check all that are valid exceptions to the octet rule. question 14 options: some elements get an incomplete octet (like be and b) some elements can have an expanded octet, but the element must be in the third period or below. hydrogen wants just 2 electrons, it should never have 8 carbon can have up to 12 electrons if needed

Answer:The higher something is before it falls, the longer gravity can act on an object.

Explanation:

When something is dropped from higher up it has more time to fall thus giving gravity more time to act on the object.

Take a look at this link for more information.

http://faculty.ric.edu/psci103/newton/newton_notes.pdf

Answer:

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of Fe(OH)3 to Fe₂O₃ and H₂O is:

3 Fe(OH)3 -> Fe2O3 + 3 H2O

In this reaction, Fe(OH)3, also known as ferric hydroxide, reacts with water to form Fe₂O₃, also known as iron(III) oxide, and H₂O, also known as water. The reaction is a redox reaction, in which Fe(OH)3 is oxidized to Fe₂O₃, and the water molecules are reduced to H₂O.

The reaction is typically carried out at high temperatures to speed up the reaction and increase the yield of Fe₂O₃. The reaction is commonly used in the production of iron(III) oxide, which is used as a pigment in paints, ceramics, and other materials. It is also used in the production of iron from iron ore.

The balanced chemical equation is 3 Fe(OH)₃ -> Fe₂O₃+ 3 H₂O for the given reaction.

Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.

A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .

The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.

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1700g . To find the molarity of a solution, we divide the number of moles of solute by the total volume of liters of solution.

We know that,

Molarity (mol/litre) = n ( moles of solute)/ Volume of solution

Now, 50 = n / 0.250

Then, n= 12.5 moles.

Now, as we know,

n = given mass/ molar mass

Then, molar mass of zinc chloride. ( ZnCl2) = (65 + 35.5×2) = 65 + 71 = 136 g/mol

12.5 = given mass / 136

Therefore, given mass = 1700 grams.

It's important to keep in mind that M1V1 = M2V2, where M1 is the starting concentration, V1 is the initial volume, M2 is the concentration following mixing or dilution, and V2 is the total final volume. V2 is the total of the volumes blended while working with diluted aqueous solutions.

The number of moles per liter, denoted by the unit symbol mol/L or mol/dm3 in SI units, is the most often used unit denoting molarity in chemistry. One mol/L of a solution's concentration is referred to as one molar, or 1 M.

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True. Intermolecular forces in liquids and solids are stronger than those in gases. This is because the molecules in liquids and solids are much closer together than those in gases, so the attractive forces between them are stronger.

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the temperature needed to break them and cause the substance to boil or melt.

In the physical world, the behavior of matter is determined by the forces that act on it. Intermolecular forces, the attractions and repulsions between molecules, are one of the fundamental forces that drive the properties of matter. This essay will explore the role of intermolecular forces in liquids and solids and explain how they contribute to the melting and boiling points of substances.

In liquids and solids, the molecules are much closer together than in gases, so the attractive forces between them are stronger. This is due to the fact that in liquids and solids, the molecules are more densely packed, allowing for greater attraction between them. The stronger these intermolecular forces are, the higher the temperature needed to break them apart, resulting in the melting and boiling point of a substance. This can be seen in the phase diagram for water, where the melting point is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.

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Common salt, sometimes referred to as sodium chloride, is a substance consisting of sodium and chlorine atoms. One mole of sodium chloride (23 grams) interacts with one mole of oxygen to produce two moles of sodium oxide and one mole of chlorine. This reaction is known as the sodium chloride–oxygen reaction (NaCl–O2).

The molar masses of sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) are respectively 22.99 g/mole and 35.4 g/mole.

If I take a mole of NaCl, there will either be one mole of Na and zero Cl2 molecules, or two moles of Na and two moles of Cl2 molecules on either side.

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To solve such this we must know the concept of redox reaction. Therefore,  the pressure of hydrogen gas formed in mmHg is 661.35mmHg.

