The blank AT/GC rule states that blank complementarity between DNA strands is necessary for DNA replication.
How does the base pair rule in DNA replication function?Chargaff's Rule states that during the replication process, all replication must match complementary purines, pyrimidines, or nitrogenous bases. DNA always couples adenine and thymine together, but cytosine always couples with guanine.
What rules for DNA base pairing are relevant?According to the base pairing rule, guanine always joins with cytosine, whereas adenine always unites with thymine. They keep the two strands of DNA connected, but they are too weak to undergo replication.
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Which of the following is used to make complementary DNA (CDNA) from RNA? a. Restriction enzymes b. Gene cloning c. DNA ligase d. Gel electrophoresis e. Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase is used to make complementary DNA from RNA.
Which of the following is required to make complementary DNA?
Four basic reagents are needed to produce cDNA: mRNA as a template, dNTPs, reverse transcriptase, and primers.
What enzyme is used for cDNA?
In molecular biology, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized from an RNA template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RTase).
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to change a specific piece of RNA into a matching piece of DNA.
Thus, reverse transcriptase is used to make cDNA from RNA.
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starting from a single individual, which estimate best predicts the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)
The estimate that best predicts the size of the population of bacteria will be equal to 64 that is option A is correct.
Binary Fission may be defined as the method of producing new individuals in which the parent cells divide into two daughter cells of same kinds. The daughter cells have the characteristics of the parent cell as even the chromosomes are divided due to fission. It is given that the total time is 2 hours that is 120 minutes. Now, they reproduce every 20 minutes. So,
No. of individuals after 20 minutes = 2
No. of individuals after 40 minutes = 4
No. of individuals after 60 minutes = 8
No. of individuals after 80 minutes = 16
No. of individuals after 100 minutes = 32
No. of individuals after 120 minutes = 64
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Complete Question:
starting from a single individual, which estimate best predicts the size of a population of bacteria at the end of a 2-hour time period if they reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes? (assume unlimited resources and no mortality.)
A) 64
B) 18
C) 128
D) 512
E) 1,024
which of these is true of recessive alleles in a complete dominance pattern of inheritance?
a. They can affect the phenotype even if there is only one present.
b. They are only expressed when homozygous in an individual
c. They have a lower probability of being passed on to the next generation.
d. They are rare. In select answer one gene typically select answer the activity of another gene.
Answer:
b. They are only expressed when homozygous in an individual.
In 3–5 sentences, compare and contrast the flow of matter and energy for land-based ecosystems and marine ecosystems. How and why are they similar, and how and why are they different?.
Similarity includes Both the Marine and Land based ecosystems depends on one another energy .
Differences are in land ecosystem the animals are divided into primary producers , primary consumers , secondary consumers and tertiary consumers in marine these are not divided into categories.
Marine ecosystems are found in water whereas terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found only on landforms. The marine ecosystems are biologically more diverse than the terrestrial ecosystems. In Terrestrial and marine ecosystem, the energy flows from sun to primary producers in the lowest trophic levels then moves to higher trophic levels.
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which of these options correctly characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship? (no partial credit.) select all that apply: which of these options correctly characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship? (no partial credit.) numerous offspring relatively few offspring small offspring large offspring offspring with late maturity offspring with early maturity offspring with low disease resistance offspring with high disease resistance
Numerous, small offspring with early maturity characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship.
What do you mean by offspring?A trait is a quality that a child inherits from both of their parents, such as a particular color or size. One gene from each parent makes up the pair of genes that regulate a trait. These gene pairings are represented by two letters put together.
For instance, we would write the offspring's eye color trait as Cc if one parent contributes a gene for blue eyes (c) while the other parent contributes a gene for brown eyes (C). A genotype is a combination of the two genes responsible for a trait.
One type of the trait is represented by each letter in a pair of genes. The variations are known as alleles. The alleles in this instance are for brown eyes and blue eyes.
