The reaction balanced chemical equation is CH₄ + 2O₂ CO₂ + 2H₂O, with a 93.8% yield.
How we calculate percent yield ?The percentage yield is crucial in the production of goods. Improvements to the % yield for chemical production need a lot of time and money. One reaction with a low percent yield can easily result in a significant waste of reactants and excessive expense when complicated compounds are synthesised through a number of distinct reactions.
The molar mass of CH₄ is 16.04 g/mol.
Theoretical CO₂ yield can be determined as follows:
moles of CH₄ = 1.3 g / 16.04 g/mol = 0.08096 mol
moles of CO₂ (from stoichiometry) = moles of CH₄ × (1 mol CO₂ / 1 mol CH₄) = 0.08096 mol
mass of CO₂ = moles of CO₂ × molar mass of CO₂ = 0.08096 mol × 44.01 g/mol = 3.564 g
percent yield = (actual yield / theoretical yield) × 100%
actual yield = 3.342 g
theoretical yield = 3.564 g
percent yield = (3.342 g / 3.564 g) × 100% = 93.8%
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identify the attacking species in each reaction and determine if it is acting as a nucleophile or a base.A. alkene B. alkyl halide C. water D. hydroxide Is the attacking species a nucleophile or base? Choose one: A. nucleophile B. base
The attacking species in each reaction are: A. alkene, acting as a nucleophile. B. alkyl halide, acting as an electrophile. C. water, acting as a nucleophile. D. hydroxide, acting as a nucleophile.
In organic chemistry, the concepts of nucleophiles and bases are important when studying reactions between molecules. Nucleophiles are species that donate a pair of electrons to form a chemical bond, while bases are species that accept a proton. In the given reactions, the attacking species are different for each reaction. In the reaction involving an alkene, the alkene itself is the attacking species and it acts as a nucleophile. In the reaction involving an alkyl halide, the attacking species is the alkyl halide and it acts as an electrophile. In the reaction involving water and the one involving hydroxide, the attacking species is either water or hydroxide and they act as nucleophiles.
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11. Using Figure 11.7 , identify the fat or oil that contains the highest number of grams per tablespoon of: a. polyunsaturated fat. b. total unsaturated fat. c. monounsaturated fat. d. saturated fat. 10.2 2.5 27 Safflower oil Canola oil Flaxseed oil Sunflower oil Corn oil Olive oil Sesame oil Soybean oil Peanut oil Chicken fat Lard Saturated 10,0 5 + Monounsaturated 0.9 0.6 Linoleic acid 6.2 07 a-Linolenic acid Other MO 01 0.5 Beef tallow Palm oil Butter Cocoa butter Palm kernel oil Coconut oil 0.40.6 0.2 07 1. 6 012 0. 8 ORT 101214 Fat/Oil composition (grams/tablespoon)
The fat or oil with the highest grams per tablespoon of: a. polyunsaturated fat is Flaxseed oil; b. total unsaturated fat is Safflower oil; c. monounsaturated fat is Olive oil; d. saturated fat is Coconut oil.
a. Flaxseed oil has the highest content of polyunsaturated fats, which includes linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid.
b. Safflower oil has the highest content of total unsaturated fats, which is the sum of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats.
c. Olive oil contains the highest amount of monounsaturated fats, which are a type of unsaturated fat.
d. Coconut oil has the highest content of saturated fats, which are less healthy compared to unsaturated fats. It is essential to consume fats in moderation and focus on incorporating more unsaturated fats into your diet for better health outcomes.
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Complete question:
11. Using Figure 11.7 , identify the fat or oil that contains the highest number of grams per tablespoon of: a. polyunsaturated fat. b. total unsaturated fat. c. monounsaturated fat. d. saturated fat. 10.2 2.5 27 Safflower oil Canola oil Flaxseed oil Sunflower oil Corn oil Olive oil Sesame oil Soybean oil Peanut oil Chicken fat Lard Saturated 10,0 5 + Monounsaturated 0.9 0.6 Linoleic acid 6.2 07 a-Linolenic acid Other MO 01 0.5 Beef tallow Palm oil Butter Cocoa butter Palm kernel oil Coconut oil 0.40.6 0.2 07 1. 6 012 0. 8 ORT 101214 Fat/Oil composition (grams/tablespoon)
the vapor pressure of a substance at 20.0 °c is 58.0 kpa and its enthalpy of vaporization is 32.7 kj mol−1. estimate the temperature at which its vapor pressure is 66.0 kpa.
The temperature at which its vapor pressure is 66.0 kPa is approximately 21.35 °C.
To estimate the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the substance is 66.0 kPa, we can use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
ln(P₂/P₁) = -ΔHvap/R * (1/T₂ - 1/T₁)
Where P₁ and P₂ are the initial and final vapor pressures, ΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization, R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 J / mol·K), and T₁ and T₂ are the initial and final temperatures in Kelvin.