Chemical reaction is a process in which two or more than two molecules collide in right orientation and energy to form a new chemical compound. The mass of the overall reaction should be conserved. There are so many types of chemical reaction reaction like combination reaction, double displacement reaction.

total pressure= pressure of gas + pressure of water vapor

total pressure= 680.0 mmHg

pressure of water vapor at  21 °C=18.65mmHg

substituting all the given values in the above equation, we get

680.0 = pressure of gas + 18.65

pressure of gas =680- 18.65

                            =661.35mmHg

Therefore,  the pressure of hydrogen gas formed in mmHg is 661.35mmHg.

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Answer: Physical change: H20 (s) → H20 (1)

Chemical change: C6H1206 (s) + 6 02 (g) 6C02 (g) + 6 H20 (1)

Explanation:

A sample of potassium nitride contains 0.900 moles of potassium ions. 2.689 moles of nitride ions do it contain

1 mole is defined as 6.023 x 1023 ions.

Here, there are 5.4 x 1022 ions, or 0.08965 moles (5.4 x 1022/6.023 x 1023).

Calcium: C +1

Nitric acid: N -3

Three potassium's are required to balance out the -3 charge that one nitride possesses since the total charges must cancel out.

K3N

Moles of potassium ion are therefore 3 x 0.08965, or 2.689 moles.,

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Answer:

Explanation:

If the EN difference is large then it has an ionic bond, if it's low it has a covalent bond.

The pH of the solution at the given condition will be 7.5 .

Since the solution is at 25°C which is the standard temperature, we can apply the following relation :

pH = 14.00 - pOH

In the given case the pOH of the solution is 6.51, which on substituting in the relation we get

pH = 14.00 - 6.51

pH = 7.49 ≈ 7.5

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a) NaCl + H2O

c) POLi + HCO3

The heat needed to convert 40.0 grams of CH₃OH (s) at -97.53˚C to CH₃OH (l) at -43˚C is equal to 5278.5 J.

The specific heat capacity can be defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass by one degree Celsius. The specific heat capacity depends upon the type of material.

The mathematical form is used to calculate the specific heat is equal to:

Q = mCΔT

Given, the mass of the methanol, m = 40 g

The final temperature of the methanol, T₂ = -43°C

The change in temperature of methanol, ΔT = -43 + 97.53 = 54.53°C

The specific heat capacity of methanol, C =  2.5 J/g·°C

The heat required to change methanol temperature:

Q = 40 × 2.42 × 54.53

Q = 5278.5 J

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The quantity in mL of the iodine solution standard solutions that the scientist should pour out is provided as V1 = 609.9 mL according to the supplied statement.

A potassium deficiency level can cause irregular heart rhythms to form and cause muscles to feel weak, cramp, or even become paralyzed. Tests of the potassium level in the blood are used to make the diagnosis. Typically, all that is required is consuming meals high in potassium or ingesting potassium supplements.

About 63 milligrams of potassium may be found in one big egg. 1 Although eggs are regarded as a low-potassium food, talk to your doctor or nutritionist to see how frequently you should consume them.

Briefing:

C1 = 7.46mol/L

C2 = 7.00 M

V1 = ?

V2 = 650mL

C1.V1 = C2.V2

V1 = 609.9 mL

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A pure copper sphere has a radius 0.930 in, 47.68 x 10²³ copper atoms does it contain.

The Avogadro number, often known as the Avogadro constant, is the quantity of units contained in one mole of any material. It equals 6.022140857 ×10²³. Depending on the nature of the reaction and the material, the units might be electrons, ions, atoms, or molecules.

Given that,

density = 8.96g/cm³

radius of sphere (r) = 0.935 in

                               = 0.935 x 2.54 cm

                               = 2.3749 cm

Thus, volume of copper sphere,

V = 4/3 π r³

V =  4/3 π (2.3749 cm)³

V = 56.108 cm³

From the volume and given density, calculate the mass of the copper sphere:

As we know, mass = density x volume          

or, mass = 8.96 x 56.108

or, mass = 502.73 g

Now, 1 mole of copper = 63.5 g of copper = 6.022 x 10²³ copper atoms.

502.73 g of copper = (502.73 × 6.022 × 10 ²³)÷ 63.5

                                 = 47.68 x 10²³ copper atoms

Therefore, the copper sphere contains 47.68 x 10²³ copper atoms.

