reversible connection. It is brilliant red and known as oxyhemoglobin when it has been oxygenated.
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The patient suddenly starts to experience mitochondrial dysfunction. Which one do you anticipate? a rise in oxyhemoglobin
What use does oxyhemoglobin serve?
Why is oxyhemoglobin useful?
When referring to hemoglobins (HEMOGLOBINS)
The process by which oxygen in the lungs to a tissue is carried out by hemoglobin. When oxygen is available, the molecule is known as oxyhemoglobin (OHb), whereas when oxygen is absent, the molecule is known as deoxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin (RHb)
What distinguishes oxyhemoglobin from hemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin: the hemoglobin that has been loaded with oxygen, which is the main protein found in red blood cells. A protein molecule called hemoglobin binds to oxygen. With oxygen, hemoglobin creates an erratic, reversible connection. It is brilliant red and known as oxyhemoglobin when it has been oxygenated.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Answer:
C. Soil
Explanation:
I'm pretty smart
Which of the following states an accurate difference between the old nutrition facts label and the new nutrition facts label?
a. The old label groups all dietary fiber together the new label distinguishes between types of dietary fiber.
b. The old lobel lists Vitamin D and potassium; the new label lists Vitamins A and C.
c. The old label omits listing total calories, the new label lists total calories
d. The old label groups all sugars together the new label distinguishes between naturally occurring and added sugars
The old label groups all sugars together the new label distinguishes between naturally occurring and added sugars is an accurate difference between the old nutrition facts label and the new nutrition facts label.
The modifications include editing the listing of required vitamins that need to be declared at the label, updating serving length requirements, and imparting a refreshed design. The cutting-edge Nutrition Facts label makes it less complicated for purchasers to make knowledgeable choices approximately the meals they eat.
The vintage nutrients statistics label indexed the quantities of numerous essential nutrients and minerals, along with calcium, iron, and nutrients A and C. However, nutrients A and Care now not required to be indexed on the brand new nutrients statistics label.
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natural systems involve ________ with complex interactions.
Answer: many variables
Explanation:
Which of the following microorganisms are NOT used in biotechnology as such? A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Viruses D. Protozoans
[tex]{ \tt{option \: (d)}} \: { \red{protozoans}}[/tex]
Explanation:-
New organisms in biotechnology offer the possibility to detect novel products. It's good. But the role of protozoa in biotechnology has largely been ignored. We know that protozoa play important roles in treatment of com- munal and industrial wastewaters and some as parasites of man.
Hair-like structure that attaches the cell to a surface and can transfer genetic material from one cell to another.
Hair-like structure that attaches the cell to a surface and can transfer genetic material from one cell to another is called as fimbriae or pili
Bacterial cells' surfaces frequently have fimbriae and pili. Short, hair-like projections called fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to surfaces or other cells. Pili are similar structures that can help a bacterium move or transfer DNA to another bacterium, among other things. Many bacteria can move or locomote by using a whip-like structure called a flagellum (or flagella, if they have more than one).
Fimbriae or pili are proteins in nature. Fimbriae are formed by a pilin kind of protein.
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Is the Sour Patch cereal a healthy option for all people? Explain your answer. What other options could be used if this cereal is not a healthy option?
Someone was prescribed tetracycline, an antibiotic, to treat severe acne, which is caused by a bacterium Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Tetracycline interacts with ribosomes by attaching to the small ribosomal subunit, blocking protein production.
Both your eukaryotic cells and the bacterial cells are exposed to tetracycline. Predict which cell is impacted, how it is affected, and explain why that cell is impacted.
The Bacterial cell is impacted. Tetracycline works by binding specifically to the 30S ribosome of the bacteria.
Tetracyclines likely enter bacterial cells through passive diffusion and stop the growth of the bacteria by preventing protein synthesis or by rupturing the membrane. A growing number of different bacterial species develop resistance to tetracycline's bacteriostatic effects.
Tetracycline prevents the aminoacyl tRNA from attaching to the RNA-ribosome complex by specifically binding to the bacteria's 30S ribosome. Other stages of protein production are simultaneously inhibited by it.
Tetracycline is used to treat bacterial infections that affect the skin, eye, lymphatic, intestinal, vaginal, and urinary systems, as well as several other infections that are spread by ticks, lice, mites, and infected animals. These infections include pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections.
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which method of microbian control does not rely on denaturing proteins and/or disrupting the integreity of the cell membrane
Lyophilization Methods of microbial control do not rely on protein denaturation and/or disruption of cell membrane integrity
Lyophilization Freeze-drying or freeze-drying is the process of freezing the product and placing it under vacuum, then removing the water from the product, allowing the ice cream to go directly from solid to vapor without going through a liquid phase. Freeze-drying is a water removal process commonly used to preserve perishable materials, extend shelf life, or make materials easier to transport. Freeze-drying is to sublime the frozen water in the material by lowering the pressure and applying heat after freezing the material. Lyophilization converts pharmaceuticals into stable solids by removing water from liquids
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What is the main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Question
What is the main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Responses
A Only eukaryotic cells have its genetic material surrounded by a membrane.Only eukaryotic cells have its genetic material surrounded by a membrane.
B Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.Eukaryotic cells are smaller than prokaryotic cells.
C Prokaryotic cells have many organelles, each with their own specialization function.Prokaryotic cells have many organelles, each with their own specialization function.
D Eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall; prokaryotes have a membrane only.
Answer: The primary distinction between these two types of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not
Explanation:
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except ______. a. DNA synthesis b. muscle contraction c. blood clotting d. exocytosis e. communication
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except DNA.
Calcium is a mineral most usually related to healthful bones and teeth, even though it additionally performs an crucial function in blood clotting, supporting muscle tissues to contract, and regulating everyday coronary heart rhythms and nerve functions.
Two calcium-regulating hormones play an crucial function in generating healthful bone: 1) parathyroid hormone or PTH, which keeps the extent of calcium and stimulates each resorption and formation of bone; 2) calcitriol, the hormone derived from diet D, which stimulates the intestines to soak up sufficient calcium.
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sort the following layers of the integumentary system so that the most superficial is on top and the deepest is on the bottom.
1. living epithelial cells
2. dead epithelial cells
3. subcutaneous layer
4. papillary layer
5. reticular layer
The following layers of the integumentary system so that the most superficial is on top and the deepest is on the bottom . papillary layer.
integumentary system is your body's outer layer. it is made from your skin, nails, hair and the glands and nerves on your pores and skin. Your integumentary gadget acts as a bodily barrier — shielding your frame from bacteria, contamination, harm and sunlight
Accessory structures of the skin consist of hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. those systems embryologically originate from the epidermis and may amplify down through the dermis into the hypodermis.
Your integumentary gadget protects your frame from contamination and accidents you could get out of your external environment. it's your body's coat of armor and the primary line of protection towards viruses, micro organism and other microbes. It shields your body from dangerous mild and helps adjust your body temperature.
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The framework of microtubules that appears in cell division which eventually moves the chromatids apart is called the.
The framework of microtubules that appears in cell division which eventually moves the chromatids apart is called mitotic spindle.
What is mitotic spindle?Somatic cells divide during the process known as mitosis, which results in the production of two daughter cells that are exact clones of one another. Somatic cells include all cell types excluding reproductive cells. This comprises, among other things, brain, muscle, and skin cells. In addition to being essential for reproduction, mitosis is also essential for cell development and repair. The four distinct phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
During the prophase stage of mitosis, a crucial event known as the formation of mitotic spindles occurs. Centrioles, tiny cylinder organelles that assist in locating various cell components, are formed into fibres known as mitotic spindles.
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The spindle apparatus is a framework made of microtubules that forms during cell division and finally causes the chromatids to separate.
What framework, to which the chromatids will affix, is present?centromeres. that connects the two chromatids together (the daughter strands of a replicated chromosome). The mitotic spindle's microtubules anchor to the centromere, which serves as the kinetochore's site of attachment.
What is the name of the microtubule network that transports chromatids to opposing poles of a cell during mitosis?Spindle fibers are specialized microtubule elements that control how chromatids and chromosomes move during mitosis. Most cells have microtubules that radiate from a microtubule-organizing core.
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two phenotypically normal people have a child who is color blind with turner syndrome. remember red green colorblindness is an x-linked recessive disorder and turner syndrome occurs when a person only has a single x chromosome. did the nondisjunction event occur in the mother, the father or both parents?
The father of a child with just one x chromosome has a nondisjunction event that results in a child with Turner syndrome who is colorblind.
A human chromosome is what?
Long DNA sequences are carried by chromosomes, structures that are found in the cell nucleus. The substance that contains genes is called DNA. It serves as the foundation for the human. Additionally, the proper DNA structure is aided by the proteins contained in chromosomes.
What do the chromosomes of the gender do?
When you are born, your X and Y chromosomal determine whether you are a boy or a girl. Gender chromosomes, as they are known, are actually called X and Y chromosomes in females. Men possess simply a X and a Y.
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What is a gene and an example?
The fundamental structural and operational component of heredity is a gene. DNA is the component of genes. Example - CFTR.
What are the functions of a gene?Some genes serve as blueprints for the synthesis of proteins. Many genes do not, however, code for proteins. A few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases make up a gene in a human. Humans are thought to have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes, according to the Human Genome Project, an international research project that aimed to decipher the human genome's sequence and catalogue its genes. Every gene is present in two copies, one from each parent, in every individual. Less than 1% of all genes are slightly varied between individuals, but the majority of genes are the same in all people. Alleles are variations of the same gene with minor variations in the DNA base sequence. Each person's distinctive physical characteristics are influenced by these subtle variations.
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