P₁ = 58.0 kPa
P₂ = 66.0 kPa
ΔHvap = 32.7 kJ / mol = 32,700 J / mol
T₁ = 20.0 °C = 293.15 K
We need to find T₂. Rearrange the equation to solve for T₂:
1/T₂ = 1/T₁ - (R/ΔHvap) * ln(P₂/P₁)
1/T₂ = 1/293.15 - (8.314/32,700) * ln(66.0/58.0)
1/T₂ ≈ 0.003398
T₂ ≈ 294.5 K
Now, convert T₂ back to Celsius:
T₂ = 294.5 - 273.15 = 21.35 °C
So, the estimated temperature at which the vapor pressure of the substance is 66.0 kPa is approximately 21.35 °C.
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6.6 Indicate whether the asymmetric atom in each of the following compounds has the R or S configuration (a) O, C Он (b) он (c) Me PrN CI Et HC NH CH, н CH: но i-Pr alanine OH malic acid
The asymmetric atoms in (a) O, C Он (b) ОН (c) Me PrN CI Et HC NH CH, Н CH: Но i-Pr alanine OH malic acid have the S configuration.
The asymmetric atoms in the compounds mentioned have the S configuration because they all have a single non-bonded electron pair in their outermost shell.
This is a characteristic of the S configuration. The asymmetric atoms in (a) O, C Он (b) ОН (c) Me PrN CI Et HC NH CH, Н CH: Но i-Pr alanine OH malic acid can be determined by looking at their molecular structure and counting the number of non-bonded electron pairs around the atom.
If there is one non-bonded electron pair, then the configuration is S.If there are two non-bonded electron pairs, then the configuration is R.Therefore, the asymmetric atoms in the compounds mentioned have the S configuration.
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what is δg° at 298 k for the following reaction? i2(g) br2(g) –––> 2 ibr(g); δh° = –11.6 kj; δs° = 12 j/k at 298 k
The Gibbs free energy change ΔG° for the given reaction at 298 K is -15.176 kJ.
To calculate the ΔG° for the given reaction at 298 K using the given information. We can find ΔG° using the formula:
ΔG° = ΔH° - TΔS°
Where:
ΔG° = Gibbs free energy change at standard conditions
ΔH° = Enthalpy change at standard conditions (-11.6 kJ)
ΔS° = Entropy change at standard conditions (12 J/K)
T = Temperature (298 K)
First, we need to make sure that the units for ΔH° and ΔS° are consistent. Since ΔH° is given in kJ, let's convert ΔS° to kJ/K:
ΔS° = 12 J/K × (1 kJ / 1000 J) = 0.012 kJ/K
Now, we can plug the values into the formula:
ΔG° = (-11.6 kJ) - (298 K × 0.012 kJ/K)
ΔG° = -11.6 kJ - 3.576 kJ
ΔG° = -15.176 kJ
So, the ΔG° for the given reaction at 298 K is -15.176 kJ.
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If you took the nmr spectrum of octane, how many signals would you expect to see? Would the signal for the protons on carbon 3 be very different from the signal for the proton on c4? What if the chain were longer, maybe 25 carbons? One hundred carbons? What about 25,000 carbons, the typical number in a polyethylene chain that you’d find in a plastic grocery bag? Are the protons on c3 distinguishable from those on carbon 792 or carbon 8926?
In the NMR spectrum of octane, you would expect to see only one signal for all of its hydrogen atoms since they are chemically equivalent.
Even in long chains like polyethylene, with 25,000 carbons, the protons on carbon 3 would not be distinguishable from those on carbon 792 or carbon 8926, as all the hydrogen atoms in the polymer chain are equivalent.
What is NMR spectrum?
If you took the NMR spectrum of octane, you would expect to see one signal because all the hydrogen atoms in octane are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. Therefore, they would produce a single peak in the NMR spectrum.
The signal for the protons on carbon 3 would not be very different from the signal for the proton on carbon 4, as both carbons are located in similar chemical environments and are attached to the same types of neighboring atoms.
What is polyethylene?
If the chain were longer, such as 25 carbons or even 100 carbons, there would still only be one signal for all of the hydrogen atoms in the chain because they are all equivalent in terms of their chemical environment.
Even in a long polymer chain such as polyethylene, which can have up to 25,000 carbons, the protons on carbon 3 would not be distinguishable from those on carbon 792 or carbon 8926. This is because all the hydrogen atoms in the polymer chain are equivalent, and there is no variation in their chemical environment. As a result, they would produce a single peak in the NMR spectrum.
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Is p-dichlorobenzene soluble in water or hexane
p-Dichlorobenzene is more soluble in hexane than in water. p-dichlorobenzene, also known as para-dichlorobenzene, is a type of chlorinated hydrocarbon that is commonly used as a moth repellent and deodorizer.
In terms of its solubility, p-dichlorobenzene is considered to be only slightly soluble in water, with a solubility of around 5.5 mg/L at 25°C. This means that it will not dissolve very well in water and will tend to remain as a separate layer or suspension.