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The intensive properties in this scenario are specific heat, temperature, density of water etc. The extensive properties include heat capacity, volume and mass of water.

Intensive properties are those properties which does not change with the amount of the substance. Whereas, extensive properties depends on the mass or total amount of the substance. It changes with the change in amount of the substance.

Intensive properties includes temperature, pressure, density etc. Whereas examples of extensive properties include mass, volume, heat capacity etc.

In the given scenario temperature and density of water does not change as they are intensive. Mass, volume and heat capacity of water changes as the kitten jump into it since they are extensive.

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Answer:

Explanation:

(a) When an additional 1.80 mol of argon gas is added to the container, the total number of moles of gas increases to 1.80 + 1.80 = 3.60 moles. Since the pressure and temperature of the gas remain constant, the volume of the gas will also remain constant at 10.00 L. So the new volume of the gas will be 10.00 L.

(b) When 25.0 g of argon gas is added to the container, we need to convert the mass of the gas to moles to determine its effect on the volume. We can use the ideal gas law to do this:

PV = nRT

Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

Since the pressure and temperature remain constant, we can rearrange the equation to solve for n:

n = PV/RT

Plugging in the values, we get:

n = (1.00 atm)(25.0 g)/(0.08206 Latm/molK)(298 K)

This gives us a value of n = 0.34 mol.

Now that we know the number of moles of gas, we can use the ideal gas law again to solve for the new volume of the gas:

V = nRT/P

Plugging in the values, we get:

V = (0.34 mol)(0.08206 Latm/molK)(298 K)/(1.00 atm)

This gives us a new volume of V = 13.5 L.

(c) When half of the gas escapes from the container, the total number of moles of gas decreases to 1.80/2 = 0.90 mol. Again, we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the new volume of the gas:

V = nRT/P

Plugging in the values, we get:

V = (0.90 mol)(0.08206 Latm/molK)(298 K)/(1.00 atm)

This gives us a new volume of V = 7.50 L.

I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any questions

Answer:

Hi, I'm here to help you. If you have any further question let me know

Explanation:

(a) An additional 1.80 mol of argon gas is added to the container.

The new volume of the gas would be 20.0 L.

(b) A sample of 25.0 g of argon gas is added to the container.

To determine the new volume of the gas, we need to first determine how many moles of argon gas are present in the 25.0 g sample. To do this, we can use the molar mass of argon, which is 39.948 g/mol. This gives us a total of 0.625 moles of argon in the 25.0 g sample. Since the pressure and temperature are constant, the volume of the gas will increase in proportion to the number of moles of gas present. Since 0.625 moles of gas is being added to 1.80 moles of gas, the total number of moles of gas will be 2.425 moles. The new volume of the gas will be 10.00 L * (2.425 moles / 1.80 moles) = 13.5 L.

(c) A hole in the container allows half of the gas to escape.

The new volume of the gas would be 10.00 L / 2 = 5.00 L.

Answer: Our body needs water to transfer blood through the body.

Explanation: Our heart needs water to help pump blood through the whole body. Outside of transferring blood, we need water for a lot of other things like helping keep our body temperature and more!

The answer is that our bodies needs water to transfer blood through the body.

Planarity of the peptide bond means that no rotation occurs about the C(O)-N bond while rotation is allowed about the C-alpha-C(O) and N-C-alpha bonds.

Because it has a partial double bond property, the peptide bond is a stable covalent bond and is referred to as a stiff planar bond. The length of the bond is the primary piece of evidence supporting this partial double bond feature.

Rotation cannot occur because of the partial double bond character of the peptide bond. The conformations of the peptide backbone are constrained by this lack of rotation, which also reduces the range of potential configurations.

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Answer:

2.72 x 10^23 particles

Explanation:

1 mol of CU2SO4 has 6.022 x 10^23 particles

so 0.451 mol will have 0.451 x (6.022 x 10^23) = 2.72 x 10^23 particles

The pH change of a 0.280 M solution of citric acid is 1.7917.

What is citric acid and why is it useful?

Citric acid was originally produced from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784.

The odorless and colorless substance was manufactured from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold Aspergillus niger, which generates citric acid as it feeds on sugar.

