The arrangement of DNA into topologically connected domains by chromosomal loop-forming proteins results in the grouping of certain genes and the associated enhancer binding regions.
A process related to RNA 3′-end processing ends transcription. Most eukaryotic mRNA precursors are cut at a certain location in the 3′-untranslated region, and the upstream cleavage result is polyadenylated. These reactions include a huge number of proteins.
Transcriptional activators and repressors both control gene expression in eukaryotic cells. Like their prokaryotic counterparts, eukaryotic repressors bind to certain DNA sequences and block transcription.
Eukaryotic organisms only express a small part of the DNA that is encoded in each given cell. The amount and kind of protein generated by each type of cell is influenced by gene expression regulation. When a protein's DNA gets translated into RNA and then into proteins, it is said to be expressed.
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based on just the anatomy, how can you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The sympathetic division and indeed the parasympathetic division are the two parts of the self-regulating nervous system.
What is the purpose of parasympathetic nerves?In calm "rest and digest" situations, the parasympathetic system predominates, whereas the sympathetic nervous systems activates the "fight or flight" response in stressful circumstances. The essential roles of the PNS are to govern body processes like metabolism and urine and also to store energy for subsequent use.
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic differ?Your nervous system is balanced by the parasympathetic portion of your autonomic nervous. Your body's "fight or flight" response is regulated by your sympathetic nervous system, while the "rest and digest" response is regulated by your parasympathetic nervous system.
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PLEASE PLEASE HELP (ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE)
Fossilized carbon found in ancient plan and animal remains is said to be “_______”.
A. absorbed
B. eroded
C. sequestered
D. transferred
Fossilized carbon found in ancient plan and animal remains is said to be “transferred”, option D.
What are fossils?Fossils are the remains or inklings of prehistoric plants and animals found embedded in rocks and conserved in ossified forms. They consist of two types; trace and body fossils and are usually converted to fuel.
Carbon is an essential element on earth and its cycle describes how carbon transfers between reservoirs and organisms. It maintains stability of the climate and carbon balance of the earth. Fossilized carbon is transferred to ancient plants and animals which is converted to sediments.
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Answer: eroded
Explanation: I got it correct.
Neisseria gonnorrhoeae is a gram-negative diplococcus that typically causes symptomatic infections in males. The presence of neisseria gonorrhoeae is urethral pus is diagnostic for gonorrhea in males. What would be observed in a positive gram stain?.
A bacterial infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the primary cause of the STD gonorrhoea. The reproductive tract's mucous membranes, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, as well as the urethra in both men and women, are infected with gonorrhoeae.
The effects of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on the body are what?Fever, scrotal discomfort, and edoema are possible symptoms. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can, in rare circumstances, enter the circulation and infect the skin, joints, or internal organs. Men who have gonorrhoea may experience painful infections in their testicles and prostate glands, which in a small percentage of cases may affect their fertility. Gonorrhea can occasionally spread into the bloodstream and result in illnesses that can be fatal if ignored.
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what might happen if the life cycle of the milkweed plant changed in some way?
Answer:
It might Create an imbalance on the organisms feeding on it leading to imbalance in the ecosystem
You use several model organisms in your lab's research. which of your model organisms would you expect to exhibit a higher mutation frequency?
a. D. melanogaster
b. S. typhimurium
c. M. musculus
d. E. coli
M. musculus is a model organism that would show a greater mutation frequency.
M. musculus is a favorite model organism since its genome is 85% identical to the human genome. Mice are nonetheless simpler to care for, breed, and study despite being bigger than other model species.
M. musculus is a crucial research tool for simulating the progression and development of human diseases in the lab.
Mice and people are biologically similar, and they share many diseases for the same genetic causes. It is simple to genetically modify mice to imitate almost any human disease.
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Based on your knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, where do you think the genetic information for endotoxins are located?.
The genetic information for endotoxins are located Chromosomes
What are endotoxins?Lipopolysaccharides, a family of phospholipids that includes bacterial endotoxins, are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria (LPS). Gram negative bacteria do not produce LPS as an external byproduct. After the cell has died and been lysed, LPS is released by bacteria.
Lipopolysaccharides called endotoxins, which are found in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, can cause fever and inflammation as an immunological reaction in higher species. Endotoxin reactivity can cause anaphylactic shock and patient mortality. The lipid A portion of LPS, which contains fatty acids and disaccharide phosphates, the core polysaccharides, and the O-antigen are its main components (see image). The fat molecule's endotoxin activity is caused by a fragment of LPS. Symptoms of endotoxin exposure that affect human health include sepsis and clinical
At lower doses, toxic pneumonitis, decreased lung function, and respiratory symptoms like byssinosis ("Monday morning chest tightness") can occur. Other symptoms include fever, shaking chills, and septic shock.
