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The horseshoe crab is an example of a living fossil because of (c) there are fossils of extinct ancestors of horseshoe crabs, and the species is still alive today.

They have remained essentially unaltered for approximately 445 million years, horseshoe crabs are believed to be living fossils. In most cases, they are not crabs, and neither lobsters nor crabs are particularly linked to them. The horseshoe crab shares a tight relationship with other arachnids and spiders.

In general, there are four different species of horseshoe crabs that are alive today, but the species known as Limulus polyphemus is the only one that can be discovered in North America. It can be found all the way from Maine to Mexico on the coasts of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. So the correct option is (c).

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The statement which best describes how enzyme function in the body is Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.

Enzymes are essential components found in living things. Enzymes play a huge role in our bodies; from making ATP to processing our food, proteins assume a crucial part in keeping us alive.

Proteins that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction are known as enzymes. During the reaction, enzymes are not used up, but they can be used again.

Because enzymes are specific, the substrate on which they operate is also specific. They are not generally working on any substrate that is available.

Additionally, enzymes operate best in a specific temperature and pH range. This reach differs from one chemical to another.

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(complete question)

Which statement best describes how enzyme function in the body?

Group of answer choice

Enzyme lower the activation energy of reaction

Enzyme are converted into product by the reaction they catalyze

One enzyme can catalyze many different reaction

An enzyme i ued once and then detroyed by the cell

Answer: Calvin cycle is the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules. The Calvin cycle has three stages in order to produce glucose and other carbohydrate molecules

1) Carbon fixation: the enzyme RuBisCO incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule.

2) reduction: the organic molecule is reduced.

3) regeneration: RuBP, the molecule that starts the cycle, is regenerated so that the cycle can continue.

In summary, it takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to fix six carbon atoms from CO2. These six turns require energy input from 12 ATP molecules and 12 NADPH molecules in the reduction step and 6 ATP molecules in the regeneration step.

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This appears to be a record of a separation and purification process for a protein called "protein 4" using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and an antibody.

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a method for separating and purifying different molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, based on their size and charge. It involves placing a sample in a well on a gel made of polyacrylamide, which is a type of polymer. An electric current is then applied to the gel, which causes the molecules to move towards the opposite charge.

Smaller molecules move more quickly through the gel than larger molecules, so they end up further down the gel. After the separation is complete, the different molecules can be visualized and collected. PAGE is often used in research and diagnostic laboratories to purify and analyze proteins and nucleic acids.

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There will be no change in protein structure if a point mutation alters the codon yet the new codon still codes for the same amino acid.

Mutations can arise from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infections. Cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease are all caused by genetic mutations. Other mutations can develop spontaneously at any time in a person's life. They have only a small effect on a small number of cells.

Point mutations occur in the genome when a base pair is added, deleted, or changed. Although most point mutations are harmless, they can have a number of functional effects, such as alterations in gene expression or changes in coding proteins. Sometimes genetic variations (also called mutations) prevent one or more proteins from working properly. By changing the instructions of a gene to make a protein, a variant can cause the protein to malfunction or not be produced.

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Answer:

hygiene

Explanation:

because prevent is better than cure to stop germs from spreading

Large molecules (such polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins) are broken down into smaller components during catabolism. The breakdown process in metabolism is called catabolism, and the synthesis process is called anabolism.

Complex compounds are broken down during catabolism. Glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are broken down from complex molecules during catabolism to create substrates for metabolic pathways. The two primary processes that make up metabolism are anabolism and catabolism.

Dehydration synthesis reactions build up molecules while hydrolysis reactions break down molecules and often release energy. These kinds of reactions allow for the synthesis and degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities except spicy. Actually, spiciness is not a taste at all; rather, it is a response to pain.

The tongue's unique sensation is called gustation. Papillae are a variety of structures that are raised bumps on the tongue's surface. Tastebuds with gustatory receptor cells are present in papillae and are sensitive to the chemicals in foods. The sensation of spiciness is not actually a taste; rather, it is a pain response. The food's chemicals, like capsaicin, stimulate free nerve endings in the mouth, causing a spiciness sensation similar to how the fibers would detect pain.

