FCC unit cell consist of O,0,0,0,+1,0 atom.
What is atom?
Each atom is made up of a nucleus one and or more electrons that are bound to it. One or even more protons and a significant number of neutrons make up the nucleus. Only the most prevalent type of hydrogen is neutron-free. Atoms that are neutral or ionised make up every solid, liquid, gas, as well as form of plasma. Atoms are incredibly tiny, measuring typically 100 picometers across. Due to quantum effects, they are so small that it is impossible to predict their behaviour with sufficient accuracy using classical physics, as would be the case, for example, if they were tennis balls.
FCC stand as a face centred cubic unit cell structure
Consists of atom arrange in a cube where is corner of the cube has a friction of an atom with 6 additional fool at terms situated at the middle of every cube.
cube has 8 corners and 6 faces
Each atom at the corner contributes 1/8 of itself to a particular cubic crystal lattice.
A 8 atoms × 1/8 = 1 Atom ( at corners)
Each atom at a face centre contributes 1/2 of itself to a particular cubic crystal lattice.
6 atom × 1/2 = 3 atoms
Total atoms in a fcc lattice is 4 atoms.
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97.19 ml of 1.527 m sodium chloride (aq) is added to 111.84 ml of 1.923 m silver sulfate (ag2so4). after the reaction is complete, what is the mass of precipitate that has formed?
61.62 g of precipitate of AgCl is formed after the reaction is complete
As we know the formula :
M = n / V
where
M = Molarity
n= no of moles
V = volume ( in litres)
Concentration of NaCl = 1.527 M = 1.527 mol/L
Volume of NaCl solution = 97.19 ml = 97.19 /1000
= 0.09719 L
Number of moles of NaCl
= 1.527 mol/L × 0.09719 L
= 0.148 mol
Concentration of Ag2SO4 = 1.923M = 1.923 mol/L
Volume of Ag2SO4 solution = 111.84 ml = 111.84/1000
= 0.11184 L
Number of moles of Ag2SO4
= 1.923 mol/L × 0.11184 L
= 0.215 mol
Balanced equation:
Ag2SO4 (aq) + 2 NaCl (aq) -->2 AgCl (s) [precipitate] + Na2SO4 (aq)
1 mol of Ag2SO4 reacts with 2 moles of NaCl produces 2 moles of AgCl,
then 0.215 mols of Ag2SO4 will react with 2 × 0.215 moles = 0.43 moles of NaCl will produce 0.43 moles of AgCl
Molar mass of AgCl = 143.32 g/mol
Mass of precipitate formed = no of moles× molar mass
= 0.43 mol × 143.32 g/mol = 61.62 g
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heat is . heat is . the capacity to do work the result of a force acting through a distance the flow of energy caused by a chemical reaction a chemical reaction the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference
Heat is the flow of energy caused by a temperature difference
Heat is the energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temprature and if two bodies at different temprature are brought together energy is transferred that is heat flow from the hotter body to the colder and heat is the transfer of thermal energy caused by a differences in temprature and this temprature difference is also called a temprature gradient and since heat is a movement of energy and it is measured in the same unit as energy in the joules
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Throughout history, scientists have been known to copy ideas from their peers. Dmitry Mendeleev was no exception—he arranged all of the elements known at the time according to their atomic masses, just as Johann Döbereiner and John Newlands did before him. However, Mendeleev intentionally left blank spaces in his working version of the periodic table of elements.
Which statement best explains the importance of the blank spaces in Mendeleev’s version of the periodic table of elements?
The statement which best explains the importance of the blank spaces in Mendeleev’s version of the periodic table of elements is that they predicted the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered.
What is Periodic table?This is referred to as the tabular arrangement of elements into groups and periods based on their common properties and features. There are 18 groups and seven periods in which elements are grouped under.
Mendeleev intentionally left blank spaces in his working version of the periodic table of elements because he predicted the existence of elements that had not yet been discovered.
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predict the product(s) and provide a fully balanced chemical equation for each of the following hydrogenation reactions:
The product of the fully balanced chemical equation is single bond compound.
Hydrogenation reactions include the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen to form product depending on the choice of catalyst.
