Answer:
4
Explanation:
because it's there opposite letter
Answer:
4 b.c a is equal with t and g is equal to c
A bear walks into the room. In response, you run away. Trace the events that occur from the initial release of epinephrine to the release of glucose into the blood to the generation of ATP (which ultimately leads to muscle contraction). In your answer explain the processes of a. epinephrine signal transduction leading to glucose release b. cellular respiration using glucose as the substrate and generating ATP c. acetyl choline signal transduction at the neuromuscular junction d. generation of the action potential e. muscle contraction that results
Answer:
a. Epinephrine >> G protein-coupled receptor >> cAMP >> phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase >> glucose
b. Cellular respiration >> glycolysis >> pyruvate oxidation >> Krebs cycle >> acetyl CoA>> oxidative phosphorylation
c and e. Acetylcholine >> nicotinic receptors >> sodium ions (enter to the cells) >> muscular action potential >> contraction
d. Action potential >> resting potential >> potassium channels open >> sodium channels open >> threshold potential >> voltage-gated sodium channels and potassium channels open >> membrane repolarization >> resting membrane potential (steady state of the cell)
Explanation:
Epinephrine binds to G protein-coupled receptors, triggering the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is a second messenger associated with the phosphorylation of 1-glycogen phosphorylase (GP) that breaks down glycogen (the storage form of glucose) into glucose, and 2-glycogen synthase (GS), involved in the production of glycogen (i.e., phosphorylation inhibits GS activity). On the other hand, during cellular respiration, glucose is used to synthesize ATP via three sequential steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate that is subsequently oxidated into Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), generating NADH and ATP. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA is combined with the oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, generating NADH, FADH2 and ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to pump protons against an electrochemical concentration gradient, which is finally used to synthesize more ATP. On the other hand, during muscle contraction, acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors and sodium ions enter the muscle fiber, thereby generating a muscular action potential that travels across muscle cells and triggers muscle contraction when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to the protein complex troponin by sarcomere shortening (sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle fibers). This contraction ends when Ca2+ ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (a unique organelle of endoplasmic reticulum in the sarcoplasm). On the other hand, an action potential is defined as a fast and propagating change of the resting membrane potential of neuron cells. In the resting potential, potassium ion (K+) channels open, thereby K+ ions can enter/exit inside the cell. A stimulus causes the depolarization of the cell by opening Na+ channels that enter into the neuron. At the threshold potential, more sodium channels open, thereby voltage across the membrane reaches its most positive value. Subsequently, channels begin to close and more potassium channels open. Finally, the membrane repolarizes (K+ ions leave the cell) and cells return to the resting membrane potential, i.e., the steady-state of the cell.
Can some help me please ..
Answer: 2 dominant.
Explanation: The t's are capital so they are both dominant :)
Receptor binding motifs such as RGD have highly selective recognition for cell adhesion. Outline a strategy for incorporating a cell adhesive recognition domain to a biomaterial. Address the problems surrounding domain quantity, type, and affinity in your discussion.
Answer:
Explanation:
RGD stands for Arginine Glycine Aspartate and is a three-amino-acid peptide. It is the most extensively utilized adhesive peptide for adhering diverse cell types to a variety of biomaterials. Integrins, fibrinogen, osteopontin, fibronectin, and bone sialoprotein, as well as collagens and laminins, all include an RGD primary binding domain. As a result, the synthetic (artificial) peptide RGD may bind to a wide range of integrin types. The artificial RGD retains its functioning through the sterilizing and processing processes of biomaterial creation because of its recognition advantage. This feature denotes the immune reactivity and pathogen transmission during xenograft.
Affinity can be modulated by the conformation of artificial RGD. The efficacy of RGD is also determined by the in vitro deposition of cells on the surface of the material sample.
The molecular processes unravel its effectiveness throughout its use as a scaffold foundation in in-vivo models. The fact that artificial RGD cannot work well in isolation is now a major aspect that defines its activity.
