Plate count methods are the most straightforward technique of measuring bacterial and viral populations.
Bacterial plate count and viral plaque assay methods are used to estimate the population sizes of bacteria and viruses, respectively. The bacterial plate count relies on visible colonies formed by viable bacteria on suitable culture media, while the viral plaque assay relies on visible areas of cell lysis caused by viral infection. Bacterial plate count measures colony-forming units (CFU/mL or CFU/g), whereas viral plaque assay measures plaque-forming units (PFU/mL or PFU/g). Bacterial colonies can be directly counted on agar plates, while viral plaques may require staining or overlay techniques for visualization and counting. It's important to consider limitations such as clumping, biofilms, non-culturable bacteria for bacterial plate count, and host cell specificity for viral plaque assay.
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Photosynthesis Puzzle #3
Puzzle 4
Why are these images grouped together?
They must have something in common.
Answer:
They all have cholorophyll
Explanation:
Or we can say they carry out photodynthesis and make food.
See, all the pictures are green, this green pigment (colour ) is cholorophyll.
The first, second and fourth are pictures of leaves [which makes food] and the third picture is a illustration of the mitochondria.
Hope it helps!
Answer:
what's common between them is the colour green which is caused by chlorophyll
Explanation:
chlorophyll are green pigments in a leaf which facilitates sun light absorption for the leaf .Even the a structure is shown the picture
5 countries with Very low undernourishment
Answer:
NIGERIA
AFGHANISTAN
CHAD
TIMOR-LESTE
MADAGASCAR
Explanation:
What needs are not being met by a slow-moving or busy line at a school cafeteria? Identify the people, processes, and technologies that play a role in the issue you identified.
What is an energy pyramid?
Answer:
An energy pyramid, also known as a trophic or ecological pyramid, is a graphical representation of the energy found within the trophic levels of an ecosystem.
Which option describes a mass extinction?
А.
a large meteorite hits the Earth; many species rapidly disappear from the fossil record
B. the amount of sunlight on Earth Increases; organisms of a single species increase in number
C. glaciers cover the Earth; many species rapidly increase in number and take over
D
a small volcano explodes; organisms of a single species disappear
Which of the following is not used directly by corals for nutrition?
a. Photosynthesis b. Zooxanthellae c. Mucus Tentacles d. Mesenterial filaments
The option that is not directly used by corals for nutrition is (a) Photosynthesis.
Corals have a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae (option b). These algae live inside the coral's tissues and provide a significant portion of the coral's nutritional needs through photosynthesis. The energy produced by photosynthesis is transferred to the coral host.
Corals also have mucus tentacles (option c) and mesenterial filaments (option d) that play important roles in their nutrition. Mucus tentacles help capture and trap small particles, such as plankton, which can be consumed by the coral. Mesenterial filaments are specialized structures that aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, particularly when corals are feeding on larger prey or during periods of reduced symbiotic activity.
corals themselves do not perform photosynthesis directly. Instead, they rely on the photosynthetic activity of their symbiotic zooxanthellae for a significant portion of their energy and nutrient requirements.
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what 2 factors will the selectively permeable cell membrane use to select what can enter or leave the cell? I wrote size but what else?
plants release water vapor through their leaves via a process called ________. a. transpiration b. percolation c. condensation d. evaporation
The process through which plants release water vapor through their leaves is known as transpiration. This process plays a significant role in the water cycle.
The process through which plants release water vapor through their leaves is known as transpiration. This process plays a significant role in the water cycle. Explaining water vapor, transpiration and the significance of the process in the water cycle is given below: Water vapor is the gaseous state of water. When water molecules evaporate from a surface, they turn into water vapor. As the vapor rises in the atmosphere, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. When the clouds become too heavy with water droplets, they fall as precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, or snow. Transpiration is the process through which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere. It is the evaporation of water from plants through the stomata on their leaves. Transpiration helps in the uptake of water from the roots of the plant and also helps to regulate the temperature of the plant. Water vapor released through transpiration cools the leaf surface and the surrounding environment. Significance of transpiration in the water cycle: The process of transpiration plays a significant role in the water cycle. When water vapor is released into the atmosphere through transpiration, it contributes to the moisture in the atmosphere. The moisture eventually condenses and falls back to the earth as precipitation. This cycle of transpiration, evaporation, and precipitation ensures a constant supply of water to sustain life on earth. Thus, transpiration is an important part of the water cycle.