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction that provides hydrogen to a molecule. Hydrogenation is not thermodynamically favorable at regular temperatures, so a catalyst is needed. Normally this catalyst is a metal. Examples of hydrogenated products consist of margarine, mineral turpentine, and aniline.
An example of an alkene addition response is a technique called hydrogenation. In a hydrogenation reaction, two hydrogen atoms are brought across the double bond of an alkene, ensuing in a saturated alkane.
Hydrogenation is used to solidify, preserve or purify many products, raw materials, or ingredients. Ammonia, fuels (hydrocarbons), alcohols, pharmaceuticals, margarine, polyols, numerous polymers and chemicals are products dealt with using a hydrogenation manner.
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Disclaimer:- your question is incomplete, please see below for the complete uestion.
predict the product(s) and provide a fully balanced chemical equation for each of the following hydrogenation reactions:
What mass of calcium hydroxide is formed when 10g of calcium oxide reacts with 10g of water.
Mass of calcium hydroxide is formed when 10g of calcium oxide reacts with 10g of water is 13.024 gram
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in a substance or an object.
Here given data is
Calcium oxide = 10g
Water = 10g
We have to calculate mass of calcium hydroxide = ?
The reaction is
CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂
1 mole of CaO reacted with 1 mole of H₂O to form 1 mole of Ca(OH)₂
Moles = mass/molar mass
Mole of CaO = 10g/56g/mol = 0.179 mole
Mole of H₂O = 10g/18g/mol = 0.556 mole
CaO is the limiting reagent therefore by using of mole ratio of CaO : Ca(OH)₂ is 1 : 1 mole of Ca(OH)₂ = 0.179 mole
Mass = mole × molar mass
Mass = 0.176 × 74g/mol
Mass = 13.024 gram
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What is the concentration of a 600 mL solution that contains 250 grams of iron (II) chloride?
The molar concentration of a 600 mL solution that contains 250 grams of iron (II) chloride would be 3.28 M.
What is concentration?The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in the solution relative to the volume of the solution. The concentration of solutions can be expressed in different forms. These include:
Molar concentrationMass concentrationThe molar concentration of a solution refers to the number of moles of solutes per liter of the solution. The mass concentration, on the other hand, refers to the mass of solutes in a solution per liter of the solution.
In this case, we want to find the molar concentration of the iron (II) chloride solution.
The molar mass of the compound is 126.75 g/mol.
Recall that: mole = mass/molar mass
Mole of 250 grams iron (II) chloride = 250/126.75
= 1.97 moles
Volume of the solution = 600 mL
= 600/1000 liter
= 0.60 liter
Molar concentration of the solution = 1.97/0.60
= 3.28 mol/liter
In other words, the concentration of the solution is 3.28 M.
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How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of a 5. 0 gram block of aluminum from 22. 0°c to 37. 0°c?.
The required heat in this case id 68J
Aluminum is an element with the atomic symbol Al, and the atomic number of this element is 13 in the periodic table. Aluminum is weaker than steel, and also it is less dense than steel.
specific heat, is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celsius. The units of specific heat are usually calories or joules per gram per Celsius degree.
When there is change of heat the expression used will be;
Q = mCΔT
Where m = 5 grams, ΔT = 37[tex]^oC[/tex] - 22[tex]^oC[/tex] ⇒ 15[tex]^oC[/tex], C = 0.900J
Q = 5 × 0.900 × 15
= 68 J
Therefore the required heat in this case is 68J
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how many grams of solute are needed to order to prepare 100.00 ml of a 0.1000 m solution of a compound with a molecular weight of 350.0 g/mol? report your answer in grams, but do not include units in your answer.
Molecular Weight - The grams of solute that are needed is 3.5 g.
What is molecular weight?
The mass of the a given molecule is its molecular mass (m), which is expressed in daltons. Because they contain various isotopes of an element, different molecules of same compound can have distinct molecular masses. According to IUPAC, the related quantity comparative molecular weight is a unitless comparison between the mass of a molecule and the truly united atomic mass unit (also called the dalton).
GIVEN:
c = Molarity = 0.1 M
M = Molar mass = 350 g/mol
V = Volume of solution = 100 mL = 0.1 L
n = Number of moles
m = Mass of solute
C = n/v
n =0.01 moles
M=m/n
m= 3.5g
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A cup of coffee has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1. 0 × 10−10 m. What is the ph of this coffee?.
