Three main factors affect social-emotional development: relationships, the environment (including socioeconomic status and support), and biology (including genetics and temperament).
What aspects of adolescent social and emotional development are influenced by what?The influences on your child's decisions during these formative years include friends, family, the media, and culture. Your child will likely want more freedom in the areas of getting around, going places, occupying their time, and who they spend it with.
What element is the most crucial to social and emotional growth?The biggest influence on a child's social and emotional development is exerted by their parents and other primary caregivers because they provide the most stable relationships. Children learn about relationships and explore emotions through repeated interactions with family members, teachers, and other adults.
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A certain species of mouse can have long tails or short tails.
More male mice have the allele for long tails. More female mice have the allele for short tails.
Which type of inheritance is this an example of?
O recessive inheritance
O incomplete dominance
O codominance
O sex-linked inheritance
The type of inheritance here is gender linked. The correct option is D.
What is inheritance?Inheritance is the transmission of traits or information from one generation of individuals or cells to the next.
Inheritance can occur through one of two mechanisms: genetic inheritance or epigenetic inheritance.
Mendelian inheritance is a type of gender-linked inheritance. The term refers to traits that are inherited through either the X or Y chromosome.
For X-linked recessive X-Linked Recessive Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy transmission, the allele.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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The synthesis of cholesterol is a process that involves over 30 different steps. Which step is the rate-determining step of cholesterol synthesis?.
The conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate by HMG-CoA reductase is the rate determining step of cholesterol synthesis.
HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) is the target of compounds which are effective in reducing serum cholesterol levels.
The rate-limiting stage of cholesterol production occurs HMG-CoA reductase's conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is strictly regulated . Compounds which are efficient at reducing serum cholesterol levels are directed towards HMGR.
Hence, the correct answer is option D.
The question is incomplete. The complete question is:-
The synthesis of cholesterol is a process which includes over 30 distinct steps. Which step is the rate determining step of cholesterol synthesis?
Choose from the options given below:-
(A) Conversion of mevalonic acid into isopentenyl pyrophosphate,
(B) Conversion of squalene into squalene 2,3-epoxide by squalene monooxygenase,
(C) Condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase,
(D) Conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate by HMG-CoA reductase.
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Please help me answer this :(
What's the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)?
Answer:
Its a band of low pressure around the Earth which generally lies near to the equator.
Explanation:
What is ITCZ Intertropical Convergence Zone?
The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ - pronounced "itch") appears as a band of clouds consisting of showers, with occasional thunderstorms, that encircles the globe near the equator.
The genetic instructions from dna in the nucleus is copied and carried to the nucleus in the form of.
Answer:
Transcription
Explanation:
Transcription is the process in which genetic instructions are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA. Its role in the central dogma is to carry the genetic instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus, where the DNA, is located to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs.
for a two allele system in a population, if you have an allele frequency of a equal to 0.6, then the frequency of the homozygous recessive allele will be
The frequency of the homozygous recessive allele will be 0.48
How do you find the frequency of two alleles in a population?We once again examine each person's genotype, count the copies of each allele, then divide that number by the total number of gene copies to determine the allele frequencies.Take the square root of q2 to get q, or the frequency of the recessive allele in the population, which is 0.632 (0.632 x 0.632 = 0.4). So, q = 0.63. P must be 1 - 0.63 = 0.37 since p + q = 1.When gametes mix at random to make zygotes and each allele appears at the same rates in sperm and eggs, the likelihood that any two alleles will combine to create a certain genotype is equal to the product of the allele frequencies.Given data :
Frequency of allele P = 0.6 or 60%, Frequency of allele p = 0.4 or 40%.
From Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium : (p^2 + 2pq + q^2)
2pq (Heterozygous genotype) = 2 x 0.6 x 0.4 = 0.48 or 48%
So, the correct answer is '0.48'.
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Within a cell, the amount of protein made using a given mrna molecule depends partly on.
The amount of protein produced from a specific M. RNA is influenced by transcription factors as well as the rate of M. RNA degradation.