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3. Air -suspended particle samples were collected using a High Volume Sampler (HVS) at a rate of one cubic meter per minute for 24 hours. One -quarter (1/4 part) of the particulate filter paper was extracted using an organic solvent and diluted to a level of 10 mL. If the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recorded in the particle extraction is 0.5 ppb and the concentration of PAHs in the ‘blank’ filter paper is 0.01 ppb. What is the concentration of PAHs in the suspended particles in units of ng m-3? (10 MARKS)
The concentration of PAHs in the suspended particles in units of ng m-3:
concentration = mass/volume = 4.9 × 10-9 g/1440 m3 = 3.4 × 10-12 g m-3 = 3.4 ng m-3
If the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) recorded in the particle extraction is 0.5 ppb, and the concentration of PAHs in the ‘blank’ filter paper is 0.01 ppb, we can calculate the concentration of PAHs in the suspended particles in units of ng m-3.
Concentration of PAHs in extraction = 0.5 ppb
Concentration of PAHs in blank filter = 0.01 ppb
Therefore,
net PAHs concentration = 0.5 - 0.01 = 0.49 ppb = 0.49 μg L-1.
The volume of the sample = 10 mL or 0.01 L. Therefore, the mass of PAHs in the sample is:
mass = concentration × volume = 0.49 μg L-1 × 0.01 L = 4.9 ng = 4.9 × 10-9 g
The sample was collected for 24 hours, and the sampling rate is given as 1 m3 per minute. Therefore, the sampling
volume = 1 m3/minute × 60 minutes/hour × 24 hours = 1440 m3
Therefore, the concentration of PAHs in the suspended particles in units of ng m-3:
concentration = mass/volume = 4.9 × 10-9 g/1440 m3 = 3.4 × 10-12 g m-3 = 3.4 ng m-3
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What most likely happens when water loses heat? Olt changes into ice Olt changes into vapor. Olis temperature increases Its temperature remains constant
Answer:
it changes into ice
Explanation:
When water loses heat, it begins to lose heat energy and the water begins to cool. If the water is not heated again, it may cool and turn into ice
This causes a population to reach its carrying capacity:
1. Habitat
2. Exponential growth
3. Niche
4. Limiting factor
Knowing that birds are endothermic and crocodiles are ectothermic, can you use phylogenetic bracketing to predict whether dinosaurs other than birds are ectothermic or endothermic Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all
- can - endothermic - birds - crocodiles
- ectothermic - cannot
We ___ use phylogenetic bracketing to predict whether dinosaurs other than birds were ____. We only ____ conclude that the dinosaur that gave rise to ____ was ____ as are all living ____.
Phylogenetic bracketing cannot be used to predict whether dinosaurs other than birds were endothermic or ectothermic.
The only conclusion that can be drawn is that the dinosaur that gave rise to birds was endothermic, based on the fact that birds are endothermic.
Phylogenetic bracketing involves making inferences about the characteristics of extinct organisms based on the characteristics of their living relatives. In this case, we know that birds are endothermic (warm-blooded) and crocodiles are ectothermic (cold-blooded). However, the presence of endothermy in birds does not necessarily imply that all dinosaurs, including non-avian dinosaurs, were endothermic.
Phylogenetic bracketing can only be used to infer characteristics in extinct organisms if those characteristics are found in all living descendants of a common ancestor. Since birds are the only living descendants of dinosaurs, we can only conclude that the dinosaur that gave rise to birds was endothermic. The characteristics of non-avian dinosaurs, whether they were endothermic or ectothermic, cannot be determined through phylogenetic bracketing alone.
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Identify the bonds formed between RNA nucleotides by RNA polymerase.