It has been discovered that cells release a variety of integrin-binding proteins that are more effective in activating integrin signalling than pure RGD. As a result, most biomaterials will bind and adsorb these proteins rather than RGD. As a result, a serum-free medium is employed in the majority of in vitro research.
As a result, biomaterials are supplied with RGD as well as quasi polymers such as polyethylene glycol to reduce the variance produced by native proteins. The addition of additional amino acids to RGD based on natural sequences can increase its biological activity, which can aid in the development of new tissues and the stimulation of cellular responses and signalling.
The amino terminal endpoint of the peptide, as well as the carboxyl group of the material surface, establish a covalent connection, which binds the peptide to just the surface of its biomaterial. Cell adhesion biomaterials are made from a variety of cell adhesion materials, including poly-L-lysine, mussels adhesive protein (MAP), and outer membrane (extracellular matrix) proteins.
Because MAPS are high in Dihydroxyphenylalanine and lysine, RGD is coupled with either of these to boost its cell adhesion capability. As a result, they can also aid in the attachment to damp or moist surfaces. It may also firmly adhere to glass, metals, and plastics. The addition of thiol groups to a peptide can also aid in its orientation and boost its stability.
The gap and density of this peptide sequence and structure on the biomaterial surface may be adjusted using a micro and nanotechnology (nanoscale patterning) method, which also improves ligand binding accuracy. Cellular reactions and cell activity are also under its control. Integrin receptors have been shown to be between 9 - 12 nm in size, therefore nanoscale surface patterning is crucial.
As a result, the above methods serve as a strategy for incorporating a cell adhesion recognition domain into a biomaterial while taking into account all of the technical intervention affecting its quantity, type, and affinity to the top layer for cell adhesion as a functioning tissue rather than a monolayer.
In a grassland ecosystem, what advantages does a burrower have over an animal that does not burrow?
7. I'm full of holes flexible and thin. I control what gets out
As well as what Comes in .
Answer:
cell membrane
Explanation:
Answer:
CELL MEMBRANE AND NUCLEAS
write a letter to your uncle telling him what you want to become in future and why you want to become
Answer:
I want to become a Game Designer
Explanation:
Because while you construct a game you get to test it out as many times as you need to and playing video games are very enjoyable.
the interest on Rs 4050 in five years is Rs 2050 what will be interest on Rs 5000 in 8 years at the same rate of interest
Answer:
Explanation:
for first principle = Rs. 4050 Time =5yrs, interest =Rs. 2050 R%= ?
By the formula, R=?\\
[tex]For the first,\\P =RS 4050, I=RS2050, R=?\\\\R= \frac{I*100} {P*T}\\ = \frac{2050*100}{4050*5} \\=\frac{205000}{20250} \\=10%\\Again, for 2nd \\ P= Rs 5000, T= 8yrs, R= 10% Same as First ,I=?\\\\I=\frac{P*T*R}{100} \\=\frac{5000*8*10}{100} \\=RS=4000.[/tex]
The theory of endosymbiosis is based on Multiple Choice similarities between chloroplasts and other organelles in animals. evidence from the fossil record. the knowledge that ribosomes are structures found in bacteria, plants, and animals. the experiments in which bacteria were made to grow in plant cells forming chloroplasts. the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria.
Answer:
the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria
Explanation:
The Endosymbiotic Theory is a theory that enables us to understand the origin of eukaryotic cells. The Endosymbiotic Theory posits that the mitochondria and chloroplast, which are organelles found in the eukaryotic cells, were once prokaryotic microbes that were first ingested by amoeba-like organisms and subsequently evolved by developing a symbiotic relationship with them. Some of the most important lines of evidence that supports this theory are: 1-chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble prokaryotic cells, i.e., they have a similar size, replicate by binary fission and there are unicellular eukaryotic protists that have filamentous temperature-sensitive proteins at their division plane (similarly to bacteria), and 2- chloroplasts and mitochondria are organelles with their own DNA and their own ribosomes (which are similar to those of bacteria).
Answer:
the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria
Explanation:
Replication. Mitochondria and chloroplasts make more of themselves in much the same way as bacteria reproduce. ... Like bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts grow in size, duplicate their DNA and other structures, and then divide into two identical organelles.
what is the thing that represents mitosis?
