Calculating partial pressure in a gas mixture A 6.00 L tank at 25.4 °C is filled with 8.90 g of carbon monoxide gas and 3.63 g of chlorine pentafluoride gas. You can assume both gases behave as ideal gases under these conditions. Calculate the mole fraction and partial pressure of each gas, and the total pressure in the tank. Be sure your answers have the correct number of significant digits.
Mole fraction: carbon monoxide partial pressure atm mole fraction chlorine pentafluoride partial pressure atm Total pressure in tank: atm

The volume of ammonia produced at STP will be 98.56 L

Standard temperature and pressure are a standard set of experimental measurement conditions that must be established to allow comparison between different data sets. At STP, 1 mole of any gas (6.023 × 10²³ representative particles) occupies a volume of 22.4 L.

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇄ 2NH₃

The mole ratio of N₂ and NH₃ is 1:2. So the moles of NH₃ will be:

Moles of NH₃ = 2 × 2.2

= 4.4 moles

At STP, 1 mole occupy 22.4 L of volume.

Volume occupied by 4.4 moles of NH₃:

= 4.4 × 22.4

= 98.56 L

Thus, the volume of ammonia formed will be 98.56 L

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Question 7

Lower air pressure (c) does not speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Question 8

The symbol represents equilibrium (a).

a. A compound of the elements hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, carbonic acid, (H2CO3).

b. In lucidity:

The first stage alone never entirely ionizes carbonic acid (H2CO3).

It splits into H+ and HCO3- ions in part.

It has a low dissociation constant because to its partial dissociation, making it a weak acid.

H2CO3 = H + (+) H CO3-

H+ (+) (CO3)2- = HCO3-

On the product side of these equilibrium processes, [H+] rises. Therefore, according to the Le Chatlier principle, the reaction has a tendency to proceed backward, which prevents the acid from entirely dissociating. Carbonic acid is a weak acid as a result.

c. A polyatomic ion having the formula CO3 is called a carbonate ion (2-). A carbon oxoanion is carbonate. It is a hydrogencarbonate's conjugate base.

[CO3 -2] = K2 [HCO3-] / [H+], where K2 is the second dissociation constant for carbonic acid, is the equation for carbonate concentration.

what is Carbonic Acid?

The chemical compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen is known as carbonic acid (H2CO3). It is created in trace amounts when carbon dioxide (CO2), its anhydride, dissolves in water.

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3.

Simple CO2 molecules that are lightly hydrated are the main species. It is possible to think of carbonic acid as a diprotic acid from which two groups of salts can be produced: hydrogen carbonates, which include HCO3, and carbonates, which contain CO32.

H3O+ + HCO3 = H2CO3 + H2O

H2O+ + CO32 = HCO3 + H2O

However, the varying speeds of certain of the relevant processes as well as their dependency on the system's pH play a role in the acid-base behavior of carbonic acid. For instance, the main reactions and their corresponding relative speeds at a pH lower than 8 are as follows:

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 (slow)

HCO3 + H2O + H2CO3 + OH (fast)

The following reactions are significant above pH 10:

HCO3 = CO2 + OH (slow)

CO32 + H2O + HCO3 + OH (fast)

All of the aforementioned equilibrium reactions are significant between pH levels of 8 and 10.

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The name of the given compound is carbonic acid. It is weak acid which does not dissociate completely.

The inorganic substance carbonic acid has the chemical formula H2CO3. Contrary to popular assumption, the molecule is quite stable at room temperature in the absence of water, when it quickly breaks down into water and carbon dioxide.

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

The predominant species consists of simple, weakly hydrated CO2 molecules. It is feasible to think of carbonic acid like a diprotic acid from which two categories of salts can be created: carbonates, which contain CO32, and hydrogen carbonates, which include HCO3.