A. Ester
B. Glycosidic
C. Peptide
D. Phosphodiester
Answer:
D. Phosphodiester
Explanation:
Just as the DNA polymerase serves as a catalyst in the replication of the DNA, so does the RNA polymerase speed up the formation of the RNA. RNA polymerase performs its function of linking nucleotides when the phosphodiester bonds are formed in the 5' to 3' sequence. Nucleoside triphosphate precursors such as the Adenosine triphosphate, Cytosine triphosphate, and Guanosine triphosphate serve as the substrates that allow the formation of the RNA molecule.
When the RNA polymerase unwinds the double helix structure of the DNA found before the active site where the polymerization will occur, substrates can then pair themselves in a complementary form.
Aluminum is used to make cookware and cans. It is also
used to make vehicles, medicine, machinery, and even
deodorant
According to the graph, which industry uses the most aluminum?
O A. Transportation
O B. Building
c. Packaging
D. Machinery
Answer: A.
Explanation: Transportation is the biggest fraction of the graph, as shown in the photo. Hope it helps! (ap3x approved) :))
name six factors which affect the rate of alcoholic fermentation
Answer:
Factors Impacting the Malolactic Fermentation. Several factors impact the initiation and progression of the malolactic fermentation. Temperature, pH, acidity, ethanol, sulfite and availability of nutrients are all important for the growth and metabolic activities of the lactic acid bacteria.
Answer:
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. acidity
4. ethanol
5. sulfite
6. substarte (sugar) concentration
Explanation:
How do the functions of DNA and RNA differ? *
1 point
DNA directs protein transport, while RNA aids in energy production.
DNA aids in energy production, while RNA directs protein transport.
O
DNA stores genetic information, while RNA relays genetic information for protein
synthesis.
DNA relays genetic information for protein synthesis, while RNA stores genetic
information.
What are the four major blood groups?
A: A, B, O and AO
B: AB- O+, AB+, and O-
C: A, B, AB, and O
D:A, B, C, and D
Help plsss
Which of the following is a primary air pollutant?
smog
photochemical smog
carbon dioxide
ozone
Answer:
the answer is carbon dioxide
a bacterial gene (gene a) ordinarily makes a protein that binds to dna. a mutation of gene a causes an increase in the expression of gene b. we can conclude that
The conclusion of a bacterial gene (gene A) ordinarily makes a protein that binds to DNA and a mutation of gene A causes an increase in the expression of gene B that the protein created by gene A plays a role in repressing gene B expression.
There are several regulatory proteins that can bind to DNA and control gene expression. Gene A creates a protein that binds to DNA in this scenario. However, when gene A is mutated, its protein no longer binds properly, resulting in an increase in the expression of gene B. Therefore, it can be deduced that the protein produced by gene a represses gene b expression. This protein is involved in transcriptional regulation and may function as a transcriptional repressor.
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Homeostasis is defined as A. the variety of foods that an organism takes in for energy and survival. B. the control of an organism's external environment, in order to increase comfort and outcompete other organisms. C. a condition, similar to hypnotism, in which an organism is made motionless. D. the dynamic regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival.
Answer:
D. the dynamic regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival.
Explanation:
The responses of plants to environmental stimuli such as light and gravity are called
A. Tropisms
B. Auxins
C. Dormancy
D. Cytokinins
QUESTION........
The responses of plants to environmental stimuli such as light and gravity are called
A. Tropisms√√√√√√√√√√
B. Auxins
C. Dormancy
D. Cytokinins
ANSWER........
The responses of plants to environmental stimuli such as light and gravity are called. Tropisms.
A. Tropisms
CAN I GET THE CROWN
Answer:
A. Tropisms
Explanation:
Hope this helps
which stages of aerobic cellular respiration release carbon dioxide waste?
The citric acid cycle is the phase of cellular respiration where carbon dioxide is released. The citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and glycolysis make up the three phases of aerobic cellular respiration.
The Krebs cycle, the Link reaction, and glycolysis are the three stages of cellular respiration that oxidize the glucose molecule to carbon dioxide.