The polymeric molecule ribonucleic acid (RNA) plays numerous biological roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. The two types of nucleic acids are RNA and DNA. The four main macromolecules required for all known forms of life are lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The building blocks of RNA are nucleotides, just like DNA, but unlike DNA, RNA exists in nature as a single strand folded onto itself rather than a paired double strand. Using the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to transmit genetic information-
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The small blue circles in the figure just inside the oocyte membrane represent vesicles containing calcium ions that are spilled into the extracellular space to prevent polyspermy. When does this take place?.
Just before the sperm's head enters the membrane of the egg.
Openings form in the sperm acrosome that expose enzymes that digest a passage through the zona pellucida enclosing the secondary oocyte when a sperm encounters an egg. Changes take place as soon as one sperm enters the secondary oocyte, blocking the entry of other sperm. Typically, the sperm loses its flagellum when it penetrates the egg to fertilise it. The second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is triggered by sperm entrance. The male pronucleus and the female pronucleus combine to produce the diploid nucleus of the zygote after the head of the haploid sperm swells to form them.
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Other than social reasons, list any other factors that may lead to clumped distribution patterns in populations.
Answer:
-good resources there, not much other places
-previous home was disrupted for any number of reasons
-lots of animals are herd animals: they're safer in a pack(not sure if this counts as a social reason)
-organisms that don't move(like plants) likely has offspring that land very close to them, resulting in clumps
Explanation:
Which of the following is a simple sugar? A:lactose B:glucose C:lactose D:sucrose
Answer:
B is the correct answer to your question
Answer:
glucose
Explanation:
The merge and center icon will combine the contents of the selected cells into one larger cell.
a. True
b. False
The merge and center icon will combine the contents of the selected cells into one larger cell.
True
Which choice is used to merge all the cells and add the heading text in the center?
Utilize Excel's Merge and Center tool to combine cells.
The built-in Merge and Center option in Excel is the quickest and simplest way to join two or more cells. There are only 2 fast steps in the entire process: Choose the adjacent cells that you want to combine. Click Merge & Center under the Alignment group on the Home tab.Which choice is used to merge all the cells and add the heading text in the center?
Utilize Excel's Merge and Center tool to combine cells.
The built-in Merge and Center option in Excel is the quickest and simplest way to join two or more cells. There are only 2 fast steps in the entire process: Choose the adjacent cells that you want to combine. Click Merge & Center under the Alignment group on the Home tab.
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in a population of 1000 turtles, you observe the following genotypes: tt - 580 tt - 320 tt - 100 what is the frequency of allele t?
The frequency of allele t is 0.37.
The allele is defined as the variant form of the gene, which is present on the same locus of chromosome as the gene.
Alleles codes for two or more different traits. The combination of alleles can be heterozygous or purebred.
The heterozygous pair includes one dominant and one recessive allele, whereas the purebred genotype involves either both dominant or both recessive.
In the following pair of alleles, the genotype of the purebred dominant trait is TT.
In the case of the question above, the cross between the alleles of parents that both have the (TT x tt) alleles is shown below, using the Punnett square.
T t
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
Number of alleles of TT = 580
Number of alleles of tt = 320
Number of alleles of Tt = 100
The frequency of allele t = (320 + 50)/1000 = 0.37
Therefore, the frequency of allele t is 0.37.
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describe how secreted proteins are transported through the endomembrane system, and the sequence of organelles through which proteins pass.
The majority of proteins are then carried in membrane vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.
How are proteins in secretions moved?The p24 family of type I transmembrane putative cargo receptors, which are important components of the transport vesicles and continuously recycle between the ER and Golgi with their short, carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic domains acting as ER export or retrieval, may also be used to transport soluble secretory proteins.
How does the endomembrane system transport proteins?A transport vesicle then carries the protein to the plasma membrane along with its final set of carbohydrate chains. The vesicle and plasma membrane merge, and the cargo of lipids and proteins is incorporated into the plasma membrane.
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22.Which statement describes a short-term effect of tornadoes and hurricanes?