(and it has to be a living thing)
In plant cells, the first part of mitosis is the same as in animal cells. (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase). Then, where an animal cell would go through cytokineses, a plant cell simply creates a new cell plate in the middle, creating two new cells.
plant cells
Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{Answer\hookleftarrow}[/tex]
➟ Chromosomes consist of DNA and protein.ʰᵒᵖᵉ ⁱᵗ ʰᵉˡᵖˢ
# ꧁❣ RainbowSalt2²2² ࿐
Explain why insertions and deletions are called frameshift mutations, usingthe terms reading frame, codons, and amino acids in your answer.
Answer: A reading frame shift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a certain number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three, because the cell reads a gene in groups of three bases (a codon). This type of mutation can change the reading frame causing a different translation from the original, because it will code for different amino acids.
Explanation:
DNA is the double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides which are the functional unit of nucleic acids and are composed of a base (which can be Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil replacing Thymine in RNA), a phosphate group and a sugar which can be ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA. The reading frame is one of the possible ways in which a sequence of DNA or RNA nucleotides can be divided to form a group of codons that are consecutive and non-overlapping. A codon consists of a set of three nucleotides and each codon codes for an amino acid during translation or protein synthesis. When DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), this mRNA is read on ribosomes during translation and the three bases of each codon will code for an amino acid.
A single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA) molecule has a phosphate end, called the 5' end (read five prime end) and a hydroxyl end, called the 3' end. These ends define the 5'-3' direction. There are three possible reading frames in which a nucleotide sequence can be read in the 5'-3' direction. Each of these reading frames could start at a different nucleotide of the same codon. In a double-stranded nucleic acid (DNA), there are also three additional reading frames corresponding to the complementary strand, but in an antiparallel direction. Since the two strands of a double-stranded nucleic acid are antiparallel, the 5'-3' direction of the second strand corresponds to the 3'-5' direction of the first strand.
Generally, there is at most, a single biologically relevant reading frame for a given section of a nucleic acid, and that reading begins when a start codon indicating the initiation of protein synthesis is found in the messenger RNA. And the process stops when a stop codon is reached.
An insertion is a type of mutation that involves the addition of genetic material. It can be small and involve a single DNA base pair, or large and involve a fragment of a chromosome. A deletion is a type of genetic mutation in which genetic material is lost, from a single DNA nucleotide pair to an entire chromosome fragment. A reading frame shift mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a certain number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three, because the cell reads a gene in groups of three bases, as it was explained before. This type of mutation can change the reading frame causing a different translation from the original.
A mountain lion population recently experienced a drop in population size. Which of the following would best describe the limiting factor that is involved?
A) A change occurred in the genetic variability.
b) The deer population experienced a rapid decline due to a parasite.
C) Mountain lion hunting experienced an increase in restrictions.
D) The population of Trichinella, a parasite, experienced a decline.
BIOLOGY EASY BUT I'M NOT SURE. SHE SAYS IT'S DUE IN 1 MIN!!
How might an error during transcription affect the protein that's produced?
A. The protein might contain the wrong nucleic acids
B. The protein might be unable to function
C. The protein would become RNA polymerase
D. The protein would become too specialized
Answer: B: The protein might be unable to function
Explanation:
In the following choices, the one that is NOT a function of the skeletal
system is
O protect organs
make red blood cells
transport blood cells
O provide shape and support
Answer:
I'm pretty sure it's transport blood cells
Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth many by
Energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth mainly by [tex]\sf\purple{electromagnetic\:waves\:or\:radiation}[/tex].
D. electromagnetic waves. ✔
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Using complete sentences:
Describe the difference(s) between local and global winds.
Explanation:
The term global winds refers to the six major wind belts that encircle the globe.
Local winds, however, are the winds, or breezes, that are stirred up by the temperatures and topographical features of a small region or area. This is especially true of coastal areas.
Why do some medications developed to work on viruses not work on a mutated form?