Based on the knowledge of microbial genetics and microbial pathogenesis, the genetic information for endotoxins are located in chromosomes
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Black bears eat berries, plants,
insects, fish and animals, so they
can be classified as-
A. producers
B. herbivores
C. omnivores
D. carnivores
Answer: C - Omnivores
Omnivores eat both meat, plants, and other things. Bears are omnivores, since they have a varied diet consisting of berries, plants, insects, fish and animals.
homologous recombination proteins match the proteins involved in homologous recombination with their function. 1. recognizes double stranded breaks and unwinds dna. (click to select) 2. binds to single stranded dna and promotes strand invasion. (click to select) 3. promotes branch migration. (click to select) 4. is an endonuclease. (click to select)
The correct matches about homologous recombination proteins are:
RecBCD recognizes double stranded breaks and unwinds DNA.RecA binds to single stranded DNA and promotes strand invasion. RuvAB promotes branch migration.RuvC is an endonuclease.Homologous recombination is the process where nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. The process is carried out in order to perform functions like repair of damaged chromosomes, for preventing the demise of damaged replication forks, etc.
Endonuclease are the enzymes that perform the cleavage of phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain. These are referred as molecular scissors because they perform cut in the DNA strand.
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Which of the examples is not one of the basic types of gene mutations?
a. insertions of base pairs
b. deletions of base pairs
c. base-pair substitutions
d. base-pair rearrangements
e. all are basic types of mutations
Base pair rearrangements is not one of the basic types of gene mutation.
d. base-pair rearrangements
The DNA sequence of a gene is altered to generate a different result, which is known as a genetic mutation. The DNA sequence of that gene is permanently altered.
For humans to develop, which is the process of change over a number of generations, genetic variances are crucial. In one person, a spontaneous genetic mutation takes place. The genetic mutation of that person is passed down through generations (hereditary) to their offspring. If the mutation increases a person's likelihood of survival or immunity to disease, it starts to be handed down through generations and disseminated throughout the community. The mutation transforms from a gene variant into a normal gene as it is passed down from generation to generation and becomes a normal component of the human genome.
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Independent assortment is when what kind of pairs randomly align along the middle of the cell before they separate?.
Independent assortment is when Homologous pairs randomly align along the middle of the cell before they separate.
What is Homologous pairs?
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits located at matching loci and are roughly the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. The organism inherits one homologous chromosome from its mother and the other from its father. Despite not always being similar, they convey the same kind of information. Despite the fact that the daughter chromosomes carry the exact same genetic makeup during mitosis, The result of this is an identical cell, but this does not describe the situation in which a mutation takes place.What is independent assortment?
According to the Law of Independent Assortment, sexually reproducing organisms absorb various genes and their alleles independently. Chromosomes are divided into many gametes during meiosis. Through the process of crossing-over, genes connected to a chromosome can re-organise themselves. As a result, each gene is inherited separately.To know more about homologous pair check the below link:
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which of the following is not a function of cartilage? cartilage serves as levers for movement by skeletal muscle. cartilage provides support for soft tissue. cartilage forms the initial model in endochondral ossification. cartilage provides a smooth gliding surface at the end of bones in freely movable joints.
Option A: cartilage serves as levers for movement by skeletal muscle is not a function of cartilage.
The bodily components that act as levers to produce human movement are bones, ligaments, and muscles. To put it simply, a joint—where two or more bones come together—serves as the axis (or fulcrum), and the muscles that cross the joint exert the force necessary to move a weight or resistance. Therefore, option A in incorrect for cartilage.
In order to protect your joints and bones, cartilage, a strong, flexible connective tissue, is used. It serves as your body's overall shock absorber. In addition to this, cartilage acts as a supporting structures for the body. It reduces friction by providing smooth gliding surface and helping the bones slide softly without causing any damage.
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Which correctly defines homologous structure
Answer: hope this helps
Explanation:
Homologous structures are organs or skeletal elements of animals and organisms that, by virtue of their similarity, suggest their connection to a common ancestor. These structures do not have to look exactly the same or have the same function.
What are the 6 most important ions in the body and their function?