A. Human populations move away from coastal regions for inland areas.
B. Wildlife is displaced by the destruction of wetlands and forests.
C. New construction standards are enacted to make buildings better able to withstand the effects of storms.
D. "Greenhouse gases" are trapped in Earth's atmosphere.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Wildlife can be displaced due to inland flooding that will cause them to drift from their normal habitation spot. The destruction of wetlands and forests is also another effect because the strong winds often lay waste to trees during storms.
De Roode mentions a risk in using man-made medicine when treating certain pathogens. What is that risk?
They induce vomiting by eating grass, which is one method that domesticated animals like cats and dogs self-medicate.
How do you induce vomiting in a dog?Among the ways that domestic animals like cats and dogs self-treat are:They eat grass, which causes them to vomit.Using artificial medication to treat certain infections carries the following risk:The pathogen might develop drug resistance.There are two ways that consuming particular types of milkweeds aids monarch butterflies in surviving:They use milkweed plants to aid with egg laying.It aids them in feeding their young.Following are some of the "new" lines of inquiry that the butterfly experiments have revealed:Animals are aware of specific herbs that can heal their sick offspring.The scientific research of Jaap de Roode was groundbreaking since it showed that animals are capable of self-care and can treat some illnesses without human assistance.To learn more about animal behavior refer
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What is thermal pollution?
1. Heat lost to the air and water causing environmental changes
2. A form of energy
3. A bi product of light energy
4. Heat used to warm up an area
Answer:
1) Heat lost to the air and water causing environmental changes.
Explanation:
I hope this helps!!!
I added an image below for you to have a better understanding.
when heart muscle cells are deprived of oxygen, the heart still pumps. what must the heart cells be able to do?
The heart cells able to continue aerobic metabolism when skeletal muscle cannot. To supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide, the heart rate increases.
Aerobic metabolism:
A biological component known as adenosine triphosphate is used by aerobic metabolism to extract energy from glucose (ATP).
The energy in the human body comes from ATP, and the energy released when ATP molecules are broken up is used for many different biological processes, including the transport of molecules across membranes.
Cellular respiration, aerobic cellular respiration, and aerobic respiration are other names for aerobic metabolism. The human body is not designed to sustain anaerobic respiration for an extended period of time, and doing so would be extremely stressful.
Anaerobic metabolism is another type of metabolism that happens without oxygen.
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drag the appropriate trnas to the binding sites on the ribosome to show the configuration immediately before a new peptide bond forms. note that one of the binding sites should be left empty.
The appropriate tRNAs to the binding sites on the ribosome to show the configuration immediately before a new peptide bond forms are:
E box- blankP box-3 purple things with the letters AUA at the bottomA box- one purple thing with the letters UCCOne site binds to a tRNA with the following amino acid sequence. The P site is the site attached to the polypeptide chain. The E site is where the tRNA molecule, which has just lost its charge, exits the ribosome and receives more amino acids.
An initiator tRNA molecule with a methionine amino acid serving as the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain binds to the P-site of the ribosome. The A site aligns with the next codon bound by the anticodon of the next incoming tRNA. The P-site is the second binding site for tRNA on the ribosome. The other two sites are the ribosome's first binding sites.
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Nanami is examining a partial skeleton that was uncovered during a recent excavation project. Nanami noted evidence of advanced decay in the small
bones along the spinal column. From this, what did she conclude?
O A.
OB.
The rest of the bones are probably nearby.
They are likely the bones of a Caucasian female.
O C. They belong to a person who lived hundreds of years ago.
O D. They belong to someone who lived past middle age.
According to the given statement They belong to a person who lived hundreds of years ago.
What is called skeleton?The rigid framework that safeguards a living thing's interior organs is called a skeleton. Skeletons can exist within or outside of living things. Humans are animals, hence we have a skeleton consisting of bones. The "body" of a body is comprised of all the bones when they are all connected together.
What is the skeleton constructed of?206 bones make up an adult human's skeleton. These comprise the ribs, ribcage, arms, and legs in addition to the vertebrae within the spine. Sophisticated bone cells and calcium-fortified connective tissue make up the structure of bones. Most bones also include the brain tissue that produces blood cells.