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methods of detecting cellular molecules match the following technique with the type of cellular molecule it can be used to analyze. 1. northern blot (DNA, Antibodies, RNA, probes, Protein) 2. western blot (DNA, Antibodies, RNA, probes, Protein)
The Northern blot technique uses DNA, antibody, RNA, probes, and proteins to identify biological molecules.
A Northern blot reveals what?RNA molecules can be identified and measured via northern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis, in contrast to techniques like reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) or RNase protective assay, may identify RNA molecules by their size.
What is the Northern blotting principle?The fundamental idea behind Northern blotting is the separation of RNA into different sizes, which is then detected on a membranes using a hybridized probe with a template strand complementary to all or a portion of the sequences of the target mRNA. RNA, DNA, or oligodeoxynucleotide probes that are radioactively or non-radioactively tagged can be used to examine Northern blots.
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How would the pH of a strong base (pH 14) change with the addition of a buffered acid (pH 5)?
A. The base's pH would be lower.
B. The base's pH would be higher.
C. The base's pH would become neutral.
D. The base's pH would remain the same.
With the addition of a buffered acid (pH 5) to a strong base (pH 14), the pH of the base will decrease. So the correct option is A. The base's pH would be lower.
Why will the pH of the base drop?By adding a buffered acid to a strong base that is completely basic, protons will be added to the system, which will lower the alkalinity of the system, thus making it more acidic.
Therefore, we can confirm that with the addition of a buffered acid (pH 5) to a strong base (pH 14), the pH of the base will decrease. So the correct option is A. The base's pH would be lower.
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43. An increase in the blood's level of a thyroid
gland hormone decreases the release of thyroid-
stimulating hormone. This mechanism illustrates
(1) negative feedback
(2) enzyme action
(3) immune response
(4) positive feedback
The mechanism illustrates negative feedback.
What is hormone regulation?
Hormones are crucial for maintaining homeostasis because they regulate numerous cellular processes. What, however, regulates the hormones themselves?The majority of hormones are controlled by feedback systems. A loop in which a product feeds back to regulate its own production is referred to as a feedback mechanism. Negative feedback loops are a common component of hormone feedback mechanisms. A hormone's concentration is maintained within a specific range by negative feedback.What is negative feedback?
When a product feeds back to reduce its own output, this is known as negative feedback. When things start to go too severe, this kind of feedback helps bring them back to normal. A notable example of this kind of regulation is the thyroid gland. A negative feedback loop controls the thyroid gland. In addition to the thyroid, the hypothalamus and pituitary are also part of the loopTRH, or thyrotropin-releasing hormone, is secreted by the hypothalamus. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, is produced by the pituitary gland in response to TRH. The thyroid gland is then stimulated by TSH to release its hormones. When thyroid hormone levels are high enough, the pituitary and hypothalamus are prevented from secreting TSH and TRH, respectively. Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its hormones. Soon, the level of thyroid hormone starts to fall too low.Thus, thyroid hormone works in a negative feedback mechanism.
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What is the advantage of the branching design of the bronchioles on our lungs into 700 million alveoli?
Answer:
More surface area for oxygen to be absorbed into the blood
Explanation:
Using operant conditioning, b. f. skinner showed that animals could be trained to perform complex tasks. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
Skinner shown that operant conditioning could be used to train even rats to carry out difficult tasks. Conversely, classical conditioning only trains a person to link two stimuli.
How do animals employ operant conditioning?The foundation of animal training is operant conditioning. An animal learns (or is conditioned) through its behaviours as it acts (operates) on the environment in this sort of learning. According to operant conditioning, the subsequent consequences might either raise or decrease the chance of a behaviour.
What is Skinner's learning theory?According to Skinner's theory of learning, a stimulus is first presented to a subject, which prompts a response. The reaction is then strengthened. This is what affects our behavior.
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What is the sequence of the protein made from this prokaryotic nucleic acid sequence?.
N-Met-Asn-Ser-C sequence of the protein made from this prokaryotic nucleic acid sequence.
Identify the upstream promoter element (TATAAT). The gene's start will be 30 bases downstream. Determine the mRNA message first.
Protein Synthesis-Transcription and translation are the two steps that make up protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA serves as a template for the production of a messenger RNA molecule during transcription (mRNA).