On the other hand, p-dichlorobenzene is much more soluble in organic solvents such as hexane, with a solubility of around 14 g/L at 25°C. This means that it will dissolve readily in hexane and similar solvents, forming a homogeneous solution.
Overall, the solubility of p-dichlorobenzene is relatively low in water but much higher in organic solvents. This is due to the fact that it is a nonpolar compound, which means that it is not attracted to the polar molecules that make up water. Instead, it is attracted to other nonpolar molecules, which are abundant in organic solvents like hexane.
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A 2.08-L container of H2(g) at 760 mm Hg and 24∘C is connected to a 3.24-L container of He(g) at 710 mm Hg and 24∘C.
After mixing, what is the total gas pressure, in millimeters of mercury, with the temperature remaining at 24∘C?
To solve this problem, we can use the ideal gas law, which states that PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.
First, we need to find the number of moles of H2 and He in each container. We can use the equation n = PV/RT, where P, V, and T are the values given in the problem and R is the gas constant (0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅K).
For the H2 container, n = (760 mm Hg)(2.08 L)/(0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅K)(297 K) = 0.097 mol H2.
For the He container, n = (710 mm Hg)(3.24 L)/(0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅K)(297 K) = 0.143 mol He.
After the containers are connected and the gases mix, the total volume is 2.08 L + 3.24 L = 5.32 L. The total number of moles of gas is 0.097 mol H2 + 0.143 mol He = 0.240 mol.
To find the total pressure, we can use the equation P_total = (n_total RT)/V_total, where n_total is the total number of moles of gas.
P_total = (0.240 mol)(0.0821 L⋅atm/mol⋅K)(297 K)/(5.32 L) = 1.36 atm
We need to convert this pressure to mm Hg, which we can do by multiplying by 760 mm Hg/atm.
P_total = 1.36 atm × 760 mm Hg/atm = 1034 mm Hg
Therefore, the total gas pressure after mixing is 1034 mm Hg, with the temperature remaining at 24∘C.
To calculate the total gas pressure after mixing H2(g) and He(g), we can use the formula for the partial pressures of each gas and the ideal gas law (PV = nRT). Since the temperature remains constant at 24°C, we can follow these steps:
1. Convert the temperature to Kelvin: T = 24°C + 273.15 = 297.15 K
2. Calculate the moles of each gas using the ideal gas law:
n(H2) = P(H2) × V(H2) / (R × T) = (760 mm Hg × 2.08 L) / (62.364 L mm Hg/mol K × 297.15 K)
n(He) = P(He) × V(He) / (R × T) = (710 mm Hg × 3.24 L) / (62.364 L mm Hg/mol K × 297.15 K)
3. Calculate the total volume of the container: V(total) = 2.08 L + 3.24 L = 5.32 L
4. Calculate the total moles of gas: n(total) = n(H2) + n(He)
5. Calculate the total gas pressure using the ideal gas law:
P(total) = n(total) × R × T / V(total)
Plug in the calculated values for n(total), R, T, and V(total) to find the total gas pressure in millimeters of mercury.
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if the ph at one half the first and second equivalence points of a dibasic acid is 4.60 and 7.34, respectively, what are the values for pka1 and pka2?
To determine the pKa values for a dibasic acid given the pH at one-half of the first and second equivalence points, you can use the following equations:
1) pKa1 = pH at one-half of the first equivalence point
2) pKa2 = pH at one-half of the second equivalence point
Given the information provided:
pKa1 = 4.60
pKa2 = 7.34
To find the values of pka1 and pka2, we first need to understand the concept of equivalence points and pH.
Equivalence points are the points during a titration where the amount of acid and base added are equal, meaning that all the acid has been neutralized. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, and it is related to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution.
For a dibasic acid, there are two equivalence points. The first equivalence point corresponds to the neutralization of one hydrogen ion (H+) from the acid, and the second equivalence point corresponds to the neutralization of the second hydrogen ion.
Given that the pH at one-half the first and second equivalence points of the dibasic acid is 4.60 and 7.34, respectively, we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pKa values.
pKa1 = pH at half the first equivalence point + log([A-]/[HA])
pKa1 = 4.60 + log([A-]/[HA])
pKa2 = pH at half the second equivalence point + log([A-]/[HA])
pKa2 = 7.34 + log([A-]/[HA])
where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid and [HA] is the concentration of the acid.
However, we are not given the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base, so we cannot calculate the pKa values. Therefore, the answer is that the values of pKa1 and pKa2 cannot be determined from the given information.
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On the addition of 6M HCl, the solution remained colorless and no bubbles were observed.When 0.1M BaCl2 was added to the acidified unknown, awhite precipitate was formed.When 0.1 M AgNO3 was added to the unknown, a white precipitate was formed.When 1 M Na2C2O4 was added, a white precipitate formed.On the basis of the test results,which ions are likely present in the unknown?