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Classify the components as most accurately describing cofactors, coenzymes, or neither.
a. Zn2+
b. FAD
c. metel ion
d. CoA
All the given components i.e., Zn²⁺, FAD, metal ion and CoA are all cofactors. FAD can act as a coenzyme as well.
FAD stands for Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. It acts as a redox active coenzyme for some metabolic reactions while as a cofactor for cytochrome-b5 reductase enzyme. There are two forms of FAD: FAD⁺ and FADH₂.
Cofactor is a part of the protein which itself in non-proteinaceous in nature. The role of a cofactor is to act as a catalyst for the enzyme and increase the rate of the chemical reactions it participates in. In simple terms, cofactors are the helper molecules.
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Which B vitamin is critical for DNA synthesis and cell division?
-Folate (folic acid)
-Pyridoxine
-Biotin
-Pantothenic acid
A B vitamin called folic acid is essential for cell division and DNA synthesis. Sperm motility and count have been shown to be negatively correlated with low levels of folic acid.
Which vitamin helps in DNA synthesis and cell division?Tetrahydrofolate, a form of folic acid that is active,
Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that is made up of a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) molecule with an amino terminus linked to a pteridine and a carboxyl group coupled to the -amino group of glutamic acid (Glu).The active cofactor form of FA known as tetrahydrofolate (THFA or H4 folate) is created when the enzyme folic acid reductase reduces the pteridine ring at positions 5, 6, 7, and 8. THFA is a crucial component of the metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It contributes one-carbon units and other tiny molecular building blocks to the manufacture of purines (see Chapter 15, phase two of the route), dTMP, and other amino acids, such as methionine.To Learn more About folic acid refer To:
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during a fight-or-flight response, epinephrine is released into the body’s circulatory system and transported throughout the body. some cells exhibit a response to the epinephrine while other cells do not. t or f
The right answer is True , Epinephrine is released into the circulatory system during a fight-or-flight response and is circulated throughout the body. Some cells respond in this way.
Epinephrine uses a particular kind of cell signalling called endocrine signalling. A ductless gland secretes a hormone into the blood directly, which is a form of cell signalling known as endocrine signalling.
Adrenalin, commonly known as epinephrine, is an excitatory neurotransmitter that plays a role in the body's "fight or flight" response and controls several mental processes, including blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolism. One Messenger, Many Reactions is produced from norepinephrine and discharged from the adrenal gland. An essential cell signalling molecule in the fight-or-flight response is epinephrine. Epinephrine, also referred to as adrenaline, is a powerful cells
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which type of sprinkler system valve includes a hollow metal post that houses the valve stem and a movable plate with the words open and shut on it?
The Post Indicator Valve (PIV) type sprinkler system valve has a hollow metal post that houses the valve stem and a movable plate that says "open" and "shut" on it.
Explain about the Post Indicator Valve?Post indication valves (PIVs) are strong, above-ground access and operator valves used for automatic sprinkler systems and wet standpipe systems whose main water supply valves are buried.
In the case of apartments, a PIV system is often installed inside a wall or the space beneath the roof. It functions by bringing in outside air, filtering it, and then heating the filtered air before dispersing it into any living areas.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) stipulates regulations in NFPA 14: Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, which specified that each water supply (apart from an FDC) shall be provided with a listed indicating valve in an authorized location.
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what coclusion can be made from these results? does each disinfectant and antiseptic effectively kill or prevent the grwoth of each bacterium?
Each disinfectant and antiseptic did kill or prevent growth of each bacterium. Although the effectiveness varied.
What is disinfectant and antiseptic ?In order to control infections, both antiseptics and disinfectants are frequently used. Using substances referred to as biocides, they eliminate microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. On nonliving surfaces, disinfectants are used to kill germs. Microbes on your skin are eliminated by antiseptics.
A chemical disinfectant's potency against a specific microbe is tested using the disk-diffusion method. The use-dilution test determines whether a disinfectant is effective at cleaning a surface. Clinical settings can use in-use tests to check the proper application of disinfectant solutions.