PLEASE HELPPP
In DNA replication, gaps between newly synthesized segments of DNA and existing segments of DNA are sealed by enzymes called ______, which form covalent bonds between the two segments.
Answer:
In DNA replication, gaps between newly synthesized segments of DNA and existing segments of DNA are sealed by enzymes called ligases, which form covalent bonds between the two segments.
Explanation:
During DNA replication, there is a continuous strand of DNA and fragments of DNA called Okazaki fragments. The DNA ligase will join the Okazaki fragments using ATP's energy and creating a covalent bond between the phosphate of a nucleotide in an Okazaki fragment and the sugar of a nucleotide in another Okazaki fragment. As a result, there are two continuous DNA fragments.
PLS HELP FAST NO LINKS!
If you live in a region that has hot, dry summers, and cool, wet winters, what climate might you live in?
A. arid
B.temperate
C.tropical
D.Mediterranean
Answer:
Mediterranean climate
Australia and New Zealand have a wide array of plants and animals found nowhere else because those organisms evolved in _____. Question 9 options: in the Southern Hemisphere
Answer:
These organisms evolved inside these countries.
Explanation:
Organisms evolved inside Australia and New Zealand countries because these two countries are isolated means there is no way for the movement of crops or animals from other regions into these environment. There is a big ocean present between these countries and other countries so the organisms only evolved inside these two countries not from the outside environment.
Thinking about taxonomy, the basic unit of naming, that includes
members with the ability to reproduce with each other, is?
Answer:
species.
Explanation:
Taxonomy can be defined as the process of naming, classification and description of living organisms such as plants and animals. Thus, it is the biological classification of living organisms based on similarities or characteristics such as eyes, number of legs, etc.,
The eight (8) biological classification (taxonomy) used for grouping and organizing organisms are; kingdom, domain, phylum, family, order, class, genus and species.
In taxonomy, species refers to the basic unit of naming that includes members such as mammals and reptiles with the ability to reproduce with each other to birth new offsprings and exchange genetic informations. Some examples of species include Homosapiens, Vulpes, Elephas maximus, Pinus banksiana, Alces laces, Ursus americans, Canis lupus, etc.
In conclusion, taxonomy helps scientist to have good understanding and knowledge when studying various organisms.
As with any major scientific discovery, the previous work of many different scientists help contribute to final conclusions. Which of the following scientists' work did not contribute to the discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule? A Gregor Mendel B Linus Pauling C Erwin Chargaff D Rosalind Franklin
A
AExplanation:
AExplanation:Gregor Mendel is generally regarded as the father of genetics due to his three(3) laws of genetics. Non of his work alluded to the existence of the DNA molecules( i.e. the major constituent of genes) let alone its structure.
Put the following items in order from largest to smallest
cell
nucleotide
organism
chromosome
gene
Answer:
The correct answers is - Organism > Cell > Chromosome > gene > nucleotide.
Explanation:
Organisms are the largest among all these as they are made up of organs that made up of tissues and tissues are made up of cells. Cells are the second largest item among these items which contains various components in them and known as a unit of the structure of organisms.
In cells chromosome presents that are made up of protein and DNA, a particular sequence of DNA is known as gene, therefore, it is smaller than the chromosomes and in the last monomer of the DNA which is nucleotide made up of phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous bases.
Question 1: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health (20 points) a) Describe two ways of measuring biodiversity. Explain the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability. As part of your explanation, discuss how susceptibility to disease in agricultural crops and in isolated tribal human populations provides evidence that supports this idea. (5 points)
Answer:
explanation below
Explanation:
A) Biodiversity is simply known as the number and variety of organisms found in a definite environment or region. Scientists have devised several ways of measuring biodiversity and the methods to be used depend on the type of organisms they are to count.
Canopy fogging – one of the ways of measuring biodiversity, has remained an effective way of obtaining details about the biodiversity of insects. It involves the act of spraying low dose of insecticides on a tree top, and when the insects fall from the trees, they are being collected on a large screen, that looks like a funnel.