[tex]H_{3}O^{+} + HCO_{3} = H_{2} CO_{3} + H_{2}O[/tex]

[tex]H_{2}O^{+} + (CO_{3}) _{2} = HCO_{3} + H_{2}O[/tex]

To answer the given questions-

a) The name of the compound [tex]H_{2}CO_{3}[/tex] is carbonic acid.

b) Carbonic acid is never completely ionized in the first stage alone. It partially separates into H+ and HCO3- ions. Due to its partial dissociation, it has a low dissociation constant, which makes it a weak acid.

[tex]H_{2}CO_{3} = H^{+} + HCO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]

[tex]H^{+} + (CO_{3}) ^{2-} = HCO_{3} ^{-}[/tex]

[H+] increases on the product side of these equilibrium processes. In light of this, the Le Chatlier principle states that the reaction has a propensity to go backward, preventing the acid from completely dissociating. Therefore, carbonic acid can be said as a weak acid.

c) [tex]CO_{3} ^{2-}[/tex] is the carbonate ion. It is the most basic oxocarbon anion that breaks down when heated and is often insoluble in water.

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Answer:

The number of methane molecules (CH4) is equal to the number of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2),

Explanation:

Avogadro's number, number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.02214076 × 10^23. The units may be electrons, atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the nature of the substance and the character of the reaction (if any).

Therefore, the number of methane molecules (CH4) is equal to the number of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2), which is 6.02214076 × 10^23

Answer: Dishwashing liquid

Explanation: Dishwashing soap is the best emulsifier and its very affordable as well.

The best emulsifier among the following is dishwashing liquid. The correct option is b.

What is an emulsifier?

An emulsifier is a substance that contains a molecule that prefers to be in oily circumstances at one end and in a water environment at the other. Mayonnaise, for example, is an emulsifier found in egg yolks.

The majority of emulsifiers used to come from both natural and synthetic sources. Emulsifiers generally reduce lipid surface tension by aiding in the digestion of lipid molecules.

As emulsifiers, various materials could be added to the vinaigrette. They are included to help a quick and uncomplicated preparation. A nice vinaigrette recipe with better emulsifying ingredients can include: olive oil (1 part), 2 parts seasoned rice vinegar, Dijon mustard, and honey.

Therefore, the correct option is b. dishwashing liquid.

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Answer:

can be seperated using filtration then evaporation

Explanation:

There are 2.61 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] for ammonium carbonate and 7.83 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] O atoms in the sample.

What is molar mass?

The term "molar mass" refers to the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The molar mass of each element is distinct. For instance, magnesium has a molar mass of 24.3050 g/mol and carbon has a molar mass of 12.011 g/mol. To understand why these elements have various molar masses.

Given:

1)The formula of Ammonium carbonate is (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex].

So, Molar mass = (2 x 14.01 g/mol N) + (8 x 1.008 g/mol H + (12.01 g/mol C) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol O)

= 96.09 g/mol

41.6 g (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex] x 2.61 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex] formula units (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex]

=2.61 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex].

2)61x[tex]10^{23}[/tex] formula units (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex] x1 formula unit of (N[tex]H_{4}[/tex][tex])_{2}[/tex]C[tex]O_{3}[/tex]

= 7.83 x [tex]10^{23}[/tex]O atom.

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Answer:

Answers:

Explanation:

1. Sulfur oxide

2. Calcium cyanamide

3. aluminum sulfide (I think on that one)

Good luck

Answer:

19K and 19 K

Explanation:

The term "isotope" refers to an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. So, despite having the same atomic number (Z), isotopes have differing mass numbers (A). In other words, elements with differing atomic numbers (protons) are not isotopes.

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The correct answer is: 109.5°, 120°, 109.5°. In the Lewis structure of acetic acid, the central carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, and the oxygen atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

The bond angles around the central carbon atom and oxygen atom should be approximately 109.5°, as these atoms are surrounded by four electron pairs in a tetrahedral arrangement. The bond angle around the central carbon atom will be slightly less than 109.5° due to the presence of the double bond to the oxygen atom, which introduces some degree of angle strain. The bond angle around the oxygen atom will also be slightly less than 109.5° due to the presence of the two hydrogen atoms, which are slightly larger than the electrons and will push the bond angles outward.