The coffee's pH will be 10.
What does pH refer to?
An aqueous solution's acidity or basicity can be determined using the pH scale, which previously stood for "potential of hydrogen." In comparison to basic or alkaline solutions, acidic solutions are measured to have lower pH values.pH = pH3O+because hydrogen ions attach to water molecules for form hydronium ions.
To calculate the pH of a solution, use the equation
pH = − log [H3O+]
Since we are given the hydronium ion (H3O+) concentration of the solution, we can plug this value into the formula.
pH = −log[ 1.00 × 10^−10M]
pH = 10
Hence, The pH of this solution is 10
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When determining the mass of an atom, the electrons are not considered. Why can scientists disregard the electrons?.
When determining the mass of an atom, scientists disregard electrons is because they are 2000 times smaller than protons and neutrons. They are meaningless in terms of mass.
What is atomic mass?
The ideal definition of atomic mass is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom in its ground state. The total mass of protons and neutrons, which is almost equal to the atomic mass, can be used to account for the mass of an atom. The loss of binding energy mass is what caused this minor alteration.
1 amu = 1.66 ×10−24 g
When divided by unified atomic weight or Daltons, the atomic weight of an atom is a dimensionless number.
Compared to the masses of the proton and neutron, which both have 1.67 10^-27 mass, the electron has a mass of 9.1 10^-31. since electrons are much smaller and have far less mass than a nucleus. This allows for the ignoring of the electron mass.Another explanation is that, in order to achieve stability, an electron of any element may be transferred from one orbital of any one element to another orbital of any other element during the production of any compound. As such we do not factor the mass of the electron into atomic mass for this reason.Another explanation for why the mass of any atom is unaffected by the electron is that electrons are always in motion. Since electrons move around the nucleus at an extremely fast rate—even faster than the speed of light—causing their mass to be turned into energy. According to a quantum physics hypothesis, when an item travels at square of the speed of light, it loses mass, turns into energy, and is no longer affected by gravity.To learn more about atomic mass from the given link
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dot and cross diagram for lithium chloride
Lithium becomes Li+ by losing 1 electron and chlorine becomes Cl− by accepting electrons. Therefore it ionic compound, LiCl is formed.
What is the dot and cross diagram for lithium chloride?Lithium belongs to Group 1 of the periodic table which means that Lithium has one electron in its valence shell and this electron is located in the 2s orbital. The single electron is represented as dot around the Lithium symbol.
The ionic bond formation of lithium chloride involves transfer of electrons from lithium to chlorine and forming, Li+ and Cl− in LiCl.
A bond between metal and nonmetal is said to be ionic in nature or is said that it has high ionic character. Therefore, we can say that LiCl bond is an ionic bond.
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Given the unbalanced equation:
_MnO₂ + _HCI → _MnCl₂ + _H₂O + _Cl₂
When the equation is balanced using the smallest
whole number coefficients, the coefficient of HCI is
Answer:
4
Explanation:
Having the coefficient 4 in front of HCl and the coefficient 2 in front of H₂O balances out the equation.
the lowest-energy distribution of electrons in the sublevels for an atom of a particular element is called the
The lowest-energy distribution of electrons in the sublevels for an atom of a particular element is called the ground state.
When an atom, molecule, or ion and its electrons are at their lowest potential energy level, they are said to be in the ground state. They are said to be thrilled if their energy level is higher. Excited electrons are those with energies greater than their ground state. When many quantum mechanical states are present at the same energy, these levels are known as degenerate energy levels.
An electron orbit around an atom's nucleus is referred to as an electron shell or energy level in chemistry. This atomic model by Bohr states that the electrons follow a circular path around the nucleus known as an orbit.
The "K shell" is the shell that is closest to the nucleus; it is followed by the "L shell," the "M shell," and so forth as one moves farther from the nucleus. Quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) or alphabets (K, L, M,...) can be used to represent the shells.
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What gets emitted when an electron relaxes from an excited state to the ground state?.
