Answer:
Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 → CO2 + H2O + 2NaNO3
Explanation:
into both ends of a meter-long glass tube samples of gases are introduced simultaneously. one end receives hydrogen chloride gas (hcl) while the other end receives ammonia gas (nh3). when the gases meet in the tube, they react to form solid ammonium chloride (nh4cl). where in the tube does the nh4cl form?
Option (B) closer to the end where HCl was introduced is correct because, according to Graham's Law of Diffusion, The Rate of diffusion is indirectly proportional to 1/√(Molar. mass).
The ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) will form primarily in the middle of the glass tube, where the two gases (NH₃ and HCl) are first able to react with one another. This is because the gases travel through the tube at different velocities, so the reaction will occur where the gases first meet.
As the reaction progresses, the ammonium chloride will continue to form until the reaction is complete and the tube is filled with the solid product.
The reaction of the two gases is reversible, meaning that the NH₄Cl can also break down back into NH₃ and HCl. However, as the gases continue to travel through the tube, the reaction rate of the NH₄Cl breaking down is much slower than the rate at which it is formed.
Therefore, the majority of the ammonium chloride will form in the middle of the tube where HCl is introduced.
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is all plastic polymers?
Polymers are all plastics, but not all plastics are polymers. Plastic is a particular type of polymer. Plastics are long-chain molecules formed by large monomers, whereas polymers are uniform molecules formed by small monomers.
What is polymer ?A polymer is a substance or material made up of very large molecules known as macromolecules that are made up of many repeating subunits. Both synthetic and natural polymers play important and ubiquitous roles in everyday life due to their broad range of properties.
All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastic, implying that plastic is a subdivision of polymer. Polymers can be natural or synthetic, but plastics are synthetic.
All plastics are polymers, but not all polymers are plastics. The composition, physical properties, and applications of polymers and plastics are examined below to provide a clear explanation of the differences between the two.
Thus, Polymers are all plastics, but not all plastics are polymers. Plastic is a particular type of polymer.
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If the half-life of a radioactive element is 18 days, what percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days?.
1.56% is percentage of the original sample would be left after 108 days.
What is Half life?
Half-life, in radioactivity, is the amount of time needed for half of a radioactive sample's atomic nuclei to decay (change spontaneously into other nuclear species by emitting particles and energy), or, alternatively, the amount of time needed for a radioactive material's rate of disintegrations per second to decrease by half.
A sample that contained 8 g of cobalt-60 initially would contain only 4 g of cobalt-60 after that time, and it would release only half as much radiation.
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The magnetite has a mass of 42.0 g and a volume of 8.1 cm^3. What is the density of the magnetite sample? [?] g/cm^3
The density of the magnetite sample would be 5.2g/cm^3.
What is Density?A body's density is defined as its mass per unit volume. Density is a measurement that compares the amount of matter (denseness) a body has to its volume. It is the degree of consistency of a body measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume. It is the relationship between the mass of the substance or body and the amount of space it takes up. An object with much matter in a certain volume will have a high density.
Density = mass/volume
From the question;
mass = 42g
volume = 8.1cm^3
Density = 42/8.1
Density = 5.2g/cm^3
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What molecule enters the citric acid cycle and combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid?.
Answer:
Acetyl CoA
Explanation:
The pyruvate molecules undergo reactions that convert the three carbon pyruvate to a two carbon acetyl CoA and an one carbon carbon dioxide. The acetyl-CoA molecules are then used as the initial inputs for the citric acid cycle, as they are combined with oxaloacetate.
If you dissolve 10. 0 g of compound x in 100. 0 ml of distilled water, the liquid turns red. The temperature of the liquid stays at 24 °c for 10 minutes. Why would you not want to sell a cold pack made with compound x?.
I would not want to sell a cold pack made with compound because a substance that instantly cools the water temperature should be used in a cold pack otherwise, the cold pack is useless.
Describe temperature?
Temperature is described as the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius.
Taking into account the factors given in the scenario, a considerable amount of compound X is dissolved in a relatively small volume of water, the water turns red, and the temperature remains the same for 10 minutes, which is a long time for the function it is intended for.
Cold packs are used to cool the body's areas and alleviate pain by placing the relatively very cold pack onto the object or area to be cooled. So therefore, a substance that instantly cools the water temperature should be used in a cold pack; otherwise, the cold pack is useless. Thus, we would not sell a cold pack with compound X as the active ingredient.