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We will be using the q = m*c*(delta T) equation, which is also known as Specific Heat formula. So our answer will be 21,410 Joules or you can say 21.41 kJ kilojoules (amount of heat required by hexane).

q = m*c*(delta T)

We have to convert this temperature, which is given to us in Celsius, into Kelvins by adding 273.15.

Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15

Kelvin = 48.1 C + 273.15

(K = 321.25 K).

now, delta T is the change in temp. (final temperature minus the initial temperature). so, delta T will be 321.15k-274.15 K.

combine the values and solve,

q = (0.197 kg)*(2.26J/kg*K)*(321.25 K-274.15 K)

q= 21.41kJ.

Specific heat formula given by, Joseph Black. The Scottish scientist Joseph Black, noticed that equal masses of different substances needed different amounts of heat to raise them through the same temperature interval, and, from this observation, he founded the concept of specific heat.

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After the reaction the molecules of hydrogen and nitrogen are not left, only ammonia is 4 left.

What is molecules?

Even the smallest particle of a substance contains all of its physical and chemical properties. One or more atoms build up molecules.

What is reaction?

During a chemical reaction, one or more chemicals, sometimes referred to as "reactants," are transformed into one or more new compounds, sometimes referred to as "products." Both chemical components and elements are substances.

nitrogen gas = N2(g) --> 2 molecules 2N2(g)

hydrogen gas = H(g) --> 6 molecules 6H2(g)

ratio is;

N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3

assume 100% reaction so

2 molecules of N2 react to form 2*2 = 4 molecules of NH3

6 molecules of H2 react to form  = the same 4 molecules of NH3

so

molecules of H2 left = 6-6 = 0 left

molecules of N2 left = 2-2 = 0 left

molecules of NH3 formed = 0 + 4 = 4 molecules of NH3 left.

Therefore, after the reaction the molecules of hydrogen and nitrogen are not left, only ammonia is 4 left.

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To solve this problem, you need to first determine how many moles of AgNO3 are present in the 75 mL of 0.300 M AgNO3 solution. This can be done by using the concentration and volume of the solution to calculate the number of moles of AgNO3 present.

First, convert the volume of the solution from milliliters to liters by dividing by 1000. This gives a volume of 0.075 L.

Next, multiply the concentration of the solution (in molarity) by the volume of the solution to calculate the number of moles of AgNO3 present. This gives a total of 0.022 moles of AgNO3.

Since the reaction ratio between AgNO3 and CaI2 is 2:1, this means that for every 2 moles of AgNO3, 1 mole of CaI2 is needed to completely precipitate the Ag+ ions as AgI. Therefore, in this case, we need 0.011 moles of CaI2 to completely precipitate the Ag+ ions.

To convert the number of moles of CaI2 to grams, we need to know the molar mass of CaI2. The molar mass of CaI2 is approximately 233.9 g/mol, so 0.011 moles of CaI2 would be equal to approximately 2.6 grams.

Therefore, to completely precipitate the Ag+ ions as AgI from 75.0 mL of 0.300 M AgNO3 solution, you would need approximately 2.6 grams of CaI2.

A radical is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond.

When two or more atoms interchange one or more pair of electrons, a covalent connection is created. These electrons are simultaneously being drawn to the two nuclei. A covalent bond is created when the difference between electronegativity values of the two atoms is too small for an electron transfer to occur and produce ions.

Two atoms share an electron pair in a covalent link, a type of chemical bond. The covalent link is also known as a molecular bond. Covalent bonding is the force of attraction or repulsion between two atoms when they share a pair of electrons or a bonding pair.

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The complete question is -

Select the keyword or phrase that will best complete each sentence.

Key word - paired, unpaired

A radical is a reactive intermediate with a single unpaired electron, formed by homolysis of a covalent bond.

Answer:

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present, provided that the temperature and pressure are held constant. This relationship can be expressed by the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

In this problem, the pressure and temperature are held constant, so the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas. This means that if we multiply the number of moles of gas by a certain factor, the volume will also be multiplied by that same factor.