Answer: Photon
Explanation:
The electron can reach its ground state level either with one direct jump or with shorter jumps via intermediate levels. If an excited electron emits a photon, the energy hf of that photon equals the energy difference between the initial energy level of the electron and a lower level.
Please classify the following equation: Na₂O + H₂O → 2NaOH
combustion
double replacement
single replacement
synthesis
decomposition
Answer:
Explanation:
Synthesis
The half-life of radium-226 is 1590 years. If a sample contains 100 mg, how many mg will remain after 2000 years?.
41.788 mg of sample contains 100 mg, remains after 2000 years when the half-life of radium-226 is 1590 years.
Radium is a radioactive element. All radioactive elements are first order reactions with half-life constants.
For first-order reactions, the half-life is inversely proportional to the rate constant. The formula is:
for first-order reaction
[tex]t_{1/2} = \frac{ln2}{k} \\k = \frac{ln2}{t_{1/2}} \\\\k= \frac{0.693}{1590} \\\\\\k= 0.000436 years[/tex]
Radioactive decay period is:
t = 2.303 × log(a/a-x)/k
Where,
t ⇒ Decay time of radioactive element.
a ⇒ initial amount
a-x ⇒ remainder after t time
k ⇒ rate constant
put the value in formula
t = 2.303 × log(a/a-x)/k
2000 = 2.303 * log(100 / a-x) / 0.000436, so,
log(100 / a-x) = 2000 * 0.000436 / 2.303
=0.379
100 / a - x = log 0.379
100/a-x=2.393
a - x = 100 / 2.393
a - x = 41.788 mg
So after 2000 years, 41.788 mg of radium-226 will remain
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since you know its not a chemical change, why do you think the color change occured when you heated the plated penny in part 2.
The penny must have changed its color because an oxidation reaction. When we heat some metals, the trnasform into oxides, for exxample Zinc oxide ZnO or CuO.
Moreover, his compounds are colored molecules mostly brown or black colored compounds. First at all when we put the pennies into a acetic acid solution, a redox reaction wiil happen. The acetate is an oxidant and it will react with the Cu, Zn and Sn to reduce them. for example, if we have ZnSO4 in the plate and it will be heated, the Zn will suffer a redox reaction and will form Zn0. a metalic form. that´s why the color changes.
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how many molecules of oxygen are produced when 43g of h2o decompose
6.9×10^23 molecules of oxygen are produced when 43g of h2o decompose.
2H20⇆O2+2H2
given mass,H2O=43 g
molar mass H2O=18 g
moles=given mass/molar mass
moles=43/18
moles=2.3 mol
molecules of oxygen= 2.3/2=1.15 mol
molecules of oxygen=1.15 mol×6.022×10^23
molecules of oxygen=6.9×10^23 molecules.
The non-metallic chemical element oxygen is found in Group 16 of the periodic table, generally known as the oxygen group (O). All living creatures require the colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas known as oxygen. When plants use it as a source of carbon and release the oxygen back into the environment, plants utilise the carbon dioxide that animals have taken up and converted it into.
Oxygen may react with almost every other element to form compounds in addition to reactions that remove elements from their combinations with one another. Combustions are the name for these reactions, which are typically accompanied by the creation of heat and light. The most important component is water.
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Write net ionic equations for the reaction that occurs when aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate,
(NH4)2SO4, and barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2 react to form a white precipitate.
(NH4)2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → BaSO4 + 2NH4NO3 is net ionic balanced equations for the reaction that occurs
To balance chemical equations, stoichiometric coefficients for the reactants and products are required. This is important because a chemical equation must follow the rules of conservation of mass and constant proportions, which dictate that the same number of atoms of each element must be avail on two of the reactant and product sides of the equation.
Chemical equations use the relevant chemical formulae to symbolically express the reactants and products of a chemical process. To the left of the sign "," and to the right of the arrow symbol, respectively, is the part of the chemical equation that is on the reactant side.
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When preparing a solution in a cuvette, make sure to handle the cuvette by the choose. And avoid touching the choose. . Then, choose. The cuvette before placing it in the spectrophotometer.
When preparing solutions in cuvettes, handle the cuvettes by the rough side and avoid touching the smooth side. Wipe the cuvette before inserting it into the spectrophotometer.