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which amount has the greatest mass?responses1 mole of chlorine1 mole of chlorine1 mole of oxygen1 mole of oxygen1 mole of sodium1 mole of sodium1 mole of uranium
As a result, we can observe that a mole of sulfuric acid has the largest mass.
What number of atoms, roughly speaking, make up a mole of gold?6.022 X 1023 atoms make up a mole of gold. No matter if we are counting molecules or atoms, a mole will always contain the same amount of units. The quantity is known as Avogadro's number after the researcher who calculated that a sample of carbon-12 weighing 12 grams contained 6.022 X 1023 carbon atoms.
The mass of the neutron is substantially more than that of the electron and somewhat greater than that of the proton. Include the mass number and atomic number in the formula for a hydrogen isotope with two neutrons.
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What does it mean to do something harmful? How can you tell things that are harmful from things that are not? Is it harmful to cut down just one tree?
An atom has 35 protons, 42 neutrons, and 33 electrons. What is the atomic number?
The atomic number of arsenic (As), which possesses 35 protons, 42 neutrons, and 33 electrons, is 33.
Why is atom called and how it is formed?However, we must travel back to 400 B.C. ancient Greece to understand the word "atom." Democritus, a renowned philosopher, recommended the use of the Greek word atomos, which means uncuttable. So, he said, all matter could someday be reduced to discrete, tiny particles, or atomos. Any subatomic particle of matter that has at least one proton is considered to be an atom. The atoms include, for instance, hydrogen (H) and neon (Ne).
Atoms are made up of a nucleus in the middle that is surrounded by protons, neutrons, and electrons. During the fission process, uranium is broken up into smaller atoms, producing new atoms. The creation of atoms in enormous numbers can be seen in the Big Bang and Supernova phenomena.
Who created atom and who defined it?Up until the 1800s, this notion of tiny, inseparable pieces of matter remained. The contemporary atomic idea was initially started by the eminent chemist John Dalton (1766–1844). Around 400 B.C., a renowned philosopher by the name of Democritus proposed the Greek word atomos, which implies uncuttable. In the end, all matter could be reduced to distinct, tiny particles, or atomos, he said. This Greek term is where the word "atom" originated.
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the distinct shapes predicted by the vsepr theory are based on the attraction of electrons for each other. true false
the distinct shapes predicted by theVSEPR theory are based on the attraction of electrons for each other is true
vsepr theory
Whether they are in bond pairs or lone pairs, electron pairs reject one another, according to the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. In order to reduce repulsion, electron pairs will disperse as far as they can from one another. In addition to concentrating on electron pairs, VSEPR also pays attention to electron groups as a whole. An electron pair, a lone pair, a single unpaired electron, a double bond, or a triple bond on the central atom can all be considered electron groups. The electron bond pairs and lone pairs on the central atom will aid us in predicting the structure of a molecule using the VSEPR theory.
The various shapes predicted by the VSEPR theory are based on the attraction of electrons for each other. In carbon dioxide, four electrons are shared with each oxygen atom. The form of the molecule OCl2 is linear. The molecule GeF2 shows resonance because it has two potential Lewis structures.
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if the initial concentration of ab is 0.220 m , and the reaction mixture initially contains no products, what are the concentrations of a and b after 80 s ?
The A = B = 0.094 M.
In chemistry, attention is the abundance of a constituent divided by means of the total extent of an aggregate. several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar awareness, number awareness, and quantity attention.
The act or process of concentrating the state of being focused. particularly the direction of attention to an object. All that noise is annoying my concentration and academic importance or location of focus within a first-rate.
The concentration of the answer tells you ways plenty of solutes have been dissolved within the solvent. as an example, in case you upload one teaspoon to two cups of water, the concentration might be reported as 1 t salt in keeping with 2 c water. The vinegar label will file that the solution is 5% by means of the weight of acetic acid.
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(03.06 MC)
How is an emulsion different from a solution?
The components are mixed unevenly instead of evenly within the emulsion.
Insoluble instead of soluble particles are suspended within the emulsion.
Two liquids that normally are not mixable are mixed in the emulsion.