The gustatory receptors in the taste buds are able to independently recognize the tastes of salt, umami, and sweetness.

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Explanation about the molecules given below:

Its original definition, "the smallest unit of a material that yet preserves the qualities of that substance," was intended to be included by this designation. "An atom is a body that cannot be cut in two; a molecule is the smallest conceivable component of a specific material," wrote James Maxwell in 1873 when defining atom and molecule.

In this case, according to the given information, we can firstly bear to mind the fact that each ball color represents a different element, for that reason we can tell the following:

- Two black balls: they represent a diatomic molecule composed by two atoms of the same element.

- One black ball and two black balls: they represent a compound formed by two different elements.

- One gray ball and two black balls: they represent a compound formed by two different elements.

- Two black-dotted balls: they represent a diatomic molecule composed by two atoms of the same element.

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For each given genes site where such variation exists, an individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent. If the two alleles are identical, the person is homozygous for that allele. If the alleles vary, the person is heterozygous.

Diploid refers to the existence of two full sets of chromosomes in the cells of an organism, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair. Humans are diploid, with 23 chromosomal pairs in the majority of cells.

Alleles are genes that match; one from our biological mother and one from our biological father. Every gene has two copies (strings of code that drive some biological function on our chromosomes).

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Type of asexual reproduction in snail is : During a process known as parthenogenesis, cell division allows unfertilized female gamete to develop without auto- or sexual fertilization. This results in an exact replica of parent snail.

Some hermaphrodite snails do not need another snail to reproduce, but can produce more snails all by themselves  and this is called asexual reproduction. Whereas, other snails are hermaphrodites but still need another snail to reproduce and this is called sexual reproduction.

Water snails are hermaphroditic and they reproduce asexually. Pond snails can also reproduce sexually and lay jellylike masses of eggs under water on plants and on the sides of the aquarium.

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1) peripheral nervous system

2) central nervous system

Important constituents are also present in plasma. These also include antibodies and coagulation components like albumin and fibrinogen. When you donate blood, medical personnel can remove these crucial components from your plasma.

Plasma contains 91% to 92% water and 8% to 9% solids. Coagulants, notably fibrinogen, aid in blood clotting, which is what it mostly consists of. Two plasma proteins, albumin and globulin, help to maintain the colloidal osmotic pressure at 25 mmHg.

Plasma proteins come in more than 100 different varieties, however they may be divided into three fractions: plasma albumin, plasma globulin, and fibrinogen.

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Fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization happens when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian tube.

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Answer:

fallopian tubes!!

Tertiary protein structure is the overall three-dimensional shape involving interactions between various amino acids and their side groups.

Protein has been made up of amino acids. These amino acids when joins together and make a polypeptide chain that makes the primary structure of the protein.

When this primary polypeptide chain becomes slightly compact and coiled by making hydrogen bond then it is called the secondary structure of the protein. The tertiary structure of a protein is the overall three-dimensional arrangement of the polypeptide chain which is generally stabilized.

Therefore, Tertiary protein structure is the overall three-dimensional shape involving interactions between various amino acids and their side groups.

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Understanding human biology is crucial for biologists. People can be kept healthy and effective medicine can be developed by researchers thanks to our understanding of how the human body functions.

which researches various illnesses and how they impact both human and animal bodies. It can also be used to create or find novel treatments for ailments for which there are no existing drugs.

Since both biology and society are emergent systems, ongoing research is required to comprehend how they are changing. In order to comprehend how they are evolving, it is necessary to study the two unavoidable biological need for existence and reproduction in a dialectical manner.

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Cells of mature plants maintain their genetic information.

Comment:- Mature plant cells maintain all of the genetic data required to complete the procedures of producing new individual plants.

Cloning is a method of vegetatively propagating plants in which a piece of the original plant's stem or root is placed in an appropriate substrate.

Because you are essentially developing a clone of the stock plant when you take cuttings, they will always result in plants that are exactly like it.

cellular genetic material from plants

Although chloroplasts and mitochondria also house some DNA, the majority of it is found in the nucleus of plant cells. When compared to nuclear DNA, the organization and inheritance patterns of this organellar DNA are very different.