Transact sampling is another way of measuring biodiversity and this time, with a transact line. The transact line is usually a measuring tape or rope that has been marked at set intervals.
b) Ecosystem stability is the ability of the ecosystem to maintain its steady state, even after it has experienced stress or disturbances. The biodiversity of an environment makes huge impact on the ecosystem stability in that particular area. It has been known that certain areas that have high levels of species and genetic diversity, are more likely going to an ecosystem that is complex, with varying food webs and biotic interactions. The increase in this complexity makes it more likely that the ecosystem of that area will rightly move back to a stable state whenever disturbances are experienced.
There are evaluated scientific evidence that shows that reduced biodiversity affects the transmission of communicable disease in agricultural crops, animals and humans. Loss of biodiversity usually increases susceptibility to diseases in plants and humans.
A behavior with both innate and learned components that is irreversible and is triggered during a sensitive period.
Fixed action pattern
Imprinting
Operant conditioning
Migration
Answer:
The correct answer is - Imprinting.
Explanation:
Imprinting is a behavior that includes both innate components and learning components and normally can not be irreversible. It is something that takes place at a specific sensitive period.
For instance, ducklings follow their mother is imprinting that is both innate and learned at a limited phase after birth during development. It can be visual or auditory or other ways that an animal can develop imprinting.
Please answer!! 20 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST
Answer:
1.crust
2.Divergent boundaries
3.tectonic plates
4.seismograph
5.S-waves
6.P-waves
Explanation:
A transmembrane protein has the following properties: it has two binding sites, one for solute A and one for solute B. The protein can undergo a conformational change to switch between two states: either both binding sites are exposed exclusively on one side of the membrane or both binding sites are exposed exclusively on the other side of the membrane. The protein can switch between the two conformational states only if both binding sites are occupied or if both binding sites are empty, but cannot switch if only one binding site is occupied. What kind of protein do these properties define
Answer:
The protein is a symport protein.
Explanation:
Transport proteins are proteins which are involved in the transport of solutes across the cell membrane. The binding of the solute to be transported across the membrane causes a conformational change in the shape of the protein, thereby moving the molecule to the side of nthe membrane it is to be transported. The difference in the concentration of the solute across the membrane known as concentration gradient is mainly responsible for the transport of molecules by the transport proteins.
There are three types of transport proteins: uniport, symport and antiport transport proteins.
Uniporters are involved in moving only one molecule across a membrane
Symporters are involved in moving two or more molecule across a membrane in the same direction.
Antiporters are involved in moving two or more molecule across a membrane in opposite directions.
From the description of the transport protein in the question, both solutes A and B are moved across the membrane simultaneously in the same direction. Therefore, the protein is a symport protein.
BEST ANSWER GETS BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!!
A ransom note is left at the scene of a kidnapping. Investigators ask a forensic linguist to look at it. What possible information might the linguist be looking for on the note?
Phrases that are used only in one area of the country
The chemical makeup of the ink used
The color of the ink that was used and where it came from
How much money the suspect is asking for
Answer:
Phrases that are used only in one area of the country
Explanation:
Correct on the test :)
Is this right ????????????????????
I do believe they made a mistake ???
Answer: yes it is correct
Explanation:
Hope this helps you with your science work :)
Fire and Mello conducted an experiment where they added no gene X RNA (b), anti-sense gene X RNA (c) or double stranded gene X RNA (d) to C. elegans embryos. They then did a hybridization experiment examining gene X mRNA levels in the embryo. Square (a) is a no probe control. How does this act as a control
Answer:
The correct answer is - It shows that an RNA probe is necessary to get a signal.
Explanation:
A probe is a specific single-stranded sequence of DNA or RNA that recognizes its complementary sequence in a particular sample genome for synthesis. The RNA probe is placed into close contact with the given sample under a specific environment that allows the RNA probe sequence to hybridize with its complementary sequence.
In this case, square a is the condition where no RNA probe is persent whereas all three other conditions have some sort of RNA probe, however, in C there is no Gene X probe but their probe present. To get a signal in hybridization RNA probe is required and that can be used as control as it can be used to compare if a signal is received or not.