Because of its acidic, sour-tasting character, citric acid is largely utilized as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve pharmaceuticals and as a -disinfectant.

As, in the question we have been provided with the pK2, so we will first convert it into ka.

ka= 10 ^ -4.77= 1.70 × 10 -5

⇒1.70 × 10- 5 = x²/ 0.280 -x

⇒x= [H+] = 0.00218 M

pH = - log [0.00218]

pH = 2.6615 initial pH

pH= pKa + loh [salt/acid]

pH= 4.77 +log [0.135/0.280]

pH= 4.77 - 0.3168 = 4.4532

change pH= 4.4532 - 2.6615 = 1.7917.

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The concentration of sodium in the soft drink in mass percent is 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %.

Percentage by mass, mass %, is a measure of concentration that indicates the mass of solute per mass of solution. In other words, the mass percent of a component in the solution is defined as the ratio of the mass of the component to the mass of the solution, expressed as a percentage.

mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100

In the case of a soft drink which contains 28 mg of sodium in 305 g of H₂O, sodium is the solute and the solution is the mixture of sodium and H₂O.

mass % = (mass of solute / mass of solution) x 100

mass % = (28 mg / 28 mg + 305 g) x 100

mass % = (28 mg / 305028 mg) x 100

mass % = (9.179485 x 10⁻⁵) x 100

mass % = 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %

Hence, the mass percent of sodium in the soft drink is 9.179485 x 10⁻³ %.

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The pressure of the gas can be obtained in each case as;

a) 53.1 atm

b) 51.56 atm

We know that an ideal gas is the kind of gas that follows the ideal gas law. We know that we can be able to calculate the pressure of the gas using the Ideal gas equation as well as by the use of the Van Der Walls correction of the equation.

Thus we have;

PV = nRT

P = pressure

V = volume

n = Number of moles

R = gas constant

T = Temperature

Then;

P = nRT/V

P = 5.2 * 0.082 * 623/5

P = 53.1 atm

Using the Van Der Walls Correction;

P = nRT/V - nb - a(n/V)^2

P = 5.2 * 0.082 * 623/5 - (5.2 * 0.05105) - 4.250(5.2/5)^2

P = 265.6 /4.73 - 4.597

P = 51.56 atm

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LiAlH4 reagent can reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols, ketones to secondary alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters to primary alcohols, amides and nitriles to amines, epoxides to alcohols and lactones to diols.

LiAlH4 is a powerful reducing agent compared to sodium borohydride, NaBH4, since the Al-H bond is weaker and thus less stable than B-H bond.

Reduction of aldehydes or ketone to primary  and secondary alcohols:

Initially, a hydride ion is transferred onto the carbonyl carbon and the oxygen atom coordinates to the remaining aluminum hydride species to furnish an alkoxy tri hydro aluminate ion, which can reduce the next carbonyl molecule. Thus three of the hydride ions are used up in reduction. The reaction will be as follows :

    AlH4 + ROR   →  RHROH

Reduction of amides to amine:

Amides are converted to amines. The LAH reduction mechanism is slightly different from that depicted for esters. In iminium ion is formed during the reaction since nitrogen atom is relatively a good donor than oxygen atom. The reaction will be as follows:

RONR2 + AlH4 → RNR2

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The given pressure in Denver is 560mmHg and the calculated atmospheric pressure in atm is 0.73 atm.

Due to the atmosphere's greater bulk above those places, the pressure it applies to objects is highest around or below sea level. Since the mass of the atmosphere at a certain altitude reduces as it rises, atmospheric pressure also lowers as altitude rises.

A pressure of 1 atm is equivalent to 760 mmHg. As a result, we can use the following ratio to determine how many atmospheres of pressure equal 560 mmHg:

[tex]1 atm : 760mmHg = x : 560mmHg[/tex]

On solving the above equation, we get:

[tex]x = \frac{1atm.560mmHg}{760mmHg}[/tex]

[tex]x = 0.73 atm[/tex]

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The formula for conjugate base is C₆H₅NH₂ and C6H5NH3+ is the conjugate acid.