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To water-culture a mongo seed One to one and a half cups of warm water should be added to a large container, preferably one made of glass like a mason jar, along with half a cup of mung beans.

Rubber band a cheesecloth or paper towel to the top of your container to provide space for your beans to breathe.

Soak the beans for eight to twelve hours at room temperature to cause swelling. The following day, or at least eight hours later, strain your beans. You can drain the water from the jar's top by using a sieve or a piece of cheesecloth. Re-rinse and drain the beans. For two to five days, do this. If you keep a container of sprouting alfalfa in a bright window for a few days, the tiny leaflets will turn green.

Rinse well in a sizable bowl of fresh water. Get rid of the hulls that appear on the surface. Give your sprouts one last rinse, and then let them air dry in a colander entirely before putting them in the refrigerator. Any beans with no sprouts should be sorted. Put them in a plastic bag or jar and refrigerate it.

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In the case of Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - The muscles are paralyzed, and body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate and respiratory rate increase.

Hence, statement C is correct.

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Answer:

Living things have a variety of characteristics that are displayed to different degrees: they respire, move, respond to stimuli, reproduce and grow, and are dependent on their environment.

Explanation:

Rough ER have ribosomes which smooth ER does not have.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a series of connected flattened sacs that form part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and play an important role in protein synthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum can be smooth or rough, and its function is generally to produce proteins that allow the rest of the cell to function. Ribosomes, which are small, round organelles that make proteins, are found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in a variety of metabolic processes. It produces lipids, phospholipids (as found in plasma membranes), and steroids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is abundant in cells that secrete these products, such as those found in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands.

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The Australian continent was the last area colonized by the initial expansion of Homosapiens

Between 200,000 to 300,000 years ago, Homosapiens, the first modern humans, developed from their early hominid forefathers. They acquired the ability to communicate some 50,000 years ago.

Around 70,000-100,000 years ago, the first modern people began to leave Africa.

Migrations proceeded down the Asian coast to Southeast Asia and Oceania, eventually colonizing Australia 65,000-50,000 years ago. Molecular clock estimations, genetic investigations, and archaeological evidence all indicate that modern people first colonized Sahul and Australia approximately 48,000-50,000 years ago. A substantial number of archaeological sites dating back more than 30,000 years have been unearthed in recent decades.

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tRNAs with the TTT anticodon recognize the AAA codon, which codes for lysine.

An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence that is complementary to a matching codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and is found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.

When translated, an mRNA codon is a triplet or triple-nucleotide sequence that specifies an amino acid. The anticodon, a three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA, binds to the proper mRNA sequence. Which amino acid is provided by the tRNA molecule is determined by the anticodon sequence. One amino acid and one anticodon are carried by each tRNA. The cellular machinery recognises that the proper amino acid is available to be supplied to the developing protein when the anticodon successfully couples with an mRNA codon.

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Intervertebral foramina. The opening between the spinal canal (brain) and the outside world is known as the intervertebral foramen. At all levels of the spine, situated between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae.

The limits of the intervertebral foramen have been described using a variety of classification techniques. The nerve roots depart the spine through the intervertebral foramina, which serve as "exit pathways," and branch out to all regions of the body. Nerve signals could not get from the brain to the rest of the body without the foramen. The body would not be able to operate without nerve messages. The paravertebral space is where the thoracic nerve roots leave the intervertebral foramina.

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DNA is made up of chromosomes, which are made up of genes, which are made up of nucleotides.

What is DNA?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is made up of two strands of nucleotides, which are linked together in a specific sequence. The sequence of these nucleotides contains information about the organism, including how it looks, how it functions, and how it develops.

What are Genes?

Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for producing proteins or RNA molecules that are necessary for the development and functioning of an organism. The genetic code contained within genes is used to determine the characteristics of an organism and is passed down from parent to offspring.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA, and they come in four different varieties called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for the production of proteins, which are the building blocks of an organism. Chromosomes contain hundreds or even thousands of genes and are made up of both DNA and proteins.