The balloon is initially filled with 3.00 moles of gas at a volume of 1.75 L. If 0.60 moles of gas are added, the total number of moles of gas in the balloon becomes 3.00 + 0.60 = <<3+0.6=3.6>>3.6 moles.

To find the volume of the balloon after 0.60 moles of gas are added, we can multiply the initial volume of 1.75 L by the ratio of the final number of moles of gas to the initial number of moles of gas:

V = (1.75 L) * (3.6 moles / 3.00 moles) = 1.75 L * 1.20 = <<1.75*1.20=2.10>>2.10 L

Therefore, if 0.60 moles of gas are added to the balloon while the pressure and temperature are held constant, the volume of the balloon will be 2.10 L.

Hello,

I hope you and your family are doing well!

To solve this problem, you need to use the ideal gas law, which states that the product of the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas is a constant. This can be written as:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas.

Since the temperature and pressure are the same in both situations, the ratio of the volumes is equal to the ratio of the number of moles of gas:

V1/V2 = n1/n2

Plugging in the known values, we get:

V1/102.8 L = 17.8 mol/64 mol

Solving for V1, we find that the volume of 64 mol of Ar gas at the same temperature and pressure as 17.8 mol of Ar gas is:

V1 = (102.8 L) * (17.8 mol/64 mol) = 43.4 L

Since 1 liter is equal to 1000 milliliters, the volume of 64 mol of Ar gas in milliliters is:

V1 = 43.4 L * 1000 mL/L = 43,400 mL

So 64 mol of Ar gas would occupy 43,400 mL under the same temperature and pressure as 17.8 mol of Ar gas. In scientific notation with 3 significant figures, this is:

43,400 mL = 4.34 x 104 mL

This is the volume that 64 mol of Ar gas would occupy under the same temperature and pressure as 17.8 mol of Ar gas.

---

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Explanation:

17.8 Mole = 102.8 L

1 Mole = 102.8÷17.8 L

=5.775 L

so

64 Mol occupy 64× 5.775 L

=369.6 L

we Know,

1L = 1000Ml

369.6 L =. 369.6 × 1000 ML

= 369600

= 369.6 × 10 ^3

Answer:

Hi goodmorning

To answer these questions, you can use the ideal gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. The ideal gas law is given by the following equation:

PV = nRT

Where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas.

If pressure and temperature remain constant, then the volume of the gas will change inversely with the number of moles of the gas. This means that if the number of moles of the gas increases, the volume of the gas will decrease, and if the number of moles of the gas decreases, the volume of the gas will increase.

For example, in part (a), the number of moles of argon gas in the container increases by 1.80 mol, so the volume of the gas will decrease. The new volume of the gas can be calculated as follows:

V = (nRT)/P

= (1.80 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * 300 K)/(1 atm)

= 4452 J

= 4.452 L

The total volume of the gas is then 10.00 L + 4.452 L = 14.452 L.

In part (b), the number of moles of argon gas in the container increases by a certain amount, which you can calculate using the molar mass of argon. The molar mass of argon is 39.948 g/mol, so the number of moles of argon in 25.0 g of argon is 25.0 g / 39.948 g/mol = 0.625 mol. The new volume of the gas can be calculated as follows:

V = (nRT)/P

= (0.625 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * 300 K)/(1 atm)

= 1478.125 J

= 1.478 L

The total volume of the gas is then 10.00 L + 1.478 L = 11.478 L.

In part (c), the number of moles of argon gas in the container decreases by half, so the volume of the gas will increase. The new volume of the gas can be calculated as follows:

V = (nRT)/P

= (0.9 mol * 8.31 J/mol*K * 300 K)/(1 atm)

= 2463.9 J

= 2.464 L

The total volume of the gas is then 10.00 L + 2.464 L = 12.464 L.

