Assuming only single bonds are used…
1. what shape does a central atom from group 4a (14) have?
2. what shape does a central atom from group 5a (15) have?
3. what shape does a central atom from group 6a (16) have?
Answers
1) Assuming that only single bonds are formed by group 4A(14) elements, the shape of a central atom of group 14 is tetrahedral.
The general electronic configuration of group 14 elements is ns²np² and it is shown in box diagram in the attached image. When one electron is excited, it goes in vacant p-orbital and the p and s-orbital is half filled. It is shown in attached image.
When the another atoms are filled in the half-fiiled orbital, it forms sp³ hybridisation and its shape is tetrahedral.
Therefore, the shape of central atom of group 14 is tetrahedral.
2) Assuming that only single bonds are formed by group 4A(14) elements, the shape of a central atom of group 15 is pyramidal.
The general electronic configuration of group 15 element is ns²np³ and its box diagram is already shown in the image. When atoms are filled, it goes in p-orbital and pair of electron acts as a lone pair. Due to this lone pair, lone pair-bond pair repulsion is occurred and the geometry of the central atom is pyramidal.
Therefore, the shape of central atom of group 15 is pyramidal.
3) Assuming that only single bonds are formed by group 4A(14) elements, the shape of a central atom of group 16 is bent.
The general electronic configuration of group 16 is ns²np⁴ and its box diagram is shown in the attached image. There are two electron pairs which acts as a lone pair and another two orbitals are filled by another atom. When they are filled, it shows lone pair-lone pair, lone pair-bond pair and bond pair-bond pair repulsion. Therefore, they are come closer to each other and forms bent shape.
Therefore, the shape of the central atom of group 16 is bent shape.
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Related Questions
Consider the reaction
N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3 .
How much NH3 can be produced from the reaction of 74.2 g of N2 and 14.0 moles of H2?
Answers
The mass of ammonia that can be produced from the reaction of 74.2 g of N₂ and 14.0 moles of H₂ is 90.1 g.
What is the mole ratio of the reaction for the production of ammonia?The mole ratio of the reaction for the production of ammonia is obtained from the balanced equation of the reaction as follows:
Equation of the reaction: N₂ (g) + 3 H₂ (g) → 2 NH₃ (g)
The mole ratio of the reactants nitrogen and hydrogen is 1 : 3
Moles of nitrogen in 74.2 g of nitrogen = 74.2/28
Moles of nitrogen in 74.2 g of nitrogen = 2.65 moles
Moles of hydrogen present = 14.0 moles
The limiting reactant is nitrogen
Mole ratio of nitrogen to ammonia is 1 : 2
Mass of ammonia produced = 2.65 * 2 * 17 g
Mass of ammonia produced = 90.1 g
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optical brighteners are synthetic chemicals that make fabrics appear to glow in the presence of ultraviolet light. these optical brightening agents reacts with the yellowish color in the fabric and increases the reflection of blue light radiation. true false
Answers
The optical brightener absorbs the UV rays.
What is optical brighteners?
Because of the way they reflect light, optical brightening, also known as optical bleaches, are finishes that produce the appearance of extreme whiteness and brightness. These substances contain fluorescent colorless dyes, which increases the reflection of blue light.
What is reflection?
When light reflects off of something, it happens. The light will reflect at the same angle from a smooth and shining surface, such as glass, water, or polished metal.
Chemical compounds known as optical brighteners, optical brightening agents (OBAs), fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs), or fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), absorb light in the ultraviolet and violet region of the electromagnetic spectrum (typically between 340 and 370 nm) and then fluoresce, reemitting light in the blue region of the spectrum (typically between 420 and 470 nm).
These additives have a "whitening" effect, which makes naturally yellow-orange materials appear less yellow or orange by making up for the lack of blue and purple light reflection by the substance's fluorophore's optical emission, which is blue and purple.
Therefore, we can conclude that it is true.
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Balanced equation
Fe + HCI --> FeCl2 + H2
Answers
Answer:
the balanced form is: Fe + 2HCl --> FeCl2 + H2
which of the following chemical bonds is expected to be most polar? group of answer choices c-h p-f c-br br-br cl-br
Answers
The chemical bond that is most polar is, p-f. Correct answer: letter B.