The components of an emulsion are single elements or compounds instead of a
mixture of compounds.
how many molecules are in 1.25 moles fe
[tex]7.53 \times 1023 \: molecules[/tex]
Explanation:[tex] \: \: 1.25 \: mol \: bf3 \: contains \: 7.53 \times 1023 \: molecules[/tex]
a chemist adds of a m silver(ii) oxide solution to a reaction flask. calculate the mass in milligrams of silver(ii) oxide the chemist has added to the flask. round your answer to significant digits.
After adding 470.0 mL of an 8.8 times 10^-5 mM silver(II) oxide (AgO) solution to a reaction flask the chemist will get 5.1 μg of silver (II) oxide the chemist has added to the flask.
Step 1: Presented data
470.0 mL is the solution's volume (V) (0.4700 L)
Solution concentration (C): 8.8 105 mM (8.8 108 M).
Step 2: Determine the moles (n) of additional AgO.
The following expression will be used.
n = C × V
n = 8.8 108 mol/L 0.47 liters
n = 4.1 × 10⁻⁸ mol
Calculate the mass (m) equal to 4.1 10⁸ moles of AgO in step three.
AgO has a molar mass of 123.87 g/mol.
5.1 106 g = 4.1 10⁸ mol x 123.87 g/mol
Fourth step: Change "m" to micrograms
We'll take 1 g = 10⁶ g as our conversion factor.
5.1 × 10⁻⁶ g × 10⁶ μg/1 g = 5.1 μg
The complete question is:
A chemist adds 470.0 mL of an 8.8 times 10^-5 mM silver(II) oxide (AgO) solution to a reaction flask. Calculate the mass in micrograms of silver(II) oxide the chemist has added to the flask. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
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66.7 mL of Ethanol was dissolved in 222.2 mL of water. What is the volume % of the ethanol in the solution?
Respond with the correct number of signficant figures in scientific notation. (Use E notation and only 1 digit before decimal, for example, 2.5E5 for 2.5 times 10 to the power of 5)
The volume % of the 66.7 mL ethanol in the 222.2 mL of water solution is 30.0 %.
Given,
Volume of the solute = 66.7 mL
Volume of the solution = 222.2 mL
By using the volume % formula determine the volume % of ethanol, the percent by volume expression is given as follows,
Volume % = (volume of solute / volume of solution ) × 100 %
Volume % = (66.7 / 222.2 ) × 100 %
Volume % = 0.300 × 100 %
Volume % = 30 .0 %
( V / V ) % = 30.0 %
Thus, the percent by volume of ethanol is 30.0 %.
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what does our current understanding of mantle indicate about plumes? how do you know?
Plumes are thought to rise when the mantle's base grows hotter and more buoyant. Plumes are thought to ascend through the mantle and partially melt when they reach shallow depths in the asthenosphere due to decompression melting. This would result in massive amounts of magma.
What causes a mantle plume?A mantle plume is a region under the Earth's hard crust where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The heat from this extremely hot magma melts and thins the hard crust, resulting in extensive volcanic activity on Earth's surface above the plume.
A hot narrow buoyant upwelling that rises from deep inside the mantle and is often related to thermal instability in a tiny layer near the core-mantle boundary.
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Temperature change affects the rate of a chemical reaction by changing the __________ of the colliding particle.
Temperature change affects the rate of a chemical reaction by changing the speed of the colliding particle.
In chemistry the rate of reaction is defined as the speed at which a chemical reaction proceeds. It is more often expressed in terms of either the concentration (amount per unit volume) of a product that is formed in a unit of time or the concentration of a reactant that is consumed in a unit of time.
The rate of the reaction can be affected by several factors which includes concentration, temperature, surface area and presence of a catalyst. Increasing concentration increases the number of effective collisions as concentration is directly proportional to effective collisions. Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the particles, leading to more effective collisions which implies that temperature is directly proportional to effective collisions.
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1. CH4 + 02 → CO₂ + H₂O (not balanced)
If 15 moles of CH4 are reacted with 20
moles of 02, how many moles of excess
reactant remain?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O (Balanced equation)
Water will condense to liquid form at normal temperature.
One mole of oxygen is created when one mole of methane combines with two moles of oxygen.
7.5 moles of methane will react with 20 moles of oxygen to form 7.5 moles of carbon dioxide.
Hence, the resulting mixture will contain 7.5 moles of unreacted methane and 7.5 moles of carbon dioxide.
The total volume of the mixture will be 20 moles.