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Very small changes in the solute concentrations in the various fluid compartments cause water to move from one compartment to another, which alters blood composition and blood pressure. How do the following physiological changes affect blood pressure?.
a. Decrease water reabsorption : decrease blood pressure.
b. Decrease peripheral resistance : decrease blood pressure
c. Vasodilation : decrease blood pressure
d. Decrease salt intake : decrease blood pressure
e. Decrease blood volume : decrease blood pressure
f. Vasoconstriction : increase blood pressure
g. Increase peripheral resistance: increase blood pressure
h. Increase salt intake: increase blood pressure
i. Increase blood volume : increase blood pressure
j. Increase water reabsorption: increase blood pressure
Total peripheral resistance: This term refers to the resistance offered by the vascular system to the blood flow. This resistance is a result of the friction between the blood and the vessel's walls. In other words, it is the opposition of the vessels to blood flow.
The total peripheral resistance is the summary of all the bloody circuit resistances in the body. Those mechanisms that induce vasoconstriction conduce to an increase in total peripheral resistance, while mechanisms that induce vasodilation provoke a decrease in total peripheral resistance.
Blood pressure: This term refers to the strength applied by the blood against the vessel walls as it flows. This pressure is determined by the bombed blood strength and the volume as well as by the vessel size and flexibility. Blood pressure changes continuously according to the activity, temperature, diet, emotional state, among others.
Salt ingestion causes an increase in plasmatic osmolarity, stimulates thirst, and hence, water ingestion. Sodium retains water, expanding the blood volume and causing an increase in vessel pressure.
The antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin hormone, is released by changes in serum osmolarity or blood volume. Its function is to keep homeostasis and make kidneys conserve or keep water by concentrating urine and by reducing its volume. By these actions, the antidiuretic hormone stimulates water reabsorption, according to the organism´s needs.
Kidneys control blood pressure in many ways. If the pressure is elevated, kidneys produce the loss of salt and water, normalizing arterial pressure. But if pressure is low, kidneys conserve water.
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Full Question ;
Very small changes in the solute concentrations in the various fluid compartments cause water to move from one compartment to another, which alters blood composition and blood pressure. How do the following physiological changes affect blood pressure?
a. Decrease water reabsorption
b. Decrease peripheral resistance
c. Vasodilation
d. Decrease salt intake
e. Decrease blood volume
f. Vasoconstriction
g. Increase peripheral resistance
h. Increase salt intake
i. Increase blood volume
j. Increase water reabsorption
what is cerebrospinal fluid? write down its main function
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is produced by the choroid plexus, a network of blood vessels found in the ventricles of the brain.
The main function of cerebrospinal fluid is to provide cushioning and support to the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a shock absorber that protects these delicate organs from damage due to mechanical forces, such as sudden movements or impacts.
In addition to providing cushioning, cerebrospinal fluid also helps to maintain the proper chemical balance within the central nervous system. It acts as a medium for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and signaling molecules between the brain and the rest of the body.
Overall, the main function of cerebrospinal fluid is to protect and support the brain and spinal cord, and to maintain the chemical balance within the central nervous system.
Answer:
Explanation:
clear watery fluid which fills the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.
If the nerve to the arm were cut along the line marked X - - - - X, how would this affect the person's movements? Give a reason for your answer.
Central Nervous System question.
Diagram is attached
HELPPPPP PLEASE ANSWER GIVING 20 POINTS FOR ANSWER AND I WILL REPRT IF IT IS SOMETHING THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THIS
please help with the circle chart in the picture thanks so much
The cell goes through different stages during its cycle: the interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. 14) Option D. G2 phase is to mitochondria as S phase is to DNA. Part 2. 1) b- G1, 2) e- S, 3) f- G2, 4) a- Prophase, 5) d- Metaphase, 6) g- Anaphase, 7) c- Telophase. Cytokinesis occurs after the telophase of mitosis and before the G1 phase of the interphase.