The p-f bond is the most polar bond because it has the largest electronegativity difference between the two atoms. This means that the p-f bond will have a higher dipole moment than any other type of bond.
How is the p-f bond formed?The p-f bond is formed when the p orbitals of two atoms overlap. The p orbitals are larger than the s orbitals, so the p-f bond is larger than the s-f bond. The p-f bond is also stronger than the s-f bond because the p orbitals are closer to the nucleus than the s orbitals.
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A cycle consists of a carefully balanced set of molecules. In order for the cycle to continue, this balance must be maintained. How many turns of the calvin cycle must occur before one molecule of g3p can leave?.
Answers
The Calvin cycle must occur before one molecule of g3p can leave is 3.
Making a G3P molecule requires three Calvin cycles allowing the G3P molecule to exit the cycle and continue making glucose. He needs all three requirements: chlorophyll pigment, chloroplast "theater", and enzyme catalysis. The first stage converts light energy into chemical energy, which is stored in ATP and NADPH molecules until this point.
In the second step of the Calvin Cycle, the carbon-fixed 3-PGA molecule is converted to the monosaccharide molecule, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. This stage uses energy from ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The Calvin Cycle harnesses the chemical energy of ATP and reduces the power of NADPH from a light-dependent reaction to produce a tricarbonate.
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lab report: acids, bases, salts and strong acid titration results: part 1: ka of the unknown weak acid calculations: data analysis: 1. calculate the [h3o ] using php. [h3o ]
Answers
First determine Ka of an unknown acid by measuring the pH of the pure acid is 5.
Next titration the acid to find what volume of base is needed to neutralize it completely.
The hydronium ion concentration can be found from the pH by the reverse of the mathematical operation employed to find the pH.
calculation:-
Ka of the unknown weak acid = 1.5 × 10^5
pH = -log[1.5 × 10^5]
= 5
The acid dissociation constant Ka is used to distinguish strong acids from susceptible acids. Strong acids have especially high Ka values. The Ka fee is located by looking at the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the acid. The better the Ka, the more the acid dissociates.
The acid Ka is used to differentiate strong acids from weak acids. Sturdy acids have noticeably high Ka values. The Ka cost is found by searching on the equilibrium consistent for the dissociation of the acid. The higher the Ka, the extra the acid dissociates.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete,please see below for the complete question.
Lab report: acids, bases, salts and strong acid titration results: part 1: ka of the unknown weak acid calculations: data analysis: 1. calculate the [h3o ] using php. [h3o ].
Which moon phase is pictured below?
Answers
Consider the substitution reaction that takes place when (R)-3-bromo-3-methylhexane is treated with methanol. Which of the following would be true? A) The reaction would take place only with inversion of configuration at the stereogenic center. B) The reaction would take place only with retention of configuration at the stereogenic center. C) The reaction would take place with racemization. D) No reaction would take place. E) The alkyl halide does not possess a stereogenic center. a. А b. B c. C d. D e. Е
Answers
The reaction would take place with racemization. Option C.
The reaction between (s)-3-Bromo-3-methyl hexane and water is a nucleophilic substitution reaction as the leaving group present on the substrate is displaced by a nucleophile. Water is a polar protic solvent and he prefers SN1 reactions over SN2 reactions. Therefore, the reaction mechanism is SN1.
The carbocation and its substituents are all in the same plane. In other words, the nucleophile can attack from either side. As a result, both enantiomers are formed in the SN1 reaction, producing a racemic mixture of both enantiomers. Alkenes react with pure liquid bromine at low temperatures or with solutions of bromine in organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride. The double bond is broken and a bromine atom is attached to each carbon atom.
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What is the density of a chess piece in grams and in cm3?
Answers
The density of the lead chess piece with the mass of 51.4 and 55 ml is 0.93 g/cm³, since 1 ml = 1 cm³.
What is density?Density of a substance is the ratio of its mass by volume it is the measure of how much denser it is in a particular volume. The ratio of the density of an object to the density of water is called specific gravity.