Based on the test results, the ions likely present in the unknown solution are: sulfate [tex](SO_4^{2-)[/tex], chloride [tex](Cl^-)[/tex], and calcium ([tex]Ca^{2+[/tex]).
Here's a step-by-step explanation:
1. When 6M HCl was added, the solution remained colorless and no bubbles were observed. This indicates that there were no gas-forming reactions, and the unknown did not contain carbonates or sulfites.
2. When 0.1M [tex]BaCl_2[/tex] was added to the acidified unknown, a white precipitate was formed. This suggests the presence of sulfate ions [tex](SO_4^{2-)[/tex] in the unknown solution, as barium sulfate ([tex]BaSO_4[/tex]) is a white precipitate.
3. When 0.1M [tex]AgNO_3[/tex] was added to the unknown, a white precipitate was formed. This indicates the presence of chloride ions (Cl-) in the unknown solution, as silver chloride (AgCl) is a white precipitate.
4. When 1M [tex]Na_2C_2O_4[/tex] was added, a white precipitate formed. This suggests the presence of calcium ions ([tex]Ca^{2+[/tex]) in the unknown solution, as calcium oxalate ([tex]CaC_2O_4[/tex]) is a white precipitate.
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the vapor pressure of 1.00M solution of Sucrose (C12H22O11) and 1.00M solution of Al(OH)3 is compared. If the vapor pressure lowering of the Al(OH)3 solution is 6.70atm, what is the vapor pressure lowering effect of the sucrose solution?
The vapor pressure lowering effect of the 1.00 M sucrose solution is 1.675 atm.
To determine the vapor pressure lowering effect of the sucrose solution, we can use the formula for vapor pressure lowering, which is
ΔP = i * M * K, where ΔP is the vapor pressure lowering, i is the van't Hoff factor, M is the molality of the solution, and K is the molal boiling point elevation constant.
For the 1.00 M sucrose solution (C12H22O11), the van't Hoff factor (i) is 1 because sucrose does not dissociate in solution. For the 1.00 M Al(OH)3 solution, the van't Hoff factor is 4 since it dissociates into one Al3+ ion and three OH- ions.
Since the molalities of both solutions are the same (1.00 M), the ratio of the vapor pressure lowering of the sucrose solution to the Al(OH)3 solution can be determined by the ratio of their van't Hoff factors:
ΔP_sucrose / ΔP_Al(OH)3 = i_sucrose / i_Al(OH)3
ΔP_sucrose / 6.70 atm = 1 / 4
Now, solve for the vapor pressure lowering effect of the sucrose solution:
ΔP_sucrose = (1 / 4) * 6.70 atm
ΔP_sucrose = 1.675 atm
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25.0 ml of ethanol is added to 100.0 ml of water. what is the volume percent concentration of this solution?
The volume percent concentration of ethanol in the solution is 20.0% when 25.0 ml of ethanol is added to 100.0 ml of water.
To find the volume percent concentration of the solution, you need to first calculate the total volume of the solution.
Total volume of solution = volume of ethanol + volume of water
Total volume of solution = 25.0 ml + 100.0 ml
Total volume of solution = 125.0 ml
Next, you need to calculate the volume percent concentration of the ethanol in the solution.
Volume percent concentration of ethanol = (volume of ethanol / total volume of solution) x 100%
Volume percent concentration of ethanol = (25.0 ml / 125.0 ml) x 100%
Volume percent concentration of ethanol = 20.0%
Therefore, the volume percent concentration of ethanol in the solution is 20.0%.
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The volume percent concentration of ethanol in the solution is 20.0% when 25.0 ml of ethanol is added to 100.0 ml of water.
To find the volume percent concentration of the solution, you need to first calculate the total volume of the solution.
Total volume of solution = volume of ethanol + volume of water
Total volume of solution = 25.0 ml + 100.0 ml
Total volume of solution = 125.0 ml
Next, you need to calculate the volume percent concentration of the ethanol in the solution.
Volume percent concentration of ethanol = (volume of ethanol / total volume of solution) x 100%
Volume percent concentration of ethanol = (25.0 ml / 125.0 ml) x 100%
Volume percent concentration of ethanol = 20.0%
Therefore, the volume percent concentration of ethanol in the solution is 20.0%.
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calculate [oh-] at 25°c for a solution having [h ] = 6.14 x 10-2 m
The hydroxide ion concentration ([OH-]) in the solution is 1.63 x 10[tex]^-13[/tex] M at 25°C.
To calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution, we need to use the equation for the ionization constant of water (Kw):
Kw = [H+][OH-]
At 25°C, the value of Kw is 1.0 x 10[tex]^-14.[/tex]
Since the solution has a hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]) of 6.14 x 10[tex]^-2[/tex]M, we can rearrange the equation for Kw to solve for [OH-]:
[OH-] = Kw / [H+] = 1.0 x 10[tex]-14[/tex] / (6.14 x [tex]10^-2)[/tex]
[OH-] = 1.63 x 10[tex]^-13[/tex]M
Therefore, the hydroxide ion concentration ([OH-]) in the solution is 1.63 x 10[tex]^-13[/tex] M at 25°C.