After leaving the nucleus, the mRNA molecule travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation takes place. The genetic code contained in the mRNA is read during translation and utilized to create a polypeptide. The core dogma of molecular biology, DNA RNA Protein, sums together these two processes.
Protein synthesis, which involves the two steps of transcription and translation, takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. During transcription, RNA polymerase converts operons, a type of DNA segment, to mRNA in the cytoplasm.
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Why is taq dna polymerase used in pcr reactions rather than a normal dna polymerase?.
Explanation:
'Taq polymerase ' is thermostable DNA polymerase, a great resistant enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquatics.
A major limitations of early PCR method was that fresh DNA polymerase has to be added during every cycle and this repetitive step was not just tested but also greatly increased the likelihood of error.
Thermus aquatics is a thermophilic bacterium that can survive temperature up to 95°C so by using Taq polymerase in PCR technique eliminated the need to add fresh polymerase during every cycle.
Which gene would you most likely suspect is not regulated at the posttranscriptional level?.
A gene that shows a strong positive correlation between the amount of mRNA produced and the amount of protein produced is not regulated at the posttranscriptional level
What is a gene ?The term "gene" has numerous interpretations in biology. A fundamental component of heredity is the Mendelian gene, and a molecular gene is a DNA sequence of nucleotides that is translated into functional RNA. Molecular genes can be divided into two categories: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes.
Gene expression is specifically regulated at two levels. The first method of controlling transcription is by regulating the quantity of mRNA that can be generated from a given gene. The second level of control involves post-transcriptional processes that manage how mRNA is translated into proteins.Learn more about Gene here:
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one indirect impact of fishing that has been observed is a shift in fishing focus from large apex predators to species at lower trophic levels. this phenomenon is called .
Species that are trophically lower The name of this phenomenon is. fishing in the food chain.
What are some uses for phenomenon?Phenomenon began life as a scientific term, just like many words having Greek origins. Whether an event or fact was astounding or not, scientists used it—and still do—to characterize it. A phenomenon would be an earthquake because you have seen it (and hear it and feel it).
What's the best way to describe a phenomenon?An observable event is called a phenomenon (PL: phenomena). Kant, who contrasted the phrase with the noumenon, that is not immediately perceived, gave it the philosophical meaning it has today.
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A tudent wanted to ee if the color of water impacted the increae in temperature, in degree Celiu (°C), after 30 minute in the un. Three beaker we're filled with 50milliliter (mL) of water. Five drop of food coloring were added to each beaker. The beaker were then placed on window ledge in direct unlight. Temperature reading were recorded every 10 minute for 30 minute
The test (independent) variable in this experiment is the color of the water. An independent variable is a variable that can be manipulated or vary in an experimental study to explore its effects. The independent variable is the cause.
Independent variables are the variable which the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A switch in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable. The result on the dependent variable is studied and noted.
There are two main types of independent variables; Experimental independent variables and Subject variables.
The independent variable is the component that can be changed in an experiment.
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Over a long period of time, helpful variations in a species replace the unfavorable ones. This change can lead to.
Over a long period of time, helpful variations in a species replace the unfavorable ones. This change can lead to evolution.
Variations are the differences of characteristics between two species or two populations. These variations can arise due to several reasons like: mutations, gene flow, sexual reproduction and even environmental influence.
Evolution is the long-term phenomenon where heritable changes occur in organisms over successive generations. Evolution is not an individual phenomenon instead it is a population phenomenon where the changes can be seen in a group of individuals. Variations are the stepping stone for evolution. The progenies of the population also exhibit the evolution.
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human activities that directly threaten coral reefs include ______.
a. increased land runoff of sediments, as a result of development and deforestation
b. trampling by careless sport divers
c. the release of human and animal waste into coastal waters
d. dragging boat anchors
Answer:
The would be A.
Explanation:
its beacause a. is the only reasonable answer cause if it was d. it would just it something else meanwhile with c it a sea creature poison and b is gonna be anything else and pls brainliest me if im right
This is for biology 1 progress learning assignment and i know all of the miterial but i cant figure this out. pls help
Answer:
Explanation:
hope this helps
The most likely explanation for this inheritance pattern is that the secretor trait is.