The process that takes place in the mitochondria of a living thing is called cellular respiration. Water and carbon dioxide are emitted as waste during this procedure. It is a metabolic process that converts glucose into ATP.
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen to occur, unlike aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs in microorganisms like yeast, a unicellular (or single-cell) fungal, is known as fermentation. This process results in the production of carbon dioxide and an alcohol variant called ethanol.
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Answer:
The stage of cellular respiration in which carbon dioxide release takes place is the citric acid cycle.
Clown fish live in the waving tentacles of sea anemones in the ocean. The sea
anemone provides a safe place for the clown fish to escape predators. The sea
anemone, although it has poisonus tentacles, does not bother the clown fish and is
not harmed by the clown fish. This relationship between organisms can be described
as-
a- commensalism
b- mutualism
c- parasitism
d- predation
Answer:
d i thank?
Explanation:
6. Your friend is trying to gain some more muscle and has started lifting weights.
You read that muscle structure is primarily built by putting amino acids together through protein synthesis.
What foods should you recommend to your friend, so that they can increase the amount of amino acids in their diet?
1. Identify a food from the selection that they should eat.
2. Explain how you know that food has the macromolecule they need.
Answer:
He should start out doing little amount , any workout his wants but try to hold the weight for 1 min , making sure that he doesn't lift too fast instead he should do them slow and hold it for a while for he can feel the burn in his muscle and with time add the reps and hold it longer
Explanation:
Which of the following statements is true about niches?
I. New species can outcompete native species to fill a niche.
II. Extinction or emigration of a species can leave a niche vacant.
III. Some species occupy niches that no other species can fill.
Answer:
0
Explanation:
lol helplpppppppppppppp
Answer:
Metamorphic for first
Igneous for secomd
Sedimentary for third
Explanation:
Pls vote me as brainlest!
First one is igneous rocks
Second one is metamorphic rocks
The third one is sedimentary rocks
Explain how you would determine whether the contact between
sandstone that overlies basalt is a non-conformity or is the result
of intrusive contact metamorphism.
To determine whether the contact between sandstone that overlies basalt is a non-conformity or the result of intrusive contact metamorphism, you would examine the characteristics of the contact zone and the relationship between the two rock layers.
In the case of a non-conformity, the sandstone would be deposited on top of the eroded surface of the basalt, indicating a significant time gap between the formation of the basalt and the deposition of the sandstone.
The contact zone would show signs of erosion, such as angular unconformity or evidence of weathering.
On the other hand, if the contact is the result of intrusive contact metamorphism, there would be signs of thermal alteration and contact metamorphic effects in the sandstone near the contact zone.
The sandstone would show changes in texture, mineralogy, and color due to the heat and chemical alteration caused by the intrusion of the hot basalt magma.
To make a conclusive determination, you would need to carefully examine the contact zone, observe the characteristics of both rock layers, analyze the mineralogical and textural changes, and consider the geological context of the area.
This may involve conducting field observations, collecting rock samples, and conducting laboratory analyses to identify the presence of metamorphic minerals or other evidence of intrusive contact metamorphism.
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A woman with normal blood clotting mates with a man who has hemophilia. Their first child is a boy who has hemophilia. Tests show that the father and son both have the same form of hemophilia, that it is X-linked recessive, and that the boy has normal genetic inheritance. You can predict that if the couple produces more children together, then the odds are that: 7 tion Select one: O a. Half of the boys and none of the girls will have hemophilia. b. None of the rest of the children should have hemophilia. c. Half of the boys and half of the girls will have hemophilia. d. All of the children will have hemophilia.
The correct option is A. Half of the boys and none of the girls will have hemophilia . This scenario, we have a woman with normal blood clotting (presumably carrying two normal X chromosomes) and a man with hemophilia .
Hemophilia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by impaired blood clotting. It is caused by a deficiency or malfunction of specific clotting factors in the blood, namely Factor VIII (hemophilia A) or Factor IX (hemophilia B). These factors are crucial for normal clot formation and prevention of excessive bleeding. People with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries, and spontaneous internal bleeding can also occur.