Given that the volume of the chess piece is 55 ml or 55 cm³ and mass is 51.4 g. Hence density can be find out as follows:
Density = mass/ volume
= 51.4 g/55 cm³
= 0.93 g/cm³
Hence, density of the lead chess piece is 0.93 g/cm³.
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Your question is incomplete. But your complete question probably was:
What is the density of a lead chess piece with a mass of 51.4 and 55 ml in volume?
Which of the following is FALSE * 1 point
for mixtures and compounds?
Mixtures have variable composition,
compounds have fixed compositions
The properties of a mixture is
different to the properties of its
constituent elements
Mixtures are easy to separate,
compounds are difficult to separate
There is no change in energy when a
compound is made
Answers
The compounds are not easy to separate and mixtures are easy to separate.
Compounds are substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Mixtures are substances formed by physically mixing two or more substances together.Mixtures are substances made up of two or more different types of materials. Physical means can be used to separate them. A mixture of salt and water, a mixture of sugar and water, various gases, air, and so on are examples. A mixture doesn't require a chemical process to form. It is formed by simple physical processes where two or more mutually non-reactive substances are mixed, in not necessarily fixed proportions. So it is different than separating a mixture of compounds.To learn more about mixture visit:
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Students in class argue about whether salt (nacl) or water (h2o) has stronger attractive forces. Which argument is best?.
Answers
Students are arguing about whether salt (NaCl) or water (H2O) has stronger attractive forces. The best argument is: the intermolecular forces in a solid are stronger than in a liquid. Hence, NaCl has stronger attractive forces than H2O.
What are the intermolecular forces?The intermolecular forces are the secondary force that mediates the interaction between molecules that affects the state of matter. There are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. The intermolecular forces strength between those states from the strongest to the weakest is: solids > liquids > gases. That is why solids are harder to break than liquids and gases.
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Match the formula to the correct name.
Column A
1.
Al2O3
:
Al2O3
2.
Al(HCO3)3
:
Al(HCO3)3
3.
Al2(CO3)3
:
Al2(CO3)3
Column B
a.
Aluminum oxide
b.
Aluminum carbonate
c.
Aluminum bicarbonate
Answers
[tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] is aluminum oxide
[tex]Al_2(CO_3)_2[/tex] is aluminum carbonate
[tex]Al(HCO_3)_3[/tex] is aluminum bicarbonate
Chemical formulasThe chemical formula of a compound is derived from the component elements in their symbolic forms. Thus, from the name of a compound, we are likely to know the component elements present in the compound.
In other words, aluminum oxide compounds will contain aluminum and oxygen, while aluminum carbonate compounds will contain aluminum and a carbonate ion.
The component elements will combine using their respective valence electrons to make bonds and produce compounds.
Thus, the chemical formulas given in the illustration and their matching names would be as follows:
[tex]Al_2O_3[/tex] = aluminum oxide
[tex]Al_2(CO_3)_2[/tex] = aluminum carbonate
[tex]Al(HCO_3)_3[/tex] = aluminum bicarbonate
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who pictured atoms as tiny indestructible particles with no internal structure? group of answer choices john dalton jj thompson hantaro nagaoka ernest rutherford
Answers
According to John Dalton, atoms are tiny, unbreakable particles without any internal organization.
What substances make up atoms?Protons, neutrons, & electrons are three incredibly small subatomic particles that make up an atom. The nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons, sits in the middle of an atom, and an electron cloud flies around it.
The size of an atomThe typical radius of an atom is 0.1 nm. An average pin head may hold about 5 million hydrogen. An atom's nucleus is 10,000 orders of magnitude smaller than the nucleus itself. The nucleus of an atom would be the diameter of a garden pea if it were the size as Wembley Stadium.
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decide which element probably has a melting point most and least similar to the melting point of rubidium.
Answers
Florine is our least similar and cesium is our most similar in melting point.
Melting point is the temperature at which the solid and liquid forms of a pure substance will exist in equilibrium. As heat is applied to a solid, its temperature will increase till the melting point is reached.
If we apply more heat then it will convert the solid into a liquid with no temperature change. Now when all the solid has melted, additional heat will raise the temperature of the liquid. The melting temperature of crystalline solids is a very characteristic figure and it is used to identify pure compounds and elements.