How many moles of oxygen are needed for the methane ch4 combustion reaction?
For full burning, 1 mole of methane needs 2 moles of oxygen.
What reaction is CH4 2O2 → CO2 2H2O?
Incomplete combustion
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Incomplete combustion – carbon monoxide and water.
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Bromine monochloride is synthesized using the reaction
Br2(g)+Cl2(g)↽−−⇀2BrCl(g)p=1.1×10−4 at 150 K
A 190.0 L flask initially contains 0.945 kg of Br2 and 1.145 kg of Cl2. Calculate the mass of BrCl , in grams, that is present in the reaction mixture at equilibrium. Assume ideal gas behavior.
According to ideal gas equation and mole concept, 9.656 g of BrCl is present in the reaction mixture at equilibrium.
What is ideal gas equation?The ideal gas equation is a equation which is applicable in a hypothetical state of an ideal gas.It is a combination of Boyle's law, Charle's law,Avogadro's law and Gay-Lussac's law . It is given as, PV=nRT where R= gas constant whose value is 8.314.The law has several limitations.
Substituting the given values in the ideal as equation, n=PV/RT
∴n=1×190/8.314×273=0.083 moles
mass is calculated as number of moles×molar mass
mass=0.083×115.357= 9.656 g
Thus, 9.656 g of BrCl is present in reaction mixture at equilibrium.
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What happens to the electrons involved in an ionic bond?
A) They are shared between two nonmetal atoms.
B) They are transferred from a nonmetal atom to a metal atom.
C) They are shared between multiple metal atoms.
D) They are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom.
Answer: The answer is D
Explanation: Ionic bonds transferred to metals to nonmetals.
While covalent bond consists of the mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms.
How many grams of XeF6 are required to react with 0.321 L of hydrogen gas at 4.33atn
and 75°C in the reaction shown below?
XeF6(s) + 3 H₂(g) → Xe(g) + 6 HF(g)
To determine how many grams of XeF6 are required to react with 0.321 L of hydrogen gas at 4.33 atm and 75°C in the reaction shown below, we can use the ideal gas law, which states that the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas are related by the equation PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas in Kelvin.
In this problem, we know the volume of the hydrogen gas, the pressure of the hydrogen gas, and the temperature of the hydrogen gas, so we can use these values to calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas present in the reaction:
Copy code
n = (PV) / (RT)
n = (4.33 atm * 0.321 L) / (0.08206 L*atm / mol*K * (75 + 273.15) K)
n = 0.025 mol
Next, we need to determine the number of moles of XeF6 required to react with 0.025 mol of hydrogen gas in the reaction shown below. We can do this by using the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, which is XeF6(s) + 3 H₂(g) → Xe(g) + 6 HF(g). From this equation, we can see that for every 1 mole of XeF6 that reacts, 3 moles of hydrogen gas are consumed. Therefore, to consume 0.025 mol of hydrogen gas in the reaction, we need 0.025 mol / 3 = 0.0083 mol of XeF6.
Finally, we need to convert the number of moles of XeF6 to grams. To do this, we can use the molar mass of XeF6, which is 221.0 g/mol. Therefore, 0.0083 mol of XeF6 has a mass of 0.0083 mol * 221.0 g/mol = 1.83 g.
In summary, to react with 0.321 L of hydrogen gas at 4.33 atm and 75°C in the reaction shown below, we need 1.83 g of XeF6.
100 POINTS AND BRAINLIEST PLEASE HELP ASAP For this assignment, you will write a research essay, or create a presentation, about a scientist who contributed knowledge to the field of chemistry. Your essay, or presentation, should include the following information about your scientist: Describe your scientist's contributions and innovations to his or her field. How did your scientist's research and data influence future use of his or her findings? Describe the background, interests, or goals that affected your scientist's observations and conclusions. Once you have selected a scientist, you will need to locate at least three different reliable resources to use to conduct your research. You may use textbooks, the Internet, or library books. These resources should be cited within your presentation and should be listed in a bibliography that you submit with your essay, or slide presentation. Use the Citations, Essay Writing, and Finding Reliable Resources tutorials to guide your writing. If you have another method by which you would like to present your research findings, please have it approved by your instructor before you begin writing. No matter what presentation style you choose, be sure to use complete sentences and paragraphs, and include all of the necessary research required. You should also review the grading rubric before you begin. Select one of the following scientists, or pick another scientist of interest with your instructor's permission, to conduct your research on: Yuan T. Lee
Given below is an essay on Yuan T. Lee.