Symptoms include easy bruising, joint pain, and prolonged bleeding after dental procedures or surgeries. Hemophilia is usually inherited, with symptoms more commonly observed in males. Treatment involves replacing the deficient clotting factors through infusions, managing bleeding episodes with medications, and adopting measures to prevent injuries.
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Pleaseeeeee helppppppp
Looking at the chart, I notice a decreasing trend in the data. The total mass of the three US glaciers is declining over time.
How to explain the informationFirstly, the melting of glaciers contributes to a rise in sea levels. This increased water volume can lead to coastal flooding, erosion, and the loss of coastal habitats. Additionally, the melting of glaciers affects freshwater availability in certain regions, as many communities rely on glacial meltwater for drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower.
The lithosphere, hydrosphere, and cryosphere are different components of the Earth's physical systems: The lithosphere refers to the solid, outermost layer of the Earth. It includes the Earth's crust and a portion of the uppermost mantle. The hydrosphere encompasses all the water on Earth, including water in the oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and even water vapor in the atmosphere.
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The effect of fungicides on bumble bee colonies 1. How many species of Native bees are in North America? 2. What is a fungicide? 3. What is the connection between fungi and bees? 4. What is the researcher investigating? 5. In the experiment, what is the control group? 6. In the experiment, what are the treatments? 7. In the experiment, what is the dependent variable? 8. In the experiment, what is the independent variable? 9. How long was the experiment? 10. What are the conclusions of the experiment? 11. What are the implications of the conclusion? The making the fittest: natural selection and adaptation 1. How did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light- colored rock pocket mice? 2. Can you explain, why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies? 3. What are mutations? Are mutations good? 4. How can a majority of a light-colored fur mice population end with 95% of the population of dark-colored fur? 5. What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? 6. In the lab, Dr. Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?
Fungicides are chemical substances used to control or kill fungi. They are a type of pesticide specifically designed to target and eliminate fungal pathogens that can cause diseases in plants, crops, and other organisms.
1. The exact number of native bee species in North America can vary depending on the source and classification systems used. However, it is estimated that there are over 4,000 species of native bees in North America.
2. A fungicide is a type of pesticide that is specifically designed to control or kill fungi. It is used to prevent or treat fungal diseases in plants, crops, and other organisms.
3. Fungi and bees have a connection in terms of their ecological interactions. Fungi play a crucial role in the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Bees, including bumble bees, can come into contact with fungi through their habitats and foraging activities. Some fungi can have beneficial or symbiotic relationships with bees, while others can be harmful, causing diseases or negatively impacting bee health.
4. The researcher is investigating the effect of fungicides on bumble bee colonies. The specific focus is on understanding how exposure to fungicides may affect the health and survival of bumble bee colonies.
5. In the experiment, the control group is a group of bumble bee colonies that are not exposed to fungicides. This group serves as a baseline for comparison and allows researchers to assess the impact of fungicides by comparing the treated groups to the untreated control group.
6. In the experiment, the treatments are the different groups of bumble bee colonies that are exposed to varying doses or types of fungicides. These treated groups are compared to the control group to evaluate the effects of fungicide exposure.
7. The dependent variable in the experiment is the health and survival of the bumble bee colonies. Researchers measure factors such as colony size, reproductive success, honey production, and overall colony survival to assess the impact of fungicides on the dependent variable.
8. The independent variable in the experiment is the exposure to fungicides. Researchers manipulate and control the dosage and timing of fungicide application to the treated groups while keeping the control group untreated.
9. The duration of the experiment can vary depending on the specific study design and research objectives. Typically, such experiments may last for several weeks to months to observe the long-term effects of fungicides on bumble bee colonies.
10. The conclusions of the experiment would depend on the specific findings of the study. It could include insights into the effects of fungicides on bumble bee colony health, potential risks to bee populations, or the importance of considering fungicide exposure in bee conservation and management efforts.
11. The implications of the conclusions may vary but could include recommendations for more sustainable pesticide use, considering the potential effects on pollinators, and the importance of further research and monitoring to understand the broader impacts of fungicide use on bee populations and ecosystems.
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