The cuvette is made of silica quartz. Therefore, care should be taken before using cuvettes. Always wear powder-free gloves when handling cuvettes. Fingerprints are the most common cause of cuvette malfunction and unreliable readings. The cuvette should always be held at the top of the cuvette to avoid damaging the bottom of the cuvette where the light enters.
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A 0.940g sample of barium chloride is heated and 0.800g of anhydrous residue remains after cooling. How many moles of anhydrous barium chloride were present in the sample? How many moles of water were present in the sample?
Answer: (0.800g BaCl2) / (208.233g BaCl2/mol) =
0.00384 mol BaCl2
Explanation: Hope this helps :)
The number of moles of anhydrous barium chloride is equal to 3.84 ×10⁻³ mol and the number of moles of water is equal to 7.78 ×10⁻³ mol.
What is a mole?A mole can be described as a standard unit that is used to determine the number of atoms, molecules, ions, or other particular particles in the given mass of the substance. The mass of one mole of any chemical element is known as atomic mass and that of any chemical compound is called the molar mass of that compound.
Given the chemical reaction of decomposition of barium chloride:
[tex]BaCl_2.2H_2O\longrightarrow BaCl_2 +2H_2O[/tex]
Given the mass of the hydrated barium chloride = 0.940 g
The mass of the anhydrous barium chloride = 0.800 g
The molar mass of the anhydrous barium chloride = 208.23 g/mol
The number of moles (n) of anhydrous barium chloride = 0.800/208.23
n = 3.84 ×10⁻³ mol
The mass of the water = Mass of hydrated barium chloride - anhydrous barium chloride
Mass of water = 0.940 -0.800 = 0.14 g
The number of moles of water = 0.14/18 = 7.78 ×10⁻³ mol
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What mass of glucose (c6h12o6) should be dissolved in 10.0 kg of water to obtain a solution with a freezing point of -4.2 ∘c ?
The mass of glucose required here is 4068 grams, we get this freezing point depression.
Freezing point depression generally refers to the lowering of the freezing point of solvent upon the addition of solutes.
It is a colligative property of the solutions that is generally proportional to the molality of solute that is added. The depression in the freezing point of a solution can be described by the following formula;
Δ[tex]T_{f}[/tex] = [tex]K_{f}[/tex] × molality × i
4.2[tex]^{o}C[/tex] = 1.86 × m × 1
m = 2.26
molality = moles of solute
mass of solvent
2.26m = mole of solute
10.0Kg
mole of solute = 22.6mol
mole of glucose = mass of glucose
molar mass
22.6 = mass of glucose
180
Mass of glucose = 22.6 × 180
Mass of glucose = 4068 grams
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A 20.0-gram cube of ice at 0.00°C is dropped into a calorimeter containing 120.
grams of water at 35.0°C. The ice eventually melted, and the water reached an
equilibrium temperature of 18.1°C. Based on this data, what is the heat of fusion, in
joules per gram, of water?
The heat of fusion for water is 79.7 J/g. This can be determined by using the specific heat capacity of water and solving for the heat of fusion.
What is fusion?
Fusion is the process of two atoms coming together to form a heavier atom, including when two hydrogen atoms combine to form a single helium atom. The sun is powered by this process, which produces vast amounts of energy—many times more than fission. Additionally, no radioactive fission products are produced. The extreme temperature and pressure needed to fuse the nuclei together are being studied by scientists, but they are difficult to sustain for long periods of time.
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three students are asked to discuss why some molecules move further than others do on a chromatogram in the same amount of time. which student employs correct scientific reasoning?
Student 1 states that the molecules that are larger in size and are more attracted to the solvent will move further along the TLC plate employing the correct specific reasoning.
Why do some substances move further up the TLC plate than others?
Larger molecules take longer to move up the chromatography paper or TLC plate, whereas smaller molecules are more mobile. Likewise, the polarity of the molecules can affect how far the spots travel, depending on the type of solvent used.
What factor determines which molecules travel further in chromatography?
The stronger a compound is bound to the adsorbent, the slower it moves up the TLC plate. Non-polar compounds move up the plate most rapidly (higher Rf value), whereas polar substances travel up the TLC plate slowly or not at all (lower Rf value).