Yuan T. Lee, whose full name is Yuan Tseh Lee, was born in Hsin-chu, Taiwan, on November 29, 1936. He is a Taiwanese-American chemist who shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Dudley R. Herschbach and John C. Polanyi for his contributions to the study of chemical-reaction kinetics.
Lee completed his education at the University of California, Berkeley and in Taiwan (Ph.D., 1965). After completing postdoctoral studies at Harvard and Berkeley, he taught at the University of Chicago from 1968 until 1974. He relocated from Chicago to Berkeley after becoming a citizen in 1974, where he continued his research.
As a postdoctoral researcher, Lee experimented with and improved Herschbach's invention of the "crossed molecular beam technique," which brings together beams of molecules at supersonic speeds under controlled circumstances to enable close observation of the events that take place during chemical reactions. This method is derived from elementary particle physics. In order to further develop Herschbach's method, Lee used mass spectroscopy. This allowed him to recognize the byproducts of the reactions between oxygen and fluorine atoms and intricate organic molecules.
References:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yuan-T-Lee
https://www.infoplease.com/biographies/science-technology/yuan-t-lee
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The specific heat of a certain type of cooking oil is 1.75 J/(g⋅°C).
How much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2.11 kg
of this oil from 23 °C
to 191 °C?
The heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2.11 kgof this oil from 23 °C to 191 °C is 637,980 Joules
What is Heat Energy?
Most of us use the word "heat" to describe anything that feels warm, but according to science, heat is the movement of energy from a warm object to a cooler one. Based on this, heat is divided into two categories: hot and cold.
We encounter heat energy everywhere, including in icebergs, volcanoes, and our own bodies. There is heat energy in all matter.
Heat energy is the only thing that results from the movement of tiny particles known as atoms, molecules, or ions in liquids, solids, and gases. One substance can absorb heat energy from another, and the flow caused by a temperature difference between two objects is referred to as heat.
Q = cMΔT
where Q is the amount of heat energy required to change the material's temperature (in Joules)
You must convert from kilogrammes since M is mass (in grammes).
c = the material's specific heat constant [in grammes per degree Celsius]
T stands for temperature change (in oC)
Q is equal to
(1.75 x 2.17 x 1000) (191 - 23)
= (1.75 x 2170 x 168)
= 637,980 Joules.
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why does reactivity increase down group 1 but decrease down group 7?
The reactivity of elements generally increases as you go down a group in the periodic table. This is because elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, and as you go down a group, the number of valence electrons increases. This causes the atoms to have a higher positive charge, which makes them more reactive because they are more likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms.
However, the reactivity of elements decreases as you go down group 7 (the halogens) in the periodic table. This is because the valence shell of these elements is already full, so they are less likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms. As a result, the atoms in group 7 are less reactive than those in other groups.
Under which conditions is a gas likely to experience the fewest intermolecular forces?.
Higher temperatures and lower pressures produce optimum gas behaviour. Because of the gas's intermolecular interactions, potential energy becomes significantly lower than kinetic energy under these circumstances.
What is potential energy?
Potential energy is a form of energy that is stored but is dependent on the relative positions of different system components. Stretching or compressing a spring increases its potential energy. A steel ball has more potential energy when it is raised above the surface of the earth than when it is brought to Earth.
Any object that is raised from rest has energy that can be released at a later time; for this reason, it is referred to as potential energy.
Therefore, Higher temperatures and lower pressures produce optimum gas behaviour.
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66. 7 ml of ethanol was dissolved in 222. 2 ml of water. What is the volume % of the ethanol in the solution?.
The volume of He in the ethanol solution is 10.
What is volume?Volume' is a mathematical of the quantity that shows the amount of three-dimensional space of a occupied by an object or a closed surface.