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draw the enone product of aldol self-condensation of 3-pentanone.
The aldol self-condensation of 3-pentanone involves the formation of an enolate ion intermediate. The enolate ion attacks another molecule of 3-pentanone, resulting in the formation of a β-hydroxyketone intermediate.
This intermediate then undergoes dehydration to form the enone product.
The enone product of the aldol self-condensation of 3-pentanone is 4,6-dimethyl-3-hepten-2-one. To obtain the enone product of aldol self-condensation of 3-pentanone, follow these steps:
1. Perform an aldol condensation reaction on two molecules of 3-pentanone.
2. In this reaction, one molecule acts as the nucleophile and the other as the electrophile.
3. The nucleophilic 3-pentanone molecule undergoes an enolate formation, while the electrophilic 3-pentanone molecule is the carbonyl acceptor.
4. The enolate attacks the carbonyl group of the electrophilic molecule, forming a β-hydroxyketone intermediate.
5. Dehydration of the β-hydroxyketone intermediate then leads to the formation of an α,β-unsaturated ketone, which is the enone product.
The enone product of aldol self-condensation of 3-pentanone is 5-methyl-3-hexen-2-one. Its structure consists of a six-carbon chain with a double bond between the third and fourth carbons, a ketone functional group at the second carbon, and a methyl group at the fifth carbon.
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when aqueous solutions of iron(ii) bromide and sodium carbonate are combined, solid iron(ii) carbonate and a solution of sodium bromide are formed. the net ionic equation for this reaction is:
The net ionic equation for this reaction is:
Fe2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → FeCO3(s)
The molecular equation for the reaction between iron(II) bromide and sodium carbonate is:
FeBr2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → FeCO3(s) + 2NaBr(aq)
To write the net ionic equation, we need to separate the soluble ionic compounds into their constituent ions:
[tex]Fe2+(aq) + 2Br^-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)[/tex]
→
[tex]FeCO3(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Br^-(aq)[/tex]
Canceling out the spectator ions (Na+ and Br^-) that appear on both sides of the equation, we get the net ionic equation:
Fe2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) → FeCO3(s)
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For the reaction 2 NOCl --> 2 NO + Cl2; the rate constant is 2.6 x 10-8 at 300.0 K and the activation energy is 164 kJ/mol. If the temperature is raised to 310K, what would be the ratio of k at 310 to k at 300 (to the nearest whole number) for this reaction? R = 8.314 J/ mol K
The ratio of k at 310 K to k at 300 K for the reaction 2 NOCl --> 2 NO + Cl2 is approximately 1 (to the nearest whole number).
To solve this problem, we can use the Arrhenius equation:
k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)
where k is the rate constant, A is the pre-exponential factor (or frequency factor), Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol K), and T is the temperature in Kelvin.
We are given the rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea) for the reaction 2 NOCl --> 2 NO + Cl2 at 300 K. We want to find the ratio of k at 310 K to k at 300 K.
To find the value of A for the reaction at 300 K:
[tex]k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)2.6 x 10^-8 = A e^(-164000/(8.314*300))A = (2.6 x 10^-8) / e^(-164000/(8.314*300))A = 1.28 x 10^12[/tex]
Now, we can use the Arrhenius equation again to find the rate constant (k) at 310 K:
[tex]k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)k(310) = (1.28 x 10^12) e^(-164000/(8.314*310))k(310) = 3.29 x 10^-8[/tex]
Finally, we can find the ratio of k at 310 K to k at 300 K:
[tex]k(310) / k(300) = (3.29 x 10^-8) / (2.6 x 10^-8)k(310) / k(300) = 1.26[/tex]
Therefore, the ratio of k at 310 K to k at 300 K is approximately 1 (to the nearest whole number).
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3. Arrange a set of wavelengths for light in order of increasing frequency: 2 (250 nm), 2 (300 nm), and a (350 nm). Explain your arrangement of the light in frequency. 4. Give the electron configuration for each of the following atoms & ions. For a-d give the full configuration (do not abbreviate) and for the others use noble gas shorthand format.
3. The order of increasing frequency for the given set of wavelengths is 2 (350 nm), 2 (300 nm), and 2 (250 nm). This is because frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional, meaning that as the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases. Therefore, the longest wavelength (350 nm) will have the lowest frequency, while the shortest wavelength (250 nm) will have the highest frequency.