From the melting point data we can say that florine will be least similar to rubidium and cesium will be most similar to rubidium.
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which of the following molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere of early earth?
Answers
The following molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere of early earth is oxygen , O₂.
The primitive earth of the atmosphere is consist of the hydrogen that will combined to the oxygen atoms, and for the water molecules H₂O and leaving the no hydrogen left free. that mean the the primitive reducing atmosphere of the early earth is oxygen , O₂. the original earth atmosphere is rich in methane , water vapor and ammonia.
Thus, The following molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere of early earth is oxygen , O₂.
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what is the iupac name for the following compound? 1,2-bromocyclopentane b) (1r, 2s)-1,2-dibromocyclopentane c) (1s, 2s)-1,2-dibromocyclopentane d) (1s, 2r)-1,2-dibromocyclopentane e) (1r, 2r)-1,2-dibromocyclopentane
Answers
Answer:
It all depends if you were given an image of the 1,2-dibromocyclopentane
Explanation:
I've inserted an image of each compound.
Each period in the periodic table corresponds to a(n)___.a. principal energy levelb. energy sub-levelc. orbitald. suborbital
Answers
Each period in the periodic table corresponds to a(n) principal energy level.
What does the term "primary energy level" mean?
The electron's shell or orbital in relation to the atom's nucleus is referred to as its primary energy level in chemistry.
The primary quantum number n serves as a symbol for this level. A new main energy level is introduced by the first element of a period in the periodic table.Up to 2n2 electrons, where n is the total number of principal energy levels, may be present in any one level. As a result, each period in the periodic table correlates to a particular level of primary energy.Hence, Option a) principal energy level is correct answer.
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A mixture of 82.4 g of aluminum (M=26.98 g/mol) and 117.65 g of oxygen (M=32.00 g/mol)
is allowed to react.
a) Identify the limiting reactant.
b) Calculate the mass of aluminum oxide formed.
c) Determine the mass of the excess reactant present in the vessel when the reaction is
complete.
d) What is the percentage yield for the reaction if reaction mixture produce 120 g of
aluminum oxide?
Answers
The balance chemical equation would be,
[tex]2Al+3O_{2}[/tex] ------------->[tex]Al_{2}O_{3}[/tex]
The limiting reactant would be Aluminium here.
Here,
107.92 g Al would be required = 96 g of O₂
Therefore,
82.49 g of Al might require = x g of O₂
Solving for x,
x = (82.49 g × 96 g) / 107.92 g
x = 73.37 g of O₂
The mass of the excess reactant present in the vessel when the reaction is completed is 73.37g.
But,
[tex]O_{2}[/tex] is supplied in excess, as we get 117.65 g of it, and 44.28 g of it will not be reacted.
The amount of [tex]Al_{2}O_{3}[/tex] formed would be solved as,
107.92 g of Al produced in reaction = 203.92 g of [tex]Al_{2}O_{3}[/tex]
Then,
82.49 g of Al would produce = x g of [tex]Al_{2}O_{3}[/tex]
Solving for getting x,
x = (82.49 g × 203.92 g) / 107.92
x = 155.86 g of [tex]Al_{2}O_{3}[/tex]
Therefore the mass of aluminum oxide formed would be 155.86g.
%yield= (experimental mass of product/theoretical mass of product)×100
The theoretical mass of the product is already calculated above which is 155.86g and the experimental mass of the product is given as 120g. Therefore,
(120/155.86)×100
=76.99
The percentage yield for the reaction if the reaction mixture produces 120 g of aluminum oxide would be 76.99%.
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Give a test to distinguish between soaps and detergents
Answers
Answer:
Soap and detergent can be distinguished in hard water. Soap reacts with hard water and forms come but detergents does not react with hard water.
Source: Brainly User
Some people believe that certain drugs such as marijuana should be legalized. Do you agree or disagree? What impact might legalization have on forensic science as a field?
Answers
If the hard drugs are legalized, there would be an astronomical increase in crime rate that forensic scientist may be unable to handle.
Why should hard drugs not be legalized?There are certain drugs that are known to have the ability to affect the mood and the perceptions of a person. If an individual takes any of the drugs in this category, the individual may become unable to make effective use of his or her mind and this would impact on the ability of the person to make sound decisions.