Aires total pressure of hydrogen helium 7 56. Star mole fraction of helium is 0.75. And we have to find out partial pressure of hydrogen because total pressure is given and mole fraction of helium is given. So eucalyptus first find out partial pressure of helium. So partial pressure of William is equal to mull faction of William multiplied by total pressure. So let us this PPT. So mole fraction of helium is zero points and favors for the question Total Price 37 56. So we are getting unsolved. Ng 5 to 67 30. This is the partial pressure of for helium. Now, to get the partial pressure of hydrogen, mm hmm will subtract Partial pressure of helium from parcel total pressure. So pity minus partial pressure of helium. Total pressure is 756 livered by minus 5 67. So you are getting 1 89 thought. So, this is the first part of the question. , since the volume a vessel is since the volume of the cell is telling you that this must be the volume of Helium. Also, therefore, volume of William, volume occupied by the William is also 10 liter and volume occupied by Harrison is also 10 later because a gas occupies the entire volume in a vessel.
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Many cientit worked to explain how matter and ma were connected in the proce of chemical reaction. One cientit tand out with regard to the law of conervation of ma, often being credited a the father of modern chemitry. Who i thi cientit?
A client is investigating the function of oxygen, oxygen is an element that makes up 65% of the human body and is found in fat and carbohydrates.
Role of oxygen in human body
Due to the importance of oxygen in sustaining life on Earth, oxygen is the most important element for all living things.
Some estimates says that, oxygen is required for 90% of our biochemical and metabolic processes.
For breathing, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Hemoglobin present in blood transports oxygen from the lungs to all of the body's cells.
The nose has tiny hairs inside it that clean and filter the air before it reaches our lungs, hence it is also strongly advised that we should breathe through our nose.
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what kinds of attractive forces may exist between particles in molecular crystals? check all that apply.
Dispersion forces , dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonds this forces may exist between particles in molecular crystals.
The least powerful intermolecular force is the London dispersion force. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the consequence is the London dispersion force, a transient attractive force. The term "induced dipole-induced dipole attraction" is frequently used to describe this effect.
A hydrogen bond is an attraction that is predominantly electrostatic between an electronegative atom that is the hydrogen bond acceptor and an electronegative atom that is covalently attached to a greater electronegative "donor" atom or group.
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How does the motion of the molecules in the nail change after the nail is placed in the hot water?.
Ethanol is manufactured by two different process... for each process, name the organic reactant and state the type reaction
[tex]\bold{\huge{\underline{Answer}}}[/tex]
Ethanol is manufactured by two different process :-By hydrolysis of ethene By hydrolysis of alkyl halide Preparation of ethanol by hydrolysis of ethene Step 1 : - Add concentrated sulfuric acid to ethene at a pressure of 30 atm and temperature upto 80°C , It will result into the formation of ethyl hydrogen sulphate.Reaction :-
[tex]\sf{C2H4 + H2SO4}{\sf{\underline{\,\,80{\degree}/30atm \,\,}}}{\sf{C2H6SO4}}[/tex]Step 2 :- Now , On hydrolysis of ethyl hydrogen sulfate with boiling water, it will result into the formation of ethanol.Reaction :-
[tex]\sf{C2H6SO4 + H2O}{\sf{\underline{\,\,yeilds\,\,}}}{\sf{ethanol}}[/tex]
Preparation of ethanol by hydrolysis of alkyl Halide :-Ethanol belongs to alcohol family. We can prepare alcohols/ethanol on hydrolysis of alkyl halide with a warm dilute alkali metalsReaction :-
[tex]\sf{C2H5Cl+ KOH}{\sf{\underline{\,\,boils\,\,}}}{\sf{C2H5OH + KCl}}[/tex]
Process 1:
Organic reactant: Ethylene (C₂H₄)
Type of reaction: Addition reaction
Process 2:
Organic reactant: Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂)
Type of reaction: Catalytic hydrogenation
1. In the first process, ethanol can be manufactured by the addition reaction of ethylene (C₂H₄). Ethylene, a hydrocarbon, undergoes an addition reaction with water (H₂O) in the presence of a catalyst to produce ethanol (C₂H₅OH). The reaction involves breaking the carbon-carbon double bond in ethylene and forming new single bonds with two hydrogen atoms from water, resulting in the formation of ethanol.
2) In the second process, ethanol can be manufactured through a catalytic hydrogenation reaction. This involves reacting carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂) in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as copper or zinc, at elevated temperature and pressure. The reaction proceeds via the reduction of carbon monoxide and the addition of hydrogen atoms, leading to the formation of ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
This process is commonly known as the "synthesis gas fermentation" or "syngas fermentation" and is an essential method for producing ethanol from syngas derived from various feedstocks.
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