4. The electron configuration for each of the following atoms & ions are a. Carbon atom: 1s² 2s² 2p² b. Sulfur ion (S²⁻): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ c. Calcium ion (Ca²⁺): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ d. Argon atom: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ e. Potassium ion (K⁺): [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ f. Chromium ion (Cr³⁺): [Ar] 3d³
To arrange the given set of wavelengths (250 nm, 300 nm, and 350 nm) in order of increasing frequency, we need to understand the relationship between wavelength and frequency. The formula connecting these two properties is:
Speed of light (c) = wavelength (λ) × frequency (ν)
Since the speed of light is constant, when the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases, and vice versa. Therefore, to arrange the wavelengths in order of increasing frequency, we should arrange them in decreasing order of their wavelengths:
350 nm → 300 nm → 250 nm
This arrangement corresponds to increasing frequency because as the wavelengths get smaller, the frequencies get higher.
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solid barium carbonate decomposes to produce solid barium oxide and carbon dioxide gas. express your answer as a chemical equation. identify all of the phases in your answer.
Answer: Ba2CO3(s) ⇄ Ba2O(s) + CO2(g)
Explanation:
in general, what are the possible products of an acid-catalyzed hydration of an alkene? select one or more:
Both primary and secondary alcohols can result from the hydration of an alkene by an acid, in general. Depending on the circumstances of the reaction and the alkene's structure, ketones and carboxylic acids can also be generated.
The mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydration entails adding water to the alkene's carbon-carbon double bond before the acid catalyst protonates the intermediate carbocation. The resultant carbocation can then combine with an alcohol or another alkene molecule to create a ketone. The type of acid catalyst used, the temperature, and the presence of additional functional groups in the alkene molecule are only a few examples of the variables that affect the final product.
Overall, acid-catalyzed hydration is a useful reaction for synthesizing alcohols and related compounds from simple starting materials.
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The complete question is
In general, what are the possible products of an acid-catalyzed hydration of an alkene?
Select one or more:
Carboxylic acid
Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Ketone
Tertiary alcohol
When the oxidation number of an atom in a chemical species decreases during a chemical change, does that species become oxidized or reduced? ___ Is that species oxidizing agent or the reducing agent? ___ Explain using the word "electron(s) somewhere in your answer.
When the oxidation number of an atom in a chemical species decreases during a chemical change, that species becomes reduced. In this case, the species is the reducing agent.
This is because a decrease in oxidation number indicates a gain of electrons by the atom, and it is the reducing agent that donates electrons to the oxidizing agent. Therefore, the reducing agent is oxidized (loses electrons) while the oxidizing agent is reduced (gains electrons) during the chemical reaction. This is because the reducing agent undergoes reduction by gaining electron(s), which causes its oxidation number to decrease.
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Generally, the product of a 2-digit and a 3-digit hexadecimal number is a hexadecimal number with 4 or 5 digits. 5 digits. 5 or 6 digits. 6 digits.
The product of a 2-digit and a 3-digit hexadecimal number can result in a hexadecimal number with either 5 or 6 digits. However, it is more likely to be a 6 digit number.
A number stated in the base-16 numeral system is called a hexadecimal number. The various values are represented by sixteen symbols (0–9 and A–F) in this scheme. Because it makes binary numbers—which only utilise 0s and 1s—more comprehensible and accessible, the hexadecimal system is frequently employed in computer science and digital electronics. Each digit in the hexadecimal scheme represents a power of 16, with the rightmost digit denoting 160 (or 1), the next representing 161 (or 16), the next denoting 162 (or 256), and so on. Each digit's value is calculated by dividing its numerical value by the power of 16 that corresponds to that digit.
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select the mechanism(s) where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate. sn1sn1 sn2sn2 e2 e1
The SN1 and E1 reactions are mechanisms where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate, as they are first-order processes that solely depend on the concentration of the substrate.
The SN1 (Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular) and E1 (Elimination Unimolecular) reactions are mechanisms where the concentration of the nucleophile or base has no effect on the reaction rate. These reactions are first-order processes, meaning that their rate depends solely on the concentration of the substrate and not on the concentration of the nucleophile or base. In SN1, the reaction involves two steps, where the leaving group departs first, creating a carbocation intermediate, which then reacts with the nucleophile in the second step. The rate-determining step is the departure of the leaving group, which is independent of the concentration of the nucleophile or base. Similarly, in E1, the reaction also involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate, followed by the loss of a leaving group and the elimination of a proton. The rate-determining step is the formation of the carbocation, which is again independent of the concentration of the nucleophile or base.
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calculate the ph of the solution resulting from the addition of 75.0 ml of 0.15 m koh to 35.0 ml of 0.20 m hcn (ka (hcn) = 4.9 × 10–10).
The combination of 75.0 mL of 0.15 M KOH and 35.0 mL of 0.20 M HCN results in a solution with a pH of approximately 9.52.
The pH scale is what?The pH scale is a popular scale for determining how basic or acidic a substance is. The pH scale has possible readings from 0 to 14. Alkaline or basic chemicals have pH values between 7 and 14, while those that are acidic range from 1 to 7.