The intake of so many drugs in this category have been responsible for a lot of crimes as can be confirmed by the foresnsic specialists. This is why in many places, the use of any of the drugs in this category is being strongly controlled.
As such, the legalization of the use of these drugs would increase the rate of crime and put a lot of pressure on the field of forensic science.
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Calculate the amount of heat neceary to raie the temperature of 47. 8 g ethylene glycol by 57. O K. The pecific heat capacity of ethylene glycol i 2. 433j/gc
Answers
Th amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 47.8g ethylene glycol by 57 K is 6593.532J.
What is ethylene glycol?
Ethylene glycol is a water-absorbing synthetic liquid. It has no odour and a sweet taste. Ethylene glycol is used in the manufacture of antifreeze and deicing solutions for automobiles, aeroplanes, and boats. It's also found in hydraulic brake fluids and inks used in stamp pads, ballpoint pens, and printing presses.
Th amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 47.8g ethylene glycol by 57 K is 6593.532J.
To calculate the amount of heat transferred (q) is the product of specific heat capacity(C), mass of substance(m) and the change in temperature(ΔT).
q=m×c×ΔT
Here m=47.8g , C=2.42J, ΔT= 57K
q= 6593.532J
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In a reaction a + b ----> c, reactant a has 5g and product c has 9g. How many grams does reactant b should have?.
Answers
Answer:
b = 4g
Explanation:
1. Subtract 5 from both sides of the equation.
b = 9g - 5g
2. Subtract 5 from 9.
b = 4g
What is the density of NaOH in g mL?
Answers
1.110g mL⁻¹ is the density of a 3 molar solution of NaOH.
Sodium hydroxide, an inorganic substance with the formula NaOH, is also known as lye and caustic soda. It is a white, solid ionic substance made up of the cations sodium (Na+) and the anions hydroxide (OH).
Sodium hydroxide is a chemical that manufacturers utilize to make things like soap, rayon, paper, explosives, colors, and petroleum products. Processing cotton fabrics, metal cleaning and processing, electroplating, oxide coating, and electrolytic extraction are further uses for sodium hydroxide.
Caustic soda or lye are two other names for sodium hydroxide. It is a typical ingredient in soaps and cleansers. Sodium hydroxide is a white, odorless solid at ambient temperature.
Because sodium hydroxide is a potent base that entirely dissociates into hydroxide ions in solution, the initial concentration of sodium hydroxide is the same as the first concentration of hydroxide ions in solution.
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After transformation of e. Coli with pglo, why are the cells grown in lb broth for 20 minutes before plating on amp plates?.
Answers
The main purpose of spreading pGLO on the LB plate is to help bacteria to grow, otherwise the ampicillin would kill them. In case ,pGLO is not spread, then the cells would be killed by the ampicillin.
The Green Fluorescent Protein takes around 20 minutes to be transcribed and translated , on the other hand Arabinose promoter needs at least 20 minutes before RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter .
In general they have phenotypic lag of 20 minutes before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be expressed . we observe no growth of bacteria because it was not exposed to pGLO plasmid and lacked ampicillin resistance. If They were exposed to AMP and arabinose sugar, this cause bacteria to grow with ampicillin resistance.
therefore, The purpose of the cells grown on the LB plate is to help bacteria to grow, otherwise the ampicillin would kill them. In case ,pGLO is not spread, then the cells would be killed by the ampicillin.
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which of the following are spontaneous processes? 1. ice melting at 1atm and 298 k (assume only ice is initially present). 2. heat flowing from a hot object to a cold object. 3. an iron bar rusting. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) 1 and 3 only e) 1, 2, and 3
Answers
1,2 and 3 are spontaneous processes.
What is a spontaneous process?
A spontaneous process in thermodynamics is one that happens without any external input to the system. A system's time-evolution to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state as it releases free energy is a more precise definition (closer to thermodynamic equilibrium).