In part (d), the number of moles of CO2 gas in the balloon increases by 0.50 mol, so the volume of the gas will decrease. The molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol, so the number of moles of CO2 in 4.80 g of CO2 is 4.80 g / 44.01 g/mol = 0.109 mol. The new volume of the balloon can be calculated as follows:

V = (nRT)/P

= (0.109 mol + 0.50 mol) * 8.31 J/mol*K * 300 K)/(1 atm)

= 806.36 J

= 0.806 L

A mole is defined as the quantity of a material that includes precisely of the substance's elementary entities.

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Answer: 4

Explanation:

Answer:

1.268 mol CO2

Explanation:

1. Convert 18.1 g C8H18 to moles.

Divide 18.1 g by C8H18's molar mass. C8H18 has a molar mass of (8 x 12.0107) + (18 x 1.008) because there are 8 carbon atoms (which each have a molar mass of 12.0107 g/mol) and 18 hydrogen atoms (which each have a molar mass of 1.008 g/mol).

Molar mass of C8H18: (8 x 12.0107) + (18 x 1.008) = 114.23 g

18.1 g/114.23 g = 0.1585 mol

2. Use the balanced equation to find moles of CO2.

Multiply 0.1585 mol C8H18 by the ratio of moles from the balanced equation. For every 2 moles of C8H18, there are 16 moles of CO2. You can divide moles of C8H18 by 2, its coefficient, and multiply by 16, CO2's coefficient.

0.1585 x 16/2 = 1.268 mol CO2

The total heat that is required is 303.33 kJ to convert the ice to steam at  110°C.

We know that a substance can be heated and as the compound is heated, the temperature of the substance would be raised. Now we are told to find the  energy is required to heat 100g of ice at -10°C to steam at 110°C.

Energy required to raise the temperature of the ice to melting point;

H = mcdT

m = mass of the ice

c = specific heat capacity

dT = temperature change

H = 100 * 2.03 * (0 - (-10))

H = 2030 J

The latent heat of fusion of the ice;

H = 100 * 336

H = 33600 J

The heat required to raise the temperature of the water to boiling point;

H = mcdT

H = 100 * 4.18 * (100 - 0)

H = 41800 J

Latent heat of vaporization of water;

H = 100 *  2240

= 224000 J

Heat required to raise the temperature to  110°C

H = 100 * 1.9 * (110 - 100)

= 1900 J

Total heat required = 2030 J +  33600 J +  41800 J + 224000 J + 1900 J

= 303.33 kJ

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The burning of fossil fuels contributes to acid rain (option C).

Acid rain is rain which is unusually acidic (pH of less than the natural range of 5 to 6) caused mainly by atmospheric pollution with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds.

Fossil fuels are fuel derived from hydrocarbon deposits such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and, to some extent, peat.

These fuels are non-renewable, and their burning generates the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.

Therefore, burning of fossil fuels lead to the formation of acid rain.

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The pressure of the interstellar gas is 2.7*[tex]10^{-12}[/tex] atm by using ideal gas equation.

This is much smaller than the minimum value for the best vacuum.

Ideal gas equation,

PV = nRT----------(1)

Given,

V = [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] m3

n = 1/NA ; NA = avegadro number = 6.022*[tex]10^{24}[/tex]

n = 1.66*[tex]10^{-24}[/tex]

R = 8.314 J/K/mole

T = 20K

putting in (1), we get

P = 1.66*[tex]10^{-24}[/tex]*8.314*20 /[tex]10^{-6}[/tex]

P = 2.76*[tex]10^{-6}[/tex] pascal                                         [1 atm = 101325 Pa]

P = 2.76*[tex]10^{-6}[/tex]/101325 atm

P = 2.7*[tex]10^{-12}[/tex] atm

hence, the correct option is B.

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The substances' sodium (Na), oxygen (O2), and sodium oxide (Na2O) participate in this chemical reaction. 4Na + O2 = 2Na2O is the reaction between Na and O2. The suitable sentence is Sodium oxide is created by the chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is a process that converts one or more substances, known as reactants, into one or more different substances, known as products. Chemical elements or compounds are examples of substances.

Because Na and O are not balanced, the balanced equation by hit and trial will be: 4Na+O2Na2O.