We have to use the equation for the dissociation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN):
[tex]HCN + H_2O = > CN^{-} + H_3O^{+}[/tex]
The equilibrium constant expression for this reaction is:
[tex]K_a = [CN^{-}][H_3O^{+}]/[HCN]\\K_a = [CN^{-}][H_3O^{+}]/[HCN]\\[H_3O^{+}] = K_a*[HCN]/[CN^{-}][/tex]
we can use the equation:
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = initial molarity of the solution
V1 = initial volume of the solution
M2 = final molarity of the solution
V2 = final volume of the solution
For the KOH solution, M1 = 0.15 M, V1 = 75.0 mL = 0.075 L, and V2 = 0.075 L + 0.035 L = 0.11 L. Therefore:
M2 = M1V1/V2 = (0.15 M)(0.075 L)/(0.11 L) = 0.102 M
For the HCN solution, M1 = 0.20 M, V1 = 35.0 mL = 0.035 L, and V2 = 0.075 L + 0.035 L = 0.11 L. Therefore:
M2 = M1V1/V2 = (0.20 M)(0.035 L)/(0.11 L) = 0.0636 M
We have to calculate the concentrations of HCN and CN-:
[tex][HCN] = 0.0636 M\\[CN^{-}] = 0.102 M[/tex]
Substitute these values,
[H_3O^{+}] = (4.9 × 10^{-10})(0.0636 M)/(0.102 M)
[H_3O^{+}] = 3.04 × 10^{-10} M
We have to calculate the pH using the equation:
pH = –log[H_3O^{+}]
pH = –log(3.04 × 10^{-10}) = 9.52
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josh thinks that his toy boat will float higher in the sink if he adds salt to the water is he correct explain why or why not
Answer: He is correct!
Explanation: When salt is dissolved in water, as it is in ocean water, that dissolved salt adds to the mass of the water and makes the water denser than it would be without salt. Therefore due to increasing in the density of the fluid, upward buoyant force will increase due to which object will float better in salt water.
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Nitroglycerin is a powerful explosive that forms four different gases when detonated:
2 C3H5(NO3)3(ℓ) → 3 N2(g) + ½ O2(g) + 6 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)
Calculate the enthalpy change that occurs when 12.0 g of nitroglycerin is detonated. The standard enthalpies of formation are shown below.
ΔHf° (kJ/mol)
C3H5(NO3)3(ℓ) -364
CO2(g) -393.5
H2O(g) -241.8
______________kJ
First, we need to calculate the moles of nitroglycerin used in the reaction:
12.0 g C3H5(NO3)3 x (1 mol C3H5(NO3)3 / 227.09 g) = 0.0528 mol C3H5(NO3)3
Now, we can use the balanced equation to determine the moles of each product formed:
2 moles C3H5(NO3)3 produce 6 moles CO2, so 0.0528 mol C3H5(NO3)3 produces 0.1584 mol CO2
2 moles C3H5(NO3)3 produce 5 moles H2O, so 0.0528 mol C3H5(NO3)3 produces 0.132 mol H2O
2 moles C3H5(NO3)3 produce 3 moles N2, so 0.0528 mol C3H5(NO3)3 produces 0.0792 mol N2
2 moles C3H5(NO3)3 produce 1/2 mole O2, so 0.0528 mol C3H5(NO3)3 produces 0.0264 mol O2
Next, we can calculate the overall change in enthalpy using the enthalpies of formation of the products and reactants:
ΔH = (3 mol CO2 x -393.5 kJ/mol) + (0.132 mol H2O x -241.8 kJ/mol) + (0.0792 mol N2 x 0 kJ/mol) + (0.0264 mol O2 x 0 kJ/mol) - (1 mol C3H5(NO3)3 x -364 kJ/mol)
ΔH = -2370.1 kJ/mol
Finally, we can calculate the enthalpy change for the amount of nitroglycerin used in the reaction:
ΔH = -2370.1 kJ/mol x (0.0528 mol C3H5(NO3)3 / 2 mol C3H5(NO3)3) = -62.5 kJ
Therefore, the enthalpy change that occurs when 12.0 g of nitroglycerin is detonated is -62.5 kJ.
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Calculate the concentration of I- in a solution obtained by shaking the 0.12M KI with an excess if AgCl(s). The answer is 6.4x10^-12 M. How do you get this value?
Using the solubility product constant, Ksp, of AgI, the molar concentration of Ag+ ions is determined to be 1.1x10^-10 M. Since KI completely dissociates, [I-] = 0.12 M.