An individual who secretes their blood type antigens into bodily fluids like saliva is referred to as a secretor. A non secretor, in contrast, does not. Blood type has no bearing on a person's secretor or nonsecretor status.
What is secretor?Blood group refers to inherited antigens that are recognized by certain antibodies on the surface of red blood cells. Blood group substances are used in medico-legal examinations because once the human body determines a blood group, it stays that way for the duration of life. The ABO system is made up of serum antibodies that are matched to antigens on the outside of red blood cells.
The antigens that are present in their blood will also be present in other body fluids, such as saliva, among those who make up a sizable fraction of the population. The secretor system's molecular foundation is dominated by two possibilities.
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biology sem 1 which situation would most likely lead to improving or changing scientific theory?
The movement that could maximum in all likelihood lead scientists to alternate or enhance current scientific theory is the emergence of recent empirical proof that can be used to make exceptional predictions than the ones primarily based totally at the authentic principle.
A scientific theory can be described as a frame of information this is properly sustained via way of means of empirical (experimental) proof and consequently it may be used to make predictions approximately questions withinside the actual world.
A medical principle might also additionally alternate withinside the mild of recent empirical proof that results in the era of recent hypotheses and make new predictions.
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Why are conceptual and
mathematical models especially powerful
Conceptual or mathematical models play a crucial role in understanding and predicting the behaviour of known physical events.
Concept models bridge the gap between specifications and planning, as well as between expressing the issue and finding a solution. It creates a comprehensive, integrated understanding of the project's purpose, goals, and target audience. It is also a fantastic approach to illustrate visually how user goals and corporate goals coincide.
Mathematical modelling is useful in a variety of applications because it allows for systematic knowledge of the system being represented as well as provides precision and a plan for solving problems. Additionally, it enables improved system control, design, and the effective application of current computer powers.
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which of the following is false about the velocity of an enzymatic reaction (v)? v is at minimum value at the beginning of the enzymatic reaction. v is at maximum value when the active sites of the enzyme are free. v can quite often reach a plateau under certain enzymatic reaction conditions. v is a value that denotes the speed of enzymatic reactions.
The false statement about velocity (v) of enzymatic reaction is: v is at maximum value when the active sites of the enzyme are free.
Active sites are the hollow regions in the enzymes that are regions for the substrate to fit in. The binding of substrates into these active sites are responsible for the chemical reaction to take place. The active site contain amino acid residues that actually form the bonds with the substrate.
Enzymes are the proteinaceous compounds that increase the rate of reaction. These are the biological catalysts that enhance the speed at which reaction occurs. This is done by reducing the activation energy of the reaction.
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Which coronary arterial branch is found in close association with the inferior border of the heart?.
Blood is delivered to the inferior part of the heart by the posterior descending artery branch. The left side of the heart receives blood from the LMCA.
What coronary artery is the weaker one?The right coronary artery supplies the inferior myocardium in the majority of patients. Due to left dominance, the left circumflex will supply the posterior descending coronary artery in roughly 6–10% of the population.
Which coronary artery lines the space between the right ventricle and right atrium?coronary artery to the right (RCA). The right coronary artery nourishes the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes, which control the heart's rhythm, as well as the right ventricle and right atrium.
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When you consume more energy than burned, the excess energy is stored for later use. A small amount is stored as glycogen, but most is stored as triglycerides in what tissue?.
Extra calories are converted into glucose and triglycerides after meals. While carbohydrates can be maintained as glycogen predominantly in muscle fibres or the liver, fat is mostly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue.
What does a body's tissue refer to?Cartilage, epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, and nerve tissue are the four fundamental forms of tissue. A coating is provided by epithelial tissue (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body).
Tissue biology: What is it?In biology, a tissue is described as a collection of cells that have a same structure and serve a single purpose. French is where the word "tissue," which means "to weave," comes from.
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If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become ________.
If a cell is no longer able to differentiate into any type of tissue, it has become a differentiated cell.