A chemical reaction occurs when two or more compounds or substances undergo chemical transformation to form new compounds or substances. Chemical equations express chemical reactions using symbols and chemical formulas of the compounds involved.

Thus, option B is correct.

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The heat change (in J) in the reaction is -8403.6 J.

The heat change of a reaction is the heat that is given off or absorbed in the reaction when product molecules are formed by reactant molecules.

In a reaction where heat is absorbed during the formation of products, the heat change is positive and the reaction is said to be endothermic.

On the other hand, in a reaction where heat is given off during the formation of products, the heat change is negative and the reaction is said to be exothermic.

The heat change of the reaction is calculated below:

Heat change = mass * heat capacity * temperature change

mass of mixture = 45. 5 + 55.5

mass of mixture = 100 g

Heat change = 100 * 5.64 * (5.6 - 20.5)

Heat change = -8403.6 J

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Simply adding the covalent radii of S and F results in a distance between them of 60 pm.

Covalent radii is defined as 1/2 the distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the same element that are covalently bound to one another in a molecule. The covalent radius is less than the van der Waals radius due to the overlap between the two electron clouds.

The distance between the centers of two covalently bound atoms is known as the bond length. The covalent radius of S is given by the S-S distance to be double what it is for F.

The S-F distance should therefore, to some extent, be equal to the sum of the covalent radii of S and F, which is 60 pm.

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The correct description of each microscope is as follows:

Microscope is an optical instrument used for observing relatively small objects.

Compound microscopes are light illuminated. The image seen with this type of microscope is two dimensional (2D). The compound microscope is the most commonly used as it can view individual cells, even living ones. It has high magnification. However, it has a low resolution.

Scanning electron microscope make use electron illumination. The image is seen in 3-D. It has high magnification and high resolution. The specimen is coated in gold and the electrons bounce off to give you and exterior view of the specimen.

Transmission electron microscope is also electron illuminated and gives a 2-D view. Thin slices of specimen are obtained. The electron beams pass through this. It has high magnification and high resolution.

A scanning tunneling microscope is a type of microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

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However, this is predicated on the idea that the atmospheric carbon 14 content has remained constant.The answer, which is possibly 3 x 5568, is 16,704 years.

Three half life have elapsed when a reduction is made to one eighth of existing levels (1/2 3 = 1/8).

To accommodate for fluctuations in carbon 14 concentration levels, a modification should be made.

The correction can be calculated using the graph below.

The answer, which is possibly 3 x 5568, is 16,704 years.

However, the half life of carbon 14 is actually 5730 +/- 40 years, not 5,568.

3 * 5730 = 17,190 years.

However, this is predicated on the idea that the atmospheric carbon 14 content has remained constant.

Not at all.

A adjustment should be used to account for variations in carbon 14 concentration levels.The graph below can be used to determine the adjustment.

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The experimentally determined rate law for the destruction of ozone is as follows : Rate = k [O3]. A mechanism must be consistent with the experimentally determined rate law. However, this does not prove that a mechanism is correct.

A rate law shows how the rate of a chemical reaction depends on reactant concentration. For a reaction such as aA → products, the rate law generally has the form rate = k[A]ⁿ, where k is a proportionality constant called the rate constant and n is the order of the reaction with respect to A.The rate law that is consistent with the mechanism is rate = k[NO]2[O2].

Photochemical process is related to ozone formation as it is through this process radicals react with volatile organic compounds ( VOC ) and nitrogen oxides ( NOx) to form ozone.A reaction intermediate is a chemical species that is formed in one elementary step and consumed in a subsequent step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is known as the rate-determining step. The rate-determining step limits the overall rate and therefore determines the rate law for the overall reaction.

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Based on these electronegativities, HCI would be expected to have polar covalent bonds and contain H+ ions.

Mathematically,

% of ionic character = 16(Xa - XB ) + 3.5(XA - Xb )

=16(3-2.1)+3.5(3-2.1)²

= 14.4+2.835

= 17.235%

:. The nature of HCI is 17.2% ionic

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