What is the cell cycle?The cell cycle are all the stages the cell must go through before, during, and after its division.
The cell cycle involves three different stages,
Interphase
During this stage, the cell grows in size, duplicates its cell content, and prepares for division. It is divided into three phases,
G1 phase ⇒ The cell duplicates its size, and the organelles, molecules, and cytoplasmatic structures also double. Some of them are synthesized from zero.
S phase ⇒ DNI replication process occurs. This is the only stage in which the DNI molecule replicates. The synthesis of histones and other associated proteins also occurs.
G2 phase ⇒ DNI molecule slowly begins to condensate. The centrioles duplication process completes. The spindle fibers get assembled.
Cell division: Mitosis
Mitosis is a process by which, from a diploid somatic cell (2n), two daughter diploid cells (2n) are produced. Mitosis is divided into four phases,
Prophase ⇒ chromosomes condensate, and the nuclear membrane breaks.
Metaphase ⇒ fibers of the spindle apparatus take chromosomes toward the equatorial cell plane, where they line up.
Anaphase ⇒ specialized enzymes break the bonds between chromatids and separate them. Each chromatid migrates to one of the poles.
Telophase ⇒ the new chromosomes are already in the corresponding poles, and the nuclear membrane forms again in each pole.
Cytokinesis
This is the final stage. It involves the invagination of the cell membrane until cytoplasmic division occurs. This event results in two new cells with the exact same content.
After cytokinesis, each of the new cells begins the process again, starting with the interphase.
In the image,
14) G2 phase is to mitochondria as S phase is to DNA. Option D.
Part 2)
1) b- G1
2) e- S
3) f- G2
4) a- Prophase
5) d- Metaphase
6) g- Anaphase
7) c- Telophase
Interphase: 1, 2, and 3Mitosis: 4, 5, 6, 7Cytokinesis: after 7 and before 1.You can learn more about the cell cycle at
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Place the events that occur during the effector response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the correct sequence. Exposure to unhealthy or foreign cell Antigen is presented to T-lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic structures Activated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte contacts an infected cell at site of infection Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte releases perforin and granzymes Apoptosis of infected cell Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes migrate to the site of infection
The proper sequence is antigen given to T lymphocyte, T lymphocyte activation, cytotoxic T cell cloning, and cytotoxic T cell assault of the target cell.
How do T lymphocytes destroy infected cells?In cellular immunity, a killer T cell identifies and kills a virus-infected cell because of the viral antigen on its surface, thus aborting the infection because a virus will not grow within a dead cell.Thus, Cytotoxic T cells kill their targets by programming them to undergo apoptosis.Cytotoxic T cells kill their targets by programming them to undergo apoptosis. When cytotoxic T cells are mixed with target cells and rapidly brought into contact by centrifugation, they can program antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes, although death may take hours to become fully evident.T lymphocytes are the type of immune cells that develop from stem cells in bone marrow and mature and differentiate in thymus.T cells may be either T helper cell (CD8+) or T cytotoxic cells (CD4+).Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells. T cytotoxic cells come in direct contact with infected cell to kill it by secreting the perforins specifically virus infected cells.
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What are the products that result from photosynthesis and that also serve as the starting materials for cellular respiration?
Answer: Photosynthesis makes glucose and oxygen, which are then used as the starting products for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration makes carbon dioxide and water (and ATP), which are the starting products (together with sunlight) for photosynthesis.
Explanation:
a bomb calorimeter can provide a close approximation for the amount of energy that will be produced by the body through the process of metabolism. State True or False your answer:
a. True
b. False
A bomb calorimeter can provide a close approximation for the amount of energy and this is a true statement.
What is a bomb calorimeter ?A device with the main function of calculating combustion heats. The reaction occurs in a sealed area known as the calorimeter proper, in controlled thermal contact with its surroundings, the jacket, and at a constant temperature.
It measures the heat of a specific reaction or the calorific value of the fuels using a constant-volume type calorimeter.
Bomb calorimeters are constructed in a way that allows them to survive the intense pressure that the reaction or burning of fuel causes inside the calorimeter.
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