In accordance with the usual practice for thermodynamic measurements, a release of free energy from the system corresponds to a negative change in the system's free energy and a positive change in the environment's free energy. The free energy is calculated in several ways depending on the process's characteristics. Spontaneous processes are characterized by a rise in entropy in situations when no energy is exchanged with the environment.Energy is liberated when ice is melting at 1atm and 298 k.In case of heat flowing from a hot object to a cold object no external energy input is required.Even though iron rusting is a gradual process, it always moves in the same direction. We refer to the rusting of iron as a natural process. Iron is oxidized to iron (III) oxide during the rusting process.Hence, 1,2 and 3 are spontaneous processes.
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Measurements have shown that the concentration of salt in seawater is 35.5 g-L. Calculate the volume in liters of seawater that must be evaporated to recover 0.400 kg of salt. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits
Answers
Answer:
Measurements have shown that the concentration of salt in seawater is 35.5 g-L. Calculate the volume in liters of seawater that must be evaporated to recover 0.400 kg of salt. Be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in several methods like molarity, molality, mass percentage, etc. The volume in liters of the seawater is 11.267 L.
What is volume?The measure of the capacity that an object holds is defined as the volume. If a beaker can hold 100 mL water then its volume is 100. The ratio of the mass to density of a substance is the volume.
It can be expressed in mL, L, m³, cm³, etc. The SI unit of volume is m³. The equation used to determine the volume is:
Volume = Mass / Density
1 kg = 1000 g
0.400 kg = 0.400 × 1000 = 400 g
Then the volume in liters of seawater that must be evaporated to recover 0.400 kg of salt is:
V = 400/35.5 = 11.267 L
Thus the volume of seawater is 11.267 L.
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According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, which box on the right correctly demonstrates the product of this reaction?
A
B
C
D
Answers
Answer:
The answer is D
Explanation:
The number of particles is equivalent in both images.
Hope this helps!!
Reasons as to why the carbon electrodes require continual Reasons as to why the carbon electrodes require continual replacement
Answers
Carbon electrodes are changed frequently in electrolysis as the carbon in the carbon electrodes burns to give out Carbon-di-oxide.
Carbon electrodes are used in electrolysis to facilitate the transfer of electrons between the anode and the cathode. The carbon electrode is usually in the form of a rod or plate and is electrically connected to the anode.
The carbon electrode may also be used to help reduce the overall resistance of the electrolytic cell.
Carbon electrodes are used in electrolysis because they are chemically inert and have a high electrical conductivity.
However, carbon electrodes must be changed frequently because they become corroded and lose their electrical conductivity over time.
This is because carbon burns out in the Carbon electrodes to give out Carbon-di-oxide. That is why the carbon anodes should be changed frequently.
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an optically active compound with molecular formula c8h14 undergoes catalytic hydrogenation to give an optically inactive product. which of the following structures are consistent with all the data? compound a is a 6 carbon ring with a wedged bond to methyl on carbons 1 and 4 and a double bond between carbons 2 and 3. compound b is a 6 carbon ring with a wedged bond to methyl on carbon 1 and a dashed bond to methyl on carbon 4. there is a double bond betweeen carbons 2 and 3. compound c is a 6 carbon ring with a wedged bond to methyl on carbon 1 and a double bond between carbons 3 and 4. there is a methyl substituent on carbon 4. compound d is a 6 carbon ring with a wedged bond to methyl on carbon 1 and a dashed bond to methyl on carbon 5. there is a double bond between carbons 2 and 3. compound e is a 5 carbon ring with a double bond between carbons 1 and 2. there is a methyl substituent on carbons 1, 2 and 4. select the compounds that match the data.
Answers
Any compound that possesses a plane of symmetry in any conformation will be achiral. Achiral molecules are optically inactive.
(a) The reactant and the product formed on catalytic dehydrogenation of the reactant are as follows:
Reactant Cat.[tex]H_{2}[/tex] Product
Both the reactant and the product are optically inactive due to the presence of a plane of symmetry.
A compound may be optically active if it contains at least one asymmetric carbon atom or chiral center. Due to the presence of symmetry elements, the complex has no optical isomers. Optical isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which isomers have the same molecular and structural formula but different directions of rotation for linearly polarized light.
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If an atom has zero net charge, with 8 protons and 10 neutrons, how many electrons does
the atom have?