Cellular differentiation can cause a stem cell to change into a new kind. The cell will typically change into a new type that is more specialized. A multicellular organism undergoes several differentiation cycles as it transforms from a basic zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. When adult stem cells divide to become fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and regular cell turnover, they continue to develop. Differentiation is the result of immune responses to an antigen. During differentiation, a cell's dimensions, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and signal receptivity all change significantly.
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What is the name given to the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells?.
Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells.
Mitosis is the process by which cell replication or regeneration occurs.
Two genetically identical daughter cells emerge from one parent cell. Mitosis is the proliferation and partitioning of chromosomes that carry genetic information.
It is a key process in unicellular eukaryotes because it is the mode of asexual reproduction. The main function of mitosis is to generate more cells.
Life begins in a single cell in a multicellular organism formed from two gametes. This single-celled multicellular organism carries only genetic information in the form of DNA, but does not have enough cells, so mitosis occurs and the cell divides into two cells. These two cells further divide in mitosis into 4 cells, then 8, 16, and 32.
It is vital to life because it creates new cells for growth and replaces dead cells. It depends on time, temperature and chemicals.
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According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what mechanism causes the movement of phloem sap from sources to sink tissues?.
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, mechanism that causes the movement of phloem sap from sources to sink tissues is : water and sucrose go up the stem when they are present in the phloem.
What exactly is pressure-flow theory?According to Ernst Münch's pressure flow hypothesis, the transport of sugars and other solutes through the phloem is driven by pressure differentials that are produced as a result of osmosis.
According to the pressure flow hypothesis, water with food molecules moves under pressure in the phloem. The pressure is caused by the differential in water concentration between the phloem solution and the neighboring xylem conduits of pure water.
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Question 4 of 29
You burn a log on a fire. You use the fire to warm yourself and to light up the
room to read a book. Which energy transformation is taking place?
A. Chemical energy is transformed to light energy and thermal
energy.
B. Thermal energy is transformed to light energy and chemical
energy.
C. Nuclear energy is transformed to potential energy and thermal
energy.
O D. Chemical energy is transformed to nuclear energy and thermal
energy.
Answer:thermal heat
Explanation:
the fire is heating up the room
two genes, a and b, are linked. an individual of genotype a b / a b is crossed to one that is a b / a b. the f1 is selfed and an f2 is obtained. which of the following ratios most likely represents the phenotypic ratio observed in this f2? a. 1:1:1:1 b. 1:4:4:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 51:24:24:1 e. 66:9:9:16
The phenotype of the cross is:
Aa:Ab:Ba:ab:Bb
1 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 1
Genotype is the genetic makeup or constitution of an organism
Phenotype is the physical representation of the genetic makeup of an organism genotype.
Individual has Genotype: A b/A b
The plant is then crossed with one that is also a B/a B to obtain f1
A b
a Aa ab
B Ba Bb
The f1 generation that is obtained by performing the dihybrid cross as stated above is:
Aa:ab:Ba:Bb
Selfing the f1 generation to obtain f2
Aa ab Ba Bb
Aa AaAa Aaab AaBa AaBb
ab aAba aabb aBba aBbb
Ba BAaa Baab BBaa BBab
Bb BAba Babb BBba BBbb
The capital letters are used to depict the dominant gene while the smaller letters represent the recessive gene.
The phenotype consists of the representation of the dominant gene over the recressive gene.
Thus phenotype of the above cross is:
Aa:Ab:Ba:ab:Bb
1 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 1
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are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment. answer biofilm exotoxins endotoxins bioremediation
Exotoxins are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment.
In the field of biology, exotoxins can be described as types of toxins that are produced by bacteria and secreted into the external environment. These exotoxins can be harmful to the host in which the bacteria resides and may cause a number of diseases and infections in the host.
Exotoxins are protein compounds that are harmful to the body of the host organism and might alter the normal functioning of the host body mechanisms,
In humans, exotoxins can produce a variety of malfunctions such as inhibition of normal proteins or inflammation of the parts where the bacteria reside.
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