Thus, the molecules larger in size are more attracted to solvent will move further along the TLC plate is the reason why molecules move further than others in a chromatogram. So, student 1 is the correct option.
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what is the anion name for telluric acid
The anion name for telluric acid is TeO₃²⁻ is tellurite ion
Anion are ion that are negatively charged and ion are charged atom or molecule and if a balanced atom loses one or more electron and it will become positively charged cation and if balanced atom gain one or more electron it will become negatively charged anion and in the telluric acid means H₆O₆Te and the anion are formed TeO₃²⁻ is called as tellurite ion and telluric acid as tellurium source in the synthesis of oxidation catalyst
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If the pressure of a gas is tripled and the absolute temperature of the gas is quadrupled, by what factor will the volume of the gas change?.
If the pressure of a gas is tripled and the absolute temperature of the gas is quadrupled then volume of the gas change is 4/3
Volume is the space occupied within the boundaries of an object in three dimensional space
Here the relationship between pressure volume and temprature can be expressed as
PV/T
And then
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
So in this case P₁V₁T₁ are equal to 1 and have the pressure triple so that P₂ = 3 and the temprature quadrupled so that T₂ = 4 and then we have to calculate V₂ = ?
(1)(1)/1 = (3)V₂ /4
1 = 3/4 V₂
1(4/3) = (3/4) V₂ 4/3
V₂ = 4/3
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An atom of which element has the strongest attraction for the electrons in a bond?.
An atom of Fluorine element has the strongest attraction for the electrons in a bond.
One of the most important properties of electrons is their mutual Coulomb repulsion. As electrons are negatively charged species we know that they will be attracted to the nucleus. We know that these electrons moved in their fixed energy levels called as the orvbitals ,which in turn decides the size of an atom as well.
In the periodic table as we move from left to right in the periodic table we see that the even though the number of electrons are increasing, but the size of the atoms will decrease. This happens because for each atom when the upcoming electrons are added they get added to the same shell . Due to this the nucleus will attract these electrons towards itself.
This is the main reason why from left to right in the periodic table the size of the atoms decreases, so it means smaller the size greater will the attraction faced by the electrons . Since Fluorine is the element present on the right most corner of the periodic table, it has the strongest attraction faced due to its smaller size.
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g a certain diatomic molecule absorbs energy by rotating. the first excited rotational state is at an energy of 0.10 ev above the ground state. what is the energy of the second excited rotational state above the ground state
0.30 ev is the energy of the second excited rotational state above the ground state .
What is energy ?
In physical, energy are quantitative properties given to a body or physical system, perceivable in the form of work performance and heat and light. Energy is Conserved - The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transformed into form, but cannot be created or destroyed. The unit of measure for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).
Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (due to its position in the field, etc.), the elastic energy stored by a fixed object, chemical energy, the energy associated with a chemical reaction, Includes radiation. is the energy transported by electromagnetic radiation and is the internal energy involved in a thermodynamic system. All living things absorb and emit energy all the time. Due to the equivalence of mass and energy, an object that has mass when it is at rest (called rest mass) has an equivalent amount of energy with a shape called rest energy plus an additional amount given to the object above that rest energy. It also has energy (in any form). Increases the object's total mass and increases its total energy.
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was the experimental mole ratio exactly the same as the theoretical mole ratio? if not, give some possible reasons.
No, the experimental mole ratio is exactly the same as the theoretical mole ratio.
A mole ratio is a ratio among the amounts in moles of any compounds worried in a balanced chemical reaction. The stability chemical equation affords a comparison of the ratios of the molecules necessary to finish the response.
The mole ratio is the proportion of the theoretical mole ratio, of moles of any two chemical entities concerned in a compound or a chemical reaction. studying the mole ratio is crucial to calculate the reaction yield, determining the stoichiometry, and screening the response kinetics.
The ratio of moles of 1 substance to the moles of another substance in a balanced equation. To decide the mole ratio between materials, all you want to do is examine the balanced equation for the coefficients in the front of the materials you are interested in
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The acceleration of a runner is 12 m/s². The force exerted on the starting
blocks is 700 N. What is the mass of the runner?
10