Conjugate base is defined as when an acid loses a hydrogen ion, a compound is produced. When a proton is added to a base, a conjugate acid is created, and vice versa when a proton is taken away from an acid, a conjugate base is created.

Conjugate acid is defined as a chemical molecule created when an acid gives a base a proton (H). A conjugate acid-base pair is made up of two bases that only differ by the presence or absence of a proton.

Thus, the formula for conjugate base is C₆H₅NH₂ and C6H5NH3+ is the conjugate acid.

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The average molar mass and interaction parameter constant is 23.4g and  1.8746 respectively.

The following is an example of an osmotic pressure equation that was discovered by Dutch chemist Jacobus to exist in a quantitative relationship between osmotic pressure and solute concentration.

Where,.

It is crucial to remember that the derived Osmotic Pressure equation only applies to solutions that behave exactly like ideal solutions. Because pure water has no osmotic pressure.

B = ln [p1/ (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1) = ln [p1- ln (1-p1)] / (1 - 2p1)

T=22 +273K=295K

p1=0.867, p2=1.05

B=1.8746

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a. The biggest concerns at fracking sites are groundwater contamination, air pollution, and water contamination brought on by the toxic chemicals employed in hydraulic fracturing.

Large land areas are needed for fracking operations, which affects wildlife and ruins habitat.

Pollutants such as spent (used) reactor fuel, uranium mill tailings, and other radioactive wastes are the main environmental issue with nuclear power.These substances have lengthy radioactive half-lives and can endanger human health for tens of thousands of years.

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they have been oxidized; oxidation is therefore the loss of electrons

'

From the information given in Table 5.2, let's determine whether each metal (Cu, Fe, and Zn) was oxidized and identify the oxidizing agent(s) involved.

Cu (Copper):

Was the Metal Oxidized? No, there was no reaction observed for Cu.

Oxidizing Agent(s): No oxidizing agent was involved as there was no reaction.

Fe (Iron):

Was the Metal Oxidized? Yes, Fe was oxidized as there was a reaction observed.

Oxidizing Agent(s): The oxidizing agent involved in the reaction with Fe is not specified in the table.

Zn (Zinc):

Was the Metal Oxidized? Yes, Zn was oxidized as there was a reaction observed.

Oxidizing Agent(s): The oxidizing agent involved in the reaction with Zn is not specified in the table.

It appears that Cu did not undergo any reaction, while both Fe and Zn were oxidized in their respective reactions. However, specific details about the oxidizing agents are not provided in the table.

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According to percent composition, the percent of mass of zinc  in sample of zinc sulfate is 40.50 %.

Percent composition is defined as a convenient way to record concentration of solution.It is a expression which relates solute to solvent as,mass of solute/mass of solution ×100.There are two types of percentage composition percent weight by volume and percent volume by volume .

In the given example, percent composition of zinc= mass of zinc/mass of zinc sulfate×100

substituting values in above equation,65.38/161.442×100=40.50 %.

Thus, the percent of zinc in zinc sulfate is 40.50 %.

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The percentage of sodium (Na) in a formula unit of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is 27.25%. Percent by mass of sodium = (total mass of sodium/ formula weight) * 100

Percent by mass of an element =(Total mass of the element in the formula / weight ) * 100

Step 1 :Formula weight of NaHCO₃

The atomic mass of Na, H,C and O

Formula weight of NaHCO₃ = Na+H+C+3O

Formula weight of NaHCO₃ = 22.9+1.01+12.01+3(16)

Formula weight of NaHCO₃ is 84.01 g

Step 2 :Use percent by mass formula,

Percent by mass of sodium = (total mass of sodium / formula weight) * 100

Percent by mass of sodium = (22.9)/84.01*100

Percent by mass of sodium = 27.25%

Thus, the percentage by mass of sodium in a formula unit of sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is 27.25%.

Molar mass = g/mol, The mass of one atom of carbon-12 the atomic mass of carbon-12 is exactly 12 atomic mass units. The mass of one mole of carbon atom is exactly 12 grams; its molar mass is exactly 12 grams per mole.

The most common way to express solution concentration is molarity (M), which is defined as the amount of solute in moles by the volume of solution in liters: M = moles of solute/liters of solution.

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