The reaction: [tex]AgCl(s) + I-(aq) - > AgI(s) + Cl-(aq)[/tex] implies that [tex][Ag+] = [I-], so [I-] = 1.1x10^-10 M. Finally, [I-] = 0.12 M - 1.1x10^-10 M = 0.12 M[/tex] (since AgI precipitates out and doesn't affect [I-]), giving a final [I-] of [tex]6.4x10^-12 M.[/tex] the molar concentration of Ag+ ions
To find the concentration of I- in the solution, the solubility product constant (Ksp) of AgI is used to determine the concentration of Ag+ ions in solution, which are equal to [I-] due to the stoichiometry of the reaction. Then, since KI completely dissociates, the initial [I-] is given. Using the reaction equation and the fact that [Ag+] = [I-], [I-] is solved for in terms of [Ag+]. Substituting the calculated [Ag+] and the initial [I-] into the equation, the final [I-] concentration in solution is found to be 6.4x10^-12 M.
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whcih of the following amino acid contain nonpolar r group
Glycine, Alanine, and Leucine are all nonpolar amino acids. Nonpolar amino acids are characterized by having R-groups that are hydrophobic, meaning they do not interact well with water molecules. The correct answer is B.
These R-groups are typically composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only and lack any significant charge, making them less likely to interact with polar or charged molecules in their environment.
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan are aromatic amino acids that have nonpolar R-groups but also contain functional groups that can form hydrogen bonds or interact with other polar molecules. Thus, while they are nonpolar, they are not as hydrophobic as Glycine, Alanine, and Leucine.
Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine are all polar amino acids with charged R-groups that are capable of forming ionic bonds or participating in hydrogen bonding. Serine, Threonine, and Cysteine all have polar R-groups that contain functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH) or thiol (-SH) groups that can participate in hydrogen bonding or form disulfide bonds. Therefore, none of these amino acids have nonpolar R-groups.
Overall, understanding the properties of amino acids is important in fields such as biochemistry, as it helps to predict how proteins will interact with each other and their environment. The correct answer is B.
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The correct question is "which of the following amino acid contain nonpolar r group, options are A ) Phenyl alanine, Tryosine and Tryptophan B) Glycine, Alanine and Leucine C) Lysine, Arginine and Histidine D) Serine, Threonine and Cysteine"
At 40.°C, the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in an aqueous solution is 2.9 ✕ 10−5 M. (Note: At 40.°C, the ion-product constant for water is 2.87 ✕ 10−14.) (a) What is the concentration of hydroxide (OH −) ions in this solution?
To find the concentration of hydroxide (OH-) ions in the solution when the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions is 2.9 ✕ 10−5 M at 40°C, you'll need to use the ion product constant of water (Kw).
Step 1: Recall the ion product constant of water (Kw) expression:
Kw = [H3O+] × [OH-]
Step 2: At 40°C, the value of Kw is approximately 2.92 × 10^-14.
Step 3: Use the given concentration of hydronium ions ([H3O+]) and plug it into the Kw expression:
2.92 × 10^-14 = (2.9 × 10^-5) × [OH-]
Step 4: Solve for the concentration of hydroxide ions ([OH-]):
[OH-] = (2.92 × 10^-14) / (2.9 × 10^-5)
Step 5: Calculate the result:
[OH-] ≈ 1.01 × 10^-9 M
The concentration of hydroxide (OH-) ions in the solution is approximately 1.01 × 10^-9 M.
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complete the following sentence. water will have the higher surface tension since it exhibits ion-dipole interactions exhibits hydrogen bonding
Water has a higher surface tension compared to other liquids because it exhibits both ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding.
Ion-dipole interactions occur when the positive or negative ions of a substance interact with the partial charges of water molecules, creating a strong attractive force. Additionally, hydrogen bonding is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs when a hydrogen atom, which is bonded to a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen, is attracted to the electronegative atom of another molecule. These interactions contribute to the cohesive forces among water molecules, leading to a higher surface tension.
As a result, water molecules at the surface are drawn more tightly together, creating a relatively strong barrier, this phenomenon can be observed in various aspects of nature and everyday life, such as water droplets forming on surfaces, the ability of insects to walk on water, and the capillary action of water in plants. In conclusion, the unique ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding in water lead to its higher surface tension compared to other liquids. Water has a higher surface tension compared to other liquids because it exhibits both ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding.
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what is the volume of 1.20 x 1022 molecules of nitric oxide gas, no, at stp?
To find the volume of 1.20 x 10^22 molecules of nitric oxide gas (NO) at STP (standard temperature and pressure), we need to use the Avogadro's Law which states that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
At STP, the temperature is 273 K and the pressure is 1 atm. The molar volume of any gas at STP is 22.4 L/mol.
First, we need to find the number of moles of NO gas:
n = N/N_A
where n is the number of moles, N is the number of molecules (1.20 x 10^22), and N_A is Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23).
n = (1.20 x 10^22)/(6.022 x 10^23)
n = 0.0199 mol
Next, we can use the molar volume at STP to find the volume of NO gas:
V = n x V_m
where V is the volume, n is the number of moles, and V_m is the molar volume.
V = 0.0199 mol x 22.4 L/mol
V = 0.445 L
Therefore, the volume of 1.20 x 10^22 molecules of nitric oxide gas (NO) at STP is 0.445 L.
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