The main six ions present in our body are Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chloride and Phosphate. Their functions are regarding the body functioning.
What is the role of ions in our body?
Our body has a wide variety of ions that has their various functions. some are used in the transmission of electrical cell membranes in neurons and muscles while others are used in stabilizing the protein structure of enzymes.
The function of six main ions is as follow:
1. Sodium- it helps in regulating osmotic pressure, contraction of muscles and transmitting nerve signals.
2. Potassium- the functions are same as sodium ion.
3. Magnesium- it is used in activating enzymes and helps in the formation of bones and teeth.
4. Calcium- it is affective in clotting of blood, formation of bones and teeth.
5. Chloride - it is used to enable the secretion of stomach acids, regulating the osmotic pressure and water content of the body.
6. Phosphate- it is necessary for formation of bones and teeth.
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using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely is known as
Using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely is known as Sustainable Development.
What is a Resource?A resource is any material that is available to us in our surroundings that is economically viable, technologically accessible, and culturally sustainable and that enables us to meet our needs and desires.
What is a Sustainable Development?A guiding principle in sustainable development is maintaining the capacity of natural systems to continue providing the natural resources and ecosystem services that are essential to the economy and society without destroying the natural resources
Sustainable development is a broad term to describe policies, projects and investments that provide benefits today without sacrificing environmental, social and personal health in the future. These policies are often described as green because they focus on limiting the impact of development on the environment. However, the benefits of sustainable development are also felt across a wide cross section of human health and well-being, including reductions in pollution- and environment-related disease, improved health outcomes and decreased stress.
Hence, using natural resources such as trees, water, or rangeland in a wise, regulated, or planned manner so that it is not destroyed but can be used and renewed indefinitely is known as Sustainable Development.
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according to the phylogenetic tree, chimpanzees and pigeons share _______________ of the listed synapomorphies (a derived trait shared by two or more taxa that is inherited from their common ancestor).
The evolutionary tree shows that chimpanzees and pigeons share three of the synapomorphies.
What is an example of synapomorphy?Humans and cats have a similar bones, although coming from distinct groups (primate species or carnivore, respectively). These common characteristics were passed down to both groups by their last common ancestor, even if their evolutionary trajectories were divergent.
What are synapomorphies and why are they important?Synapomorphies are characteristics (morphological, molecular, or behavioral) shared by a collection of species as a result of their descent from a common ancestor. Thus, synapomorphies serve as proof for historical relationships and the hierarchical system that goes along with those.
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The chart shows Environmental Protection Agency data for forestry practices in Minnesota in the 1980's. Clearcutting timber involves leveling all the
trees in a forest in strips and allowing the forest to re-grow completely Selective cutting involves felling only larger timber trees and allowing smaller
trees to remain until they are ready to be harvested. The EPA measured soil and water loss in these areas, and also tested uncut sections of forests
(controls). The EPA measured water loss (water yield) and erosion (sediment loss).
According to the chart
4x A
4x
selective cutting causes more soil loss by erosion, than clear-cutting
B
in 1984 and 1985, selection cutting actually conserved more water and saved more soil from erosion, than the uncut control
forest
C
clear-cutting and selective cutting cause similar amounts of water (water yield) to be lost from forested areas.
D
in 1982, more water was lost from clear-cut forest soil, than in any other year.
According to the chart in 1984 and 1985, selection cutting actually conserved more water and saved more soil from erosion, than the uncut control forest.
what is soil erosion?
The top, fertile layer of soil is lost during this process. The soil loses its fertility as a result of erosion. Since the soil's top layer is so light, wind and water can readily carry it away. Soil erosion is the process by which topsoil is removed by the forces of nature.
The main factors that contribute significantly to soil loss each year are wind, rain, and flowing water. In addition to seriously reducing crop production potential, lowering surface water quality, and harming drainage systems, excessive soil erosion also results in substantial topsoil loss.
therefore, Option B is correct.