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Animals, as part of the nitrogen cycle, acquire some amino acids by eating plants.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

The nitrogen cycle is а repeаting cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living аnd non-living things: the аtmosphere, soil, wаter, plаnts, аnimаls аnd bаcteriа. In order to move through the different pаrts of the cycle, nitrogen must chаnge forms. In the аtmosphere, nitrogen exists аs а gаs ([tex]N_{2}[/tex]), but in the soils, it exists аs nitrogen oxide, NO, аnd nitrogen dioxide, [tex]NO_{2}[/tex], аnd when used аs а fertilizer, cаn be found in other forms, such аs аmmoniа, [tex]NH_{3}[/tex], which cаn be processed even further into а different fertilizer, аmmonium nitrаte, or [tex]NH_{4}NO_{3}[/tex].

Nitrogen is а key element in the nucleic аcids DNА аnd RNА, which аre the most importаnt of аll biologicаl molecules аnd cruciаl for аll living things. When plаnts do not get enough nitrogen, they аre unаble to produce аmino аcids (substаnces thаt contаin nitrogen аnd hydrogen аnd mаke up mаny of living cells, muscles аnd tissue). Without аmino аcids, plаnts cаnnot mаke the speciаl proteins thаt the plаnt cells need to grow. Thus, animals acquire some amino acids by eating plants.

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The nucleus of the cell organizes DNA. The nucleus contains structures resembling threads; Chromosomes are the more compact form of these structures.

In a eukaryotic cell, the most obvious organelle is the nucleus. It houses the cell's chromosomes and is where practically all DNA replication and RNA union happens. The nuclear envelope, a membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, is spherical in shape. In their nuclei, each cell has a nearly identical copy of our DNA. However, because DNA molecules can stretch to a length of more than six feet, they are packed and arranged in a very specific way to fit in the tiny nucleus. Before cell division takes place, centrioles help organize the chromosomes, ensuring that each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes.

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The structures that are unique to neurons are axons, dendrites, myelin sheaths, and Nodes of Ranvier.

Neurons are nerve cells that send and receive messages to and from the brain. Neurons are very unique in structure. This uniqueness is because of the function of the cell itself. The signals from and to the brain are transported as action potentials. So neurons are structured accordingly.

The main parts of a neuron are

Cell body - It is the body of the neuron, also called Soma. It consists of a nucleus and other cell organelles.

Axons - A long tail-like structure that is connected to the cell body is called the axon. It is usually protected by a layer of a fatty substance called the myelin sheath.

Dendrites - These are the root-like structure that emerges from the cell body. It receives signals from the axons of other neurons.

Nodes of Ranvier are small regions on the axons where it is not protected by the myelin sheath. It allows faster transmission of electrical signals.

So the unique structures of neurons are Nodes of Ranvier, axons, dendrites, and myelin sheath.

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The structures which are unique to neurons are nodes of Ranvier, cell body, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath.

The cells of the nervous system that are responsible for receiving and transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body are known as neurons or nerve cells.

The following components make up the neuron's structure: cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and Nodes of Ranvier.

The cell body carries genetic information and is also known as soma. Axon carries electrical impulses away from the body of the cell, Dendrites are received extensions that look like trees, and the Ranvier nodes are cracks in a neuron's myelin sheath.

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c. a large, genetically diverse population is the advantages for reducing genetic bottleneck effects.

Specicide, widespread violence or purposeful culling, human population planning, and other human actions such as famine, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts can all cause population bottlenecks.

Population bottlenecks can also occur owing to genetic bottlenecks. As a result, a smaller population with less genetic variety is left to transmit genes to future generations of offspring through sexual reproduction. Such events can limit the variation in a population's gene pool.

Only when gene flow from another group happens or very slowly over time as random mutations take place, genetic diversity rises, but it still remains lower. As a result, the population becomes less resilient and less able to tolerate certain environmental changes, like a change in the climate or a change in the resources that are available.

The frequency of the more fit genes inside the gene pool is raised while the pool itself is diminished, on the other hand, if the bottleneck survivors are those with the highest genetic fitness.

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