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Which of the following aspects of society is the least affected by limiting factors?
a.
location
b.
health
c.
behavior
d.
stability
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
D.
stability is the answer
Variability is seen in the endoskeleton of the different echinoderm classes. Match the description the endoskeleton with the correct echinoderm class. of Asteroidea Echinoidea Ophuiroidea Crinoidea Holothuroidea A. "Test" formed of tightly fused skeletal plates B. Latticework of ossicles; flexible to facilitate movement C. Endoskeleton reduced to isolated ossicles embedded in a muscular body D. Stalk of ring-shaped ossicles and branches or cirri E. Flexible arms; appears jointed due to conspicuous plates on outer surface
The correct match of the endoskeleton with the correct echinoderm class is:
Asteroidea- (B) Latticework of ossicles; flexible to facilitate movement.Echinoidea- (A) "Test" formed of tightly fused skeletal plates.Ophuiroidea- (E) Flexible arms; appears jointed due to conspicuous plates on outer surfaceCrinoidea- (D) Stalk of ring-shaped ossicles and branches or cirri. Holothuroidea- (C) Endoskeleton reduced to isolated ossicles embedded in a muscular body.Enchinoderms are the animals of the phylum Echinodermata. These are the marine animals that are invertebrates. The examples are: brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, etc.
Ossicles are are the endoskeleton of the echinoderms. These are formed from the calcium deposits. The ossicles are embedded into the dermis layer of the body wall.
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What would be the result of a cytosine base being substituted for a thymine base in a dna segment during dna replication?.
During DNA replication, if a cytosine base is changed to a thymine base in a DNA segment, the sequence might code for the incorrect amino acid when translated. Mutation refers to a change in the DNA's sequence.
Why does thymine instead of uracil make up DNA?DNA substitutes thymine for uracil because it strengthens the genetic code and has a higher resistance to photochemical mutation. This is necessary in order to store all the information needed for life to function.
How could the traits that are meant to be developed be impacted by a change in the DNA sequence?A mutation might alter a property in a way that's even advantageous, such making it possible for an organism to more effectively adapt to its surroundings. A point mutation is the most basic type of mutation. When one nucleotide base in a DNA sequence is swapped out for another, something happens.
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Match each biological factor with its influence on sexual behavior.
1.) Testosterone
2.) Estrogen
3.) Hypothalamus
4.) Gonads
1.) An androgen hormone associated with sexual desire in males and females
2.) Class of hormones that are present in higher levels in women than in men
3.) Brain region that controls the release of sex hormones
4.) Part of the body that secretes the sex hormones
1.) An androgen hormone associated with sexual desire in males and females- testosterone
2.) Class of hormones that are present in higher levels in women than in men - estrogen
3.) Brain region that controls the release of sex hormones- hypothalamus
4.) Part of the body that secretes the sex hormones- gonads
A putative male chemo-signal called androstadienone has been linked to sex variations in hypothalamic activity in adult heterosexual men and women. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the hypothalamic responsiveness to this chemo-signal in 39 pre-pubertal and 41 adolescent boys and girls in order to determine if puberty moderated this sex difference in response to androstadienone. The next step was to determine whether the sex-atypical (in accordance with the experienced gender) rather than the sex-typical (in accordance with the natal sex) hypothalamic activations during androstadienone-induced olfactory stimulation were present in the 36 pre-pubertal children and 38 adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD; DSM-5) diagnoses.
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Would you results have been any different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells? why or why not?.
The results have been different if you had used a cell type different from your cheek cells because of the absence of a cell wall in the cheek cell.
Like other animal cells, the cheek cells in humans lack a cell wall. A cell membrane that is partly permeable surrounds the cytoplasm. In comparison to plant cells, animal cells have denser, more granular, and bigger cytoplasms. The cheek cells are shaped irregularly because they lack cell walls. Animal cells typically have unusual shapes since only plant cells have cell walls.
Animal cells, like those seen in the human cheek, lack a cell wall. The outer barrier of the human cheek cell is thus the cell membrane, a semi-permeable barrier. In contrast to onion cells, human cheek cells have a rich cytoplasm. It is granular and takes up a lot of space inside the cell.
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What part of the cell cycle has been disrupted to allow for the formation of cancer cells?.
Answer: DNA Synthesis
In many cancer cells, the number of chromosomes is altered so that there are either too many or too few chromosomes in the cells. These cells are said to be aneuploid. Errors may occur during the DNA replication resulting in mutations and possibly the development of cancer.
Explanation:
germ-line or somatic cell mutations match the terms with their definitions. 1. cells that give rise to the gametes. (click to select) 2. mutation that can be passed onto offspring. (click to select) 3. all cells of the body excluding the gametes or cells that can give rise to the gametes. (click to select) 4. a mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring. (click to select) 5. an individual that has somatic regions that are genotypically different from each other. (click to select)
Cells that give rise to the gametes and A mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring.
How do you define somatic and germ line mutations?DNA alterations known as germline mutations are passed down to you from the egg and sperm cells during conception. Somatic mutations are DNA changes that occur in cells other than the egg and sperm after fertilization. Genetic problems that affect your health might result from mutations.
What distinguishes a somatic mutation from a germline mutation?Blood or buccal cells from a saliva sample are used to identify chromosomally pathogenic variations. In order to determine the DNA sequencing changes causing the tumor growth, somatic variations are either tested directly on the tumor or identified through liquid biopsy of a blood sample containing circulating tumor cells.
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Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis?
View Available Hint(s)
a. Prokarya
b. Archaea
c. Bacteria
d. Eukarya
Woese's analysis of a tree of life did not include prokarya among the categories it described.
What does analysis mean example?the process of closely scrutinizing something in order to learn more about it or form an opinion and judgment after doing so: An unbiased assessment of the results of the investment plan was done by our financial specialists. Clare's interpretation of the issue piqued my interest.
What is a analysis in writing?Your chance to contextualize or explain the evidence for your reader is during analysis. You may explain to a readers the importance of the evidence, what it means, and how it connects to other concepts in your work in your analysis.
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1. The bacterial samples a, b, and c are e. Coli transformed with unknown plasmids. Your bacterial plates will be incubated and returned to you in the second molecular biology lab. How will you know the bacteria were transformed? in other words, how will the bacterial phenotypes be expressed?.
Bacterial plates will be incubated and returned to you in the second molecular biology lab The bacterial samples .
Bacterial plates are the standard solid assist cloth for growing microorganisms. Microbial boom media incorporates nutrients and an electricity supply to gas the microbes as they develop, and agar to maintain the media in a semi-solid, gel-like state.
To make your personal agar petri dishes or ramekins, pour 625ml of water into a clean microwave-secure medium-sized glass bowl. add 25g of agar into the equal bowl, stir until absolutely dissolved with a easy spoon or fork. 04. put the agar-water solution into the microwave and set the timer for 4 mins.
Agar, that's a polysaccharide derived from pink seaweed (Rhodophyceae) is preferred because it's far an inert, non-nutritive substance. The agar provides a stable boom surface for the bacteria, upon which bacteria reproduce till the distinctive lumps of cells that we call colonies shape.
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Discuss voluntary and involuntary actions in movement. Include skeletal tissue, cardiac tissue, and smooth tissue in your response.
Voluntary and involuntary movements are divided due to differences in the nervous system involved and differences in muscle type use.
Voluntary Movements
Voluntary movements or movements that we are aware of are movements that are regulated by the somatic nervous system. For example, when there are thoughts of our own to eat. Then the brain will think to take food from the plate, put it in the mouth, move the jaw to chew, and with the help from tongue we swallow it. That is called voluntary movement or movement that we are aware of.
Voluntary movements are easily identified with us being able to start and stop them as we wish. For example, when we chew we want to stop, of course we can, right? Voluntary movements can be performed using the skeletal muscles. So only the muscles attached to the skeleton of the body that can be moved voluntarily.
Involuntary Movements
Whereas involuntary movements are the opposite, movements that we are not aware of and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. For example, after swallowing food, it goes into the esophagus. In the esophagus, peristaltic movement is carried out by the muscles in the wall of the esophagus to make food reach the stomach.
Why is this movement called involuntary movement? Because we can’t control peristaltic movement the way we want. As soon as food enters the oesophagus, peristaltic movement begins. Even in the middle we can not stop the peristaltic movement. Involuntary movements can be carried out by smooth muscles and cardiac muscles, which are muscles located in internal organs.
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which processes lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms? select all that apply.
Processes that lead to most genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms are
(a) Random fertilization
(b) Crossing over
(c) Independent assortment of chromosomes in meiosis
What is genetic variation ?Genetic variation is the difference in DNA between people or between populations. Genetic recombination and mutation are two of the many factors that cause genetic variation. Genetic variation is primarily caused by mutations, but other processes like genetic drift also play a role.
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Uncontrolled cellular division poses a serious risk to surrounding tissue because it–.
Uncontrolled cell division is a risk because our body has a time line that must be met to facilitate metabolic functions at the intra and extracellular level.
Consequence of Uncontrolled Cell DivisionWhen cell divisions occur in an uncontrolled way, our body is at risk due to pathologies such as cancer, this disease is generated by external factors and even by internal uncontrollability.
The chemical substances secreted in our organs even lead to uncontrolled cell divisions, multiplying this process in other systems, which leads to oncogenic metastasis. Therefore, it is extremely important to check our health to avoid risks that are irreversible once they occur in our body.
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which of the following features of salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? which of the following features of salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? fimbriae invasins flagella
Flagella is the feature of salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed.
What is the function of flagella ?Flagella, which are present in various eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes, are largely employed for cell motility. A filament in the prokaryotic flagellum rotates to propel the cell forward. A prokaryote may have one or more flagella, which may be confined to one pole or may be dispersed throughout the cell.The flagellum is made up of a base body that is implanted in the cell membrane, a primary corkscrew outside the cell called a filament or rod, and a hook that joins the body and filament. The flagellum, which can self-assemble, also provides a means of export.In contrast to the filament, which develops to a more variable length, the hook has a fixed length. The C ring, which measures the hook before exporting it, is thought to control the set length. The middle of the flagellum is hollow from the base to the tip of the filament to aid in self-assembly.Learn more about Flagella refer :
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Why is testing on animals, needed in some cases? Why do we test on animals instead of controlled vairiables and substances?
Answer:
Animal testing is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. The reason why animals are used in testing products that will be used by humans is the physical make-up of animals that has a great degree of resemblance to that of the human body.
Answer:
Hope this helps!
Explanation:
Animal testing is necessary because alternative methods are currently not as reliable. The reason why animals are used in testing products that will be used by humans is the physical make-up of animals that has a great degree of resemblance to that of the human body. This physical resemblance enables scientists and researchers to gather biological data and information that are needed for developing medicines. This biological information also happens to be unavailable in plants and while there have been recent development in the use of non-animal methods such as computer modeling, and in vitro and genetic research, these methods were not developed to replace animal research but simply to supplement it (Trull, 2002, p. 45). Moreover, these non- animal methods are still being developed which necessitates that testings must continue to be done to an intact living system which is an animal (Guither, 1998, p. 80). In addition to this, there has been difficulty in the scientific community as to finding competent, safe and reliable alternatives to animal tests. This is because it takes several years to validate alternative methods and those methods that are currently available were developed without using the latest technology (Daston & Mcnamee, 2005). Thus, the use of animals to determine the effectiveness, toxic level and possible side effects of drugs, cosmetics and other products remains to be the primary and most reliable method that is available today.
Animal testing is necessary to secure humans from unsafe and dangerous medications and products. Animals are not only used to test the effectiveness of new medications and products. They are also used to check the safety of products so no human users will be harmed when using them. If products are sold in the market without being tested on animals, users of these products which range from medicines, cosmetics and household products are put in danger. Products that have not undergone animal testing are generally considered as unsafe and may imperil the lives of their users. This is demonstrated by several medical tragedies that have
occurred because humans have used products and substances that were not used first or experimented on animals. In the 1930’s, for example, a number of women lost their vision and at least one was reported to have died for using an eye mascara that contains a substance that can cause corneal ulceration in the eyes of its users (“The Care of Use”, 2002). The substance called p-phenylenediamine was not tested on animals. Another tragedy which happened because no animal testing was conducted was the case of an antibacterial medicine that was dissolved in an antifreeze. The medicine was marketed without prior animal tests and since antifreeze is toxic, the medicine has resulted in the death of 107 people (“The Care of Use”, 2002). Animal testing therefore guarantees the safety of using drugs and similar products.
Animal testing is necessary because it is unethical and dangerous to experiment with untested substances using humans. The welfare of humans and human life are more important and valuable than that of any animal. This is the reason why it is unethical and dangerous to use humans to test new drugs and substances. By using animals in research and experiments, medical researchers will be able to determine the safety and effectiveness of medicines and other products without risking the lives and safety of human subjects. This explains why animal test results on new drugs have to be evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) “to determine whether the drug is safe enough to test in humans and, if so–after all human testing is completed –to decide whether the drug can be sold to the public” (Cohn, 1987). By trying on potential substances and formula on animals, researchers will also be able to determine the harmful side effects of medicines and similar products they are experimenting on. If tested products were found safe and effective, they can be used by humans. If animals are not used to determine the safety and effectiveness of products, humans will be obliged to try them which may have disastrous and dangerous consequences. Government regulations therefore necessitates that substances should be tested on animals first before trying them on humans. The importance in the use of animals in preliminary experiments and research is currently evident in
the development of medicines for AIDS. A substances that is suspected of being potential in curing the disease is tested first on animals “to find out how it works in the body, what unwanted side effects it can cause, and if it is effective against the